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Une des caractéristiques fondamentales des policiers et des agents correctionnels est le recours légitime à la coercition pour imposer leur autorité. Cette force publique doit donc, en théorie, avoir le dessus sur toute forme de force privée. Dans l’étude des phénomènes de violence, cette caractéristique rend leur victimisation singulière. À ce jour, les formes d’influence, de pressions indues et d’intimidation vécus par les agents de la force publique demeurent relativement peu étudiées. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d’améliorer notre compréhension des dynamiques d’intimidation, de soulever les différents enjeux pour la force publique et de proposer une théorie de l’intimidation criminelle. La force publique étant, avant toute chose, une émanation de l’État, nous avons commencé par analyser la problématique de l’intimidation criminelle de manière plus globale. En testant la théorie de l’action de sécurité (Cusson, 2010), nous avons constaté qu’une force publique intimidée et corrompue entraîne une perte de légitimité et une inefficacité du système judiciaire dans sa lutte contre la criminalité. Nous avons ensuite adopté une perspective interactionniste pour comprendre les dynamiques d’intimidation au quotidien. Nous nous sommes demandés quels étaient les éléments qui rendaient une intimidation crédible et grave pour les policiers. En identifiant leur monde d’objets (Blumer, 1986), nous avons constaté que les actes d’intimidation qui survenaient en dehors du cadre professionnel étaient jugés plus graves par les policiers et que l’appartenance de l’intimidateur à une organisation criminelle entraînait une augmentation de la gravité de la menace. Ensuite, nous nous sommes interrogés sur la notion d’identité sociale des agents correctionnels victimes d’intimidation (Tedeschi et Felson, 1994). Nous avons constaté que les intimidations mineures mais répétées avaient tendance à modifier les pratiques professionnelles des surveillants. Une analyse intégrée de ces perspectives met en lumière l’existence de deux formes d’intimidation : une intimidation réactive et peu sévère en nature et une intimidation planifiée et grave. Elle soulève également trois enjeux pour la force publique : son aspect symbolique, la transformation de son action et sa légitimité. En intégrant ces enjeux, une théorie de l’intimidation criminelle est proposée. En dernier lieu, des solutions préventives et répressives sont avancées pour lutter contre ce phénomène. / One of the most salient characteristics of police and correctional officers lies in their legitimate use of coercion to impose their authority. In theory, this public force must have precedence over any private force. In the study of violence, this feature makes their victimization particularly peculiar. Unlawful pressure and influence as well as intimidation tactics experienced by law enforcement officers have not been the focus of much attention. This thesis aims at bringing a better understanding of the intimidation dynamics, at identifying the major issues for the public force and at offering a more general theory of criminal intimidation. Public force being an inherently State function, we focussed first at the problem of intimidation in a global manner. By testing the theory of the action of security (Cusson, 2010), we observed that an intimidated and corrupted public force leads to a loss of legitimacy and efficiency of the judicial system in its fight against crime. We then adopted an interactionist approach to understand the everyday dynamics of intimidation. We asked ourselves what were the factors that officers considered severe and credible enough for them to consider an intimidation. By identifying the world of objects of police officers (Blumer, 1986), we observed that acts of intimidation that occurred outside the professional setting were considered more serious. Also, the fact that the intimidator belonged to a criminal organisation raised the gravity of the threat. Then, we looked into the social identities of correctional officers that experienced intimidation (Tedeschi et Felson, 1994). We discovered that minor but repeated acts of intimidation had a tendency to modify the professional practices of prison guards. An integrated analysis sheds light on two types of intimidation: on one side, a reactive and mild intimidation; on the other, a programmed and serious intimidation. This brings three issues for the public force: its symbolic aspects, a transformation of its action and its legitimacy. By integrating those issues, we have been able to offer a theory of the criminal intimidation. Lastly, preventive and repressive measures are discussed as a solution to criminal intimidation.

