O objeto desta tese é um conjunto de diretrizes para projeto de recursos educacionais digitais, voltados para educação bilíngue de surdos. O público alvo primário deste trabalho, no entanto, não são os estudantes surdos, nem mesmo seus professores. O público alvo são designers: os profissionais que irão usar as diretrizes para projetar (e desenvolver) recursos educacionais para serem usados pelos estudantes surdos (e seus professores). A importância deste trabalho se deve ao fato que a maior parte dos designers não tem conhecimento científico ou empírico sobre o contexto e as necessidades dos estudantes surdos, tampouco reconhecem o bilinguismo como uma necessidade comunicacional e educacional. Utilizou-se um método chamado Mapas de Conceito, de Trochim (1989), que consistiu nas etapas: a) Preparação – coleta de fontes bibliográficas e entrevistas com professores; b) Compilação – onde o conjunto de diretrizes foi consolidado, gerando uma listagem com 185 diretrizes, sendo 75 oriundas de fontes bibliográficas e 110 de entrevistas com professores, as quais após análise, foram reduzidas para 50; c) Estruturação - etapa em que um grupo de 13 professores avaliou e agrupou as diretrizes, o que resultou num conjunto de 33; d) Representação – agrupamento das 33 diretrizes por meio das técnicas exploratórias Escala Multi Dimensional e Análise Hierárquica de Cluster; e)Elaboração do conjunto final. O conjunto de diretrizes sintetiza conhecimentos de diferentes áreas de difícil acesso ao designer. Acredita-se que a disponibilização das diretrizes compiladas nesta pesquisa possa auxiliá-los a produzir recursos educacionais bilíngues. / The purpose of this thesis is to propose a set of guidelines for the design of digital educational resources, aimed at bilingual education of the deaf. The primary target audience for this work, however, are not deaf students, not even their teachers. The target audience are designers: professionals who will use the guidelines to design (and develop) educational resources for use by deaf students (and their teachers). The importance of this work is due to the fact that most designers do not have scientific or empirical knowledge about the context and needs of deaf students, nor do they recognize bilingualism as a communicational and educational need. We used a method called Concept Maps (TROCHIM, 1989), which consisted of the following steps: a) Preparation - collection of bibliographic sources and interviews with teachers; b) Compilation - where the set of guidelines was consolidated, generating a listing with 185 guidelines, of which 75 were from bibliographic sources and 110 from interviews with teachers, which, after analysis, were reduced to 50; c) Structuring - stage in which a group of 13 teachers evaluated and grouped the guidelines, which resulted in a set of 33; d) Representation - grouping of the 33 guidelines through exploratory techniques Multi-Dimensional Scale and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis; e) Preparation of the final set. The set of guidelines synthesizes knowledge of different areas of difficult access to the designer. It is believed that the provision of the guidelines compiled in this research can help them to produce bilingual educational resources.

Process modeling is an indispensable task in the discipline of Business Process Management. The process models created in this task help its readers in to acquiring a higher comprehension of a process, allowing for the discovery of opportunities for its improvement. However, the comprehension of a process model is not guaranteed, as process modeling is a complex task that depends on the proficiency of the process modeler to avoid the creation of badly designed constructs. Process modeling guidelines are an essential tool in this regard, though they are dispersed across the many studies of the literature and not all of them have empirical evidence validating their effects. In addition to this problem, it is still an open questions if a set of process modeling guidelines makes the process modeling task more challenging and how effective modelers are in using them. It is also unclear how receptive process analysts are to the modeling guidelines. This dissertation presents a systematic literature review we conducted to collect and analyze the modeling guidelines found in the literature. It investigated a total of 520 articles, extracting a total of 45 modeling guidelines spread across 4 different categories. These 45 guidelines were simplified into a set of 20 guidelines, based on their significance to create more comprehensible process models and their practicality. This dissertation also presents the findings of an empirical experiment performed by 13 subjects that compared the results of two process modeling tasks with and without the support of the 20 modeling guidelines presented by the review, in which it was possible to observe that the subjects recognize the usefulness of the guidelines, but find them difficult to understand and use.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de décrire la prise en charge en France des femmes enceintes infectées par le VIH à l’ère des multithérapies, de mesurer les écarts par rapport aux recommandations, d’identifier des facteurs liés à des prises en charge non optimales du point de vue du risque de transmission et d’améliorer les recommandations pour certaines situations minoritaires encore mal étudiées. Ce travail est issu des données de l’Enquête Périnatale Française (ANRS-EPF), la seule cohorte nationale et l’une des plus larges sur le plan international, avec 17 491 couples mères-enfants inclus depuis 1986.Actuellement, presque toutes les femmes sont traitées par multithérapie (96,5% en 2009) et le taux de transmission est inférieur à 1% (0,6% ; IC95% : 0,2-1,4). Les prises en charge non optimales du point de vue de la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH (PTME)(dépistage du VIH tardif, absence ou retard à l’initiation des traitements antirétroviraux pendant la grossesse, en perpartum ou en prophylaxie post-natale, échec virologique en fin de grossesse, accouchement par voie basse malgré une charge virale non contrôlée, allaitement maternel) sont de plus en plus rares en France (0,2% à 5,5% en 2009). Le taux de césarienne reste cependant nettement plus élevé qu’en population générale, du fait notamment d’un taux élevé de césariennes programmées malgré une charge virale contrôlée, ce qui n’est pas conforme aux recommandations. On n’observe pas pour autant un taux de transmission plus bas pour les césariennes programmées lorsque la charge virale est contrôlée.L’immigration en provenance d’un pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne est associée à un diagnostic du VIH plus tardif pendant la grossesse, mais l’accès à la PTME et l’observance semblent similaires à ceux des Françaises de métropole, une fois le diagnostic établi. La non divulgation du statut VIH maternel au père de l’enfant, plus fréquente chez les africaines, est associée à une PTME moins optimale, mais sans augmentation de la transmission mère–enfant du VIH.Nous avons également évalué les recommandations pour certaines situations minoritaires.Pour les femmes infectées par le VIH-2 (2,6% des femmes de la cohorte EPF), dont le risque de transmission mère-enfant est spontanément faible, nos résultats contribuent à justifier une prise en charge moins intensive que celles des femmes infectées par le VIH-1. Pour les femmes nécessitant une amniocentèse, associée à un risque accru de transmission mère-enfant avant l’ère des multithérapies, nos résultats ne montrent pas d’augmentation de risque chez les femmes traitées par multithérapie.Nos résultats sont globalement encourageants pour un système offrant un accès universel et gratuit aux soins pour le VIH, facilitant ainsi l’accès aux soins aux populations en situation de précarité, qui restent néanmoins les plus à risque de prises en charge non optimales. / The objective of this Ph.D thesis is to describe the care received by HIV-infected pregnant women in France in the era of multitherapy, to assess how actual practices differ from recommendations, to identify factors related to non optimal care for prevention of mother-to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) and to improve recommendations for some minority situations that have not been well evaluated.Work for this thesis was done using data from the French perinatal cohort ANRS-EPF, the only national multicenter cohort and one of the largest, having included 17 491 mother-child couples since 1986.Currently, almost all women are treated with multitherapy (96.5% in 2009) and the transmission rate is below 1% (0.6%; 95%CI: 0.2-1.4). Non optimal care for PMTCT (late HIV diagnosis, lack or late initiation of antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy, intrapartum and postnatal prophylaxis, virological failure at delivery, vaginal delivery despite uncontrolled viral load, maternal breastfeeding) has become increasingly rare in France (between 0.2% and 5.5% in 2009). The cesarean section rate is however clearly higher than in the general population, most notably due to a higher rate of elective cesarean section among women with a controlled viral load, which does not comply with the recommendations. And yet elective cesarean section performed on women with a controlled viral load does not result in a lower transmission rate.Migration from a sub-Saharan African country is associated with a later HIV diagnosis during pregnancy, but access to PMTCT and adherence seem similar once HIV infection is diagnosed. Failure for a mother to disclose her HIV status to the child’s father, which occurs more frequently with African women, is associated with less optimal PMTCT strategies but without any increase in MTCT rate.We have also evaluated the recommendations for some minority situations. For HIV-2infected women (2% of EPF cohort), who had a spontaneously lower MTC rate, our results contribute to justifying a less intensive PMTCT than for HIV-1 infected women. For women needing an amniocentesis, which, before the multitherapy era, was associated with an increased transmission rate, our results suggest that the transmission risk is no longer greater for women being treated by multitherapy.Our findings are encouraging as they demonstrate the effectiveness of a health care system which promoting free universal access to HIV care has succeeded in reaching out the most under privileged populations, thereby making it easier for them to receive optimal care although they remain at risk for non optimal PMTCT practices.

Patienter utsätts för onödiga transporter och efterföljande väntetid på akutmottagningen, vilket i sin tur leder till ett onödigt vårdlidande. Det är inte längre en självklar åtgärd för ambulanssjukvården att transportera alla patienter till akutmottagningen för fortsatt vård. Detta innebär att kravet har ökat på ambulanssjukvården och den prehospitala bedömningen. Mot bakgrund av dessa förutsättningar som idag gäller för ambulanssjukvård, är frågan om forskningen kan vägleda till hur den prehospitala bedömningen ska kunna underlättas.Syftet med studien är att beskriva prehospital bedömning i ambulanssjukvård och genom en forskningsöversikt har kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskning analyserats.I resultatet framkommer det att prehospital bedömning består av två huvudinnehåll, dels en vårdvetenskaplig där den prehospitala bedömningen ses som en kontinuerlig process och dels en medicinsk där den prehospitala bedömningen inriktas på att utifrån fastställda kriterier ringa in patientens vårdbehov. I den vårdvetenskapliga forskningen framkommer att vårdrelationen är en central del i den prehospitala bedömningen liksom att vinna patientens förtroende. I den medicinska forskningen framkommer att prehospital bedömning och triagering med hjälp av protokoll kan vara ett sätt att minska patientens vårdlidande. Protokoll kan ge en vägledning till alternativa vårdnivåer men måste kombineras med ett vårdvetenskapligt patientperspektiv och ett öppet förhållningssätt för att möta patienters individuella nyanser. Genom att möjliggöra patientstyrning till alternativa vårdnivåer, kan akutmottagningar avlastas och leda till att fler patienter kan vårdas hemma, dock i ringa omfattning. / <p>Program: Fristående kurs</p><p>Uppsatsnivå: C</p>

The purpose of the study was to create guidelines regarding effective diffusion of elearningto and within developing countries. Another aim of the study was to identifychallenges and problems related to the diffusion of e-learning, as well as identifying whatcharacterizes a successful ICT diffusion project. To achieve the purpose of the study acase study was performed in Thailand, where two different schools, i.e. two cases thathad been targeted by ICT diffusion projects were studied. In combination to studying theschools, the donor side of the project were also included in the study. The study wasconducted with a qualitative research approach, and was divided into one inductive andexploratory phase, which generated a theory, and one deductive phase where the theorywas both theoretically and empirically validated. To gather the empirical material, eightsemi-structured interviews were conducted of which six included staffs from the twoschools, and two included donors that were involved in one of the studied ICT diffusionprojects. Yet another semi-structured interview was performed with a person involved inan ICT diffusion project, which helped to perform the empirical validation of thegenerated theory. With the help of the collected empirical material as well as throughexisting theories it was possible to identify numerous of challenges regarding diffusion ofe-learning to and within developing countries. The challenges were primarily connectedto language, culture, governmental, lack of computer knowledge and infrastructural. Totackle the challenges a number of characteristics regarding effective ICT diffusionprojects in developing countries were identified. These characteristics included theimportance of doing a proper investigation about the recipients, follow ups, providedright amount of computers, provided software that had been adapted and providededucation about how computers should be used. Based on the challenges andcharacteristics guidelines for effective diffusion of e-learning to and within developingcountries were designed. The knowledge about challenges and characteristics led to theidentification of two important findings. The first was that the diffusion of e-learning todeveloping countries is highly dependant on the diffusion of ICT to the schools, as anevident problem that existed was that the schools lacked the proper technicalinfrastructure to be able to support computer-aided teaching. The other finding was thatin order for the diffusion process to be effective, it is vital to provide information andeducation about the technology in advance of the implementation. These two findingslead to that the 19 created guidelines were divided into two categories; basic guidelinesfor diffusion of ICT and enabling guidelines for diffusion of e-learning. / Program: Dataekonomutbildningen