Le point de départ de cette recherche est la montée en puissance d'une lisibilité ethnique (notamment via le culturalisme) de la déviance déclinée en figures de la délinquance et de la vulnérabilité. Dans ce cadre, les éducateurs et les agents de sécurité issus des populations minoritaires apparaissent comme plus à même d'intervenir sur des populations considérées comme à "leur image". J’interroge dans ce travail ce lien supposé entre ethnicité,compétences professionnelles et public cible de l'action.Il s’agit d’une enquête par entretiens auprès d'éducateurs et d'agents de sécurité issus de minorités ethnicisées, auxquelles s'ajoutent des observations prolongées sur certains terrains d’enquête. Dans une visée comparative et à partir des parcours biographiques et des relations professionnelles, je mets en évidence les normes de référence qui sont au coeur de la construction identitaire et de la culture professionnelle de chaque groupe et leur influence sur différents processus ou phénomènes comme : le mode de dénomination du public cible, la naturalisation des compétences, la mobilisation de l'ethnicité dans les interactions ou encore les éventuelles manifestations de résistances à des assignations à des rôles spécifiques. Le groupe professionnel comme monde institutionnel et interactionnel modèle ces processus. Au delà des distinctions, il apparaît que dans les deux cas l'enjeu de l’ethnicité se situe sur le terrain de la légitimité et de l'autorité concurrençant ainsi une légitimité de statut professionnel. / Not communicated

The thesis deals with the concept of stress and emotional intelligence. First, it discusses the major theories of stress, coping strategies and resilience. Furthermore, they are presented and described in more detail methods for identifying coping strategies. The next chapter describes the burnout syndrome and its causes. Chapter emotional intelligence deals with theoretical inputs of these issues and, as with stress are also presented in this chapter methods of detecting emotional intelligence. The last chapter focuses on the personality of the prison warden and qualification requirements for the profession. The empirical part deals with the research of emotional intelligence and coping strategies among prison guards. Subsequently outputs are evaluated quantitatively processed results of these two variables and the correlation between them.

A presente tese procurou investigar a percepção de guardas civis municipais sobre os direitos humanos e seu papel em relação à promoção e garantia de direitos. A proposta parte de uma revisão da literatura sobre as trajetórias dessas instituições e das interfaces dos estudos de segurança pública com a História, a Sociologia e a Psicologia, para buscar compreender, sob o prisma da perspectiva dos próprios profissionais, o que é ser guarda civil municipal e limites e possibilidades para uma atuação em direitos humanos. Dentro de uma visão atenta à integralidade das dimensões empíricas do trabalho policial, analisam-se processos de construção de identidade e o papel da cultura organizacional, da formação profissional e da educação em direitos humanos no discurso e no cotidiano dos guardas. Para isso, foram realizadas dinâmicas de grupo com integrantes de duas guardas municipais de cidades de Estados diferentes. Os resultados das dinâmicas foram analisados à luz das discussões teóricas, de modo a promover encaminhamentos para gestores e operadores em segurança pública / The present thesis investigates the perception of municipal civil guards on human rights and their role in the promotion and assurance of rights. It starts with a review of the academic literature about the trajectories of these institutions, and the interface of public security studies with History, Sociology and Psychology, to try to understand, from the professionals\' perspective, what it is to be a civil guard and what are the limits and possibilities for a human rights based law enforcement practice. The research also focus attention to the empirical dimensions of police work, identity-building processes and the role of organizational culture, professional training and human rights education in the guards\' discourse. For this purpose, group dynamics were performed with members of two municipal guards from different States in Brazil. The results of the dynamics were analyzed hand to hand with the theoretical discussions, in order to promote referrals to managers and operators in public security