Orientador: Marizilda dos Santos Menezes / Banca: Mônica Moura / Banca: Suzana Barreto Martins / Resumo: No campo do design de moda as pesquisas voltadas para a modelagem plana industrial do vestuário auxiliam no processo de entendimento e desenvolvimento do produto. A pesquisa objetiva delinear diretrizes metodológicas para o processo de ensino da modelagem plana industrial, por meio da identificação da forma como vem sendo ensinada e aprendida nas instituições de ensino e a forma como é construída nas indústrias de vestuário, no pólo regional de Londrina - PR. A revisão de literatura analisa a importância do design de moda e do produto, a modelagem plana industrial do vestuário e sua relação com a ergonomia e com o corpo usuário. A pesquisa qualitativa identifica a visão de modelistas, alunos e docentes no ambiente em questão a cerca do pensamento de construtivo da modelagem plana. De acordo com a análise efetuada entre a revisão de literatura e os questionários aplicados constatou-se a importância da preocupação com a ergonomia, com o corpo usuário, com a antopometria e com a geometria na realização da modelagem plana industrial. O resultado dessa pesquisa foi à elaboração das Diretrizes metodológicas para o processo de ensino da Modelagem plana Industrial, que pode auxiliar na fase de aprendizado da modelagem e durante o processo de construção do molde na indústria de confecção / Abstract: In the field of fashion design research focused on the flat pattern industrial clothing assit in the process of understanding and product development. The research aims to delineate guidelines methodology for the teaching of industrial flat pattern, by identifying the way they are being taught and learned in educational institutions and how it is built on industry clothing, the regional center of Londrina - PR. The literature review analyzes the importance of fashion design and product modeling flat industrial clothing and its relationship with the ergonomics and body user. Qualitative research identifies the vision of modelers, students and teachers in that environment to some of the thinking of constructive flat pattern. According to the analysis done between the review of literature and questionnaire responses noted the importance of concern with ergonomics, the user body, with anthropometry and with the geometry in the revitalization of industrial flat pattern. The result this reserch was the elaboration of methodological guidelines for teaching process of the Indutrial Modeling flat, which may help modeling the learning phase and during the building process mold in the garment industry / Mestre

Svår sepsis och septisk chock är sjukdomstillstånd som kan orsaka ett stort lidande för patienten genom att de är förknippade med hög mortalitet och morbiditet. Tidig identifiering och adekvat antibiotikabehandling är avgörande för prognosen. Detta ställer höga krav på ambulanssjukvårdens kvalitet. Ambulanssjukvården har behandlingsriktlinjer som ska utgöra beslutsunderlag och kvalitetssäkring för den givna vården. De potentiella vinsterna med en behandlingsriktlinje blir dock aldrig bättre än kvaliteten på behandlingsriktlinjen i sig. Studiens syfte var att granska och värdera kvaliteten på den svenska ambulanssjukvårdens behandlingsriktlinjer rörande patienter med misstänkt svår sepsis och septisk chock. En kvantitativ metod nyttjades och en totalundersökning av behandlingsriktlinjer i svensk ambulanssjukvård genomfördes, där respektive ambulansorganisation i Sveriges tjugoen landsting kontaktades. Svarsfrekvensen var 76%. Utav dessa kunde nio inkluderades i studien (N = 9). De erhållna prehospitala behandlingsriktlinjerna granskades därefter med hjälp av AGREE II-instrumentet. Resultatet belyser dels att flera organisationer helt saknar behandlingsriktlinjer rörande patienter med misstänkt svår sepsis och septisk chock (33% av alla tjugoen kontaktade landsting. 44% av de sexton som svarade) samt att de övriga behandlingsriktlinjerna har metodologiska brister i rapporteringen kring hur behandlingsriktlinjerna togs fram. Detta utgör ett hinder för att behandlingsriktlinjerna ska kunna utgöra den kvalitetssäkring de är avsedda att vara. Bristerna