Este trabalho investigou a relação entre construção da subjetividade e condições de trabalho, realizando um estudo junto aos agentes de segurança penitenciária do estado de Minas Gerais. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida junto a agentes de segurança penitenciária do estado que trabalham ou trabalharam em algumas das unidades mineiras, através de conversas sobre o trabalho e também acompanhando as atividades destes profissionais em uma das unidades do estado. O trabalho traz uma melhor compreensão do papel das prisões na manutenção da desigualdade social e qual o impacto disto para os agentes de segurança penitenciária que passam a se aperceber como parte desta engrenagem. E ainda se apercebem diante das mesmas condições que os presos, tanto socialmente, fora das unidades, como dentro das unidades em seu momento de trabalho. Todas as contradições encontradas ao longo de trabalho trazem desdobramento para a vida dos agentes de segurança penitenciária e estão analisadas no texto. A pesquisa apontou que não só os detentos sofrem com as condições precárias de aprisionamento no Brasil, mas também os agentes que ali trabalham e que não há pequenas alterações possíveis no cotidiano que sejam capazes de transformar esta realidade a fim de minimizar seu impacto subjetivo. O único horizonte vislumbrado para a transformação deste ambiente insalubre de sofrimento é a sua extinção e este trabalho pretendeu contribuir para a construção de argumentos a este favor / This study investigated the relationship between construction of subjectivity and working conditions, conducting a study with the prison guards in the state of Minas Gerais. The research was conducted with the prison guards of the state who work or have worked in some of the local units, through conversations about work and following the activities of these professionals in one of the penitentiaries. The work brings a better understanding of the role of prisons in maintaining social inequality and what the impact of this for prison guards who come realize themselves as part of this gear. They realize that they are on the same conditions as the prisoners, both socially, outside the units, as within the units at the time of work. All the contradictions found at this workplace have a subjective impact in those workers and them are analyzed in the text. The survey showed that not only the inmates suffer from the poor conditions of imprisonment in Brazil, but also the agents who work there and that there is little potential changes in daily life that are able to transform this reality in order to minimize its subjective impact. The only glimpsed horizon for the transformation of this unhealthy environment of suffering is its extinction and this work aims to contribute to the construction of arguments in this favor

Esta pesquisa tem como enfoque a Cadeia Pública e a Casa de Correção localizadas na cidade de São Paulo, durante a vigência do Código Criminal do Império (1830-1890). Primeiramente, procuramos analisar o impacto das formulações do código de 1830 na dinâmica da Cadeia Pública da Capital, outrora regida pelo Livro V das Ordenações Filipinas. Em seguida, observamos a concepção da Casa de Correção, sua difícil construção até a inauguração parcial na década de 1850, que se insere no contexto das transformações políticas ocorridas no período e parece responder à demanda de organização e reestruturação do Estado. Em seguida, ponderamos que as propostas de modernização dos aparelhos repressores, baseadas nos modelos europeus e norte-americanos de punição e correção, não puderam ser efetivamente organizadas, especialmente levando-se em conta o crescimento populacional e o alto custo para sua implementação em grande escala. Paralelamente, procuramos estudar o perfil da população carcerária das duas instituições, tendo como fio condutor os trabalhos e serviços realizados pelos presos. Assim, observamos como funcionavam as oficinas da Casa de Correção, os trabalhos públicos dos galés e os serviços dos africanos livres e dos escravos detidos no calabouço. Em seguida, na outra ponta, estudamos os guardas e empregados dos estabelecimentos, investigando quem eles eram e que tipo de relações estabeleceram com aqueles que vigiavam. / This study focuses on the jail and the Penitentiary located in the city of São Paulo while the Criminal Code of the Empire was in force (18301890). Firstly, we sought to assess the impact of the provisions of the 1830 Code on the dynamics of the Capital City Jail, previously ruled by the Civil Code of the Philippines Book V. After that, we analyzed the Penitentiary conception, the pitfalls of its construction works up to the partial opening in the 1850s, which are connected to the political changes that occurred along this period and seems to be an answer to the call for organization and restructuring of the State. Next, we considered that the proposals for modernization of the coercive apparatus based on European and North- American models of punishment and correction could not be effectively organized mainly due to the population growth and costly large scale implementation. In addition, we studied the prison population profile in both institutions based on the works and tasks performed by the inmates. Therefore, we observed the Penitentiarys workshops, the public work of the inmates and the work of free African people and slaves imprisoned in dungeon. Finally, we studied the guards and other employees of these prisons to find out who they were and the kind of relationship they developed with the inmates.

<p>Empati har länge ansetts vara en god egenskap hos en medmänniska. Det definierats enligt Davis, som individers affektiva och fysiologiska reaktioner avseende någon annans fysiska och psykiska tillstånd. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns skillnader avseende empati hos individer beroende på olika faktorer. Huvudsyftet med studien var att se om kön, ålder, arbetsplats, antal år inom yrket samt föräldraskap påverkade kriminalvårdares empati. Deltagarna var kriminalvårdare (<em>N</em> = 90) som arbetade på en anstalt och ett häkte. Mätinstrumenten som användes var the Interpersonal Reactivity Index och Social Desirability Scale. Resultaten som erhölls visade att variablerna inte hade någon signifikant påverkan på kriminalvårdares empati. Detta tyder på att kriminalvårdare behåller distansen till klienterna. Det bör förtydligas att kriminalvårdarna inte saknade empati.</p>

Deer-vehicle collisions (DVCs) along a 5.6-km segment of United States Highway 1 (US 1) on Big Pine Key (BPK), Florida responsible for approximately 26% of endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) annual mortalities. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) constructed a 2.6-km long system of fencing, 2 underpasses, and 4 experimental deer guards to address DVCs along a portion of the US 1 roadway in 2001–2002. I evaluated the effectiveness of the project in reducing Key deer mortality by comparing (1) survival of radio-collared deer, (2) deer-vehicle collisions on US 1, and (3) determining the ability of deer to access the fenced segment. I found no significant difference in male or female survival. Key deer-vehicle collisions were reduced by 83–92% inside the fenced segment. However, overall US 1 Key deer-vehicle collisions did not change. Key deer entry into the fenced segment was minimized to 8 deer during the first-year resulting in 2 deer mortalities. I also assessed the potential impacts of the US 1 corridor project to Key deer movements by comparing (1) radio-collared Key deer annual ranges (2) radio-collared deer corridor movements, and (3) assessing Key deer underpass and corridor use. Female and male ranges and core areas did not change (P > 0.05). Deer movements within the US 1 corridor were comparable pre- (6 of 23 radio-collared deer crossed the corridor) and post-project (4 of 16). Infrared-triggered camera data indicate underpass movements increased over time. Collectively, post-project telemetry and camera data indicates US 1 highway improvements have not restricted Key deer movements. Hourly Key deer movement and US 1 traffic patterns were compared to annual US 1 DVCs. Hourly deer movements showed a positive correlation (P = 0.012, r = 0.505) to hourly DVCs for the full circadian period. Hourly US 1 traffic showed a significant positive relationship (P = 0.012, r = 0.787) with DVCs only during the night period. Evaluation of hourly deer movements and hourly traffic volume on US 1 found hourly DVCs to be the result of a combination between both variables.

Empati har länge ansetts vara en god egenskap hos en medmänniska. Det definierats enligt Davis, som individers affektiva och fysiologiska reaktioner avseende någon annans fysiska och psykiska tillstånd. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns skillnader avseende empati hos individer beroende på olika faktorer. Huvudsyftet med studien var att se om kön, ålder, arbetsplats, antal år inom yrket samt föräldraskap påverkade kriminalvårdares empati. Deltagarna var kriminalvårdare (N = 90) som arbetade på en anstalt och ett häkte. Mätinstrumenten som användes var the Interpersonal Reactivity Index och Social Desirability Scale. Resultaten som erhölls visade att variablerna inte hade någon signifikant påverkan på kriminalvårdares empati. Detta tyder på att kriminalvårdare behåller distansen till klienterna. Det bör förtydligas att kriminalvårdarna inte saknade empati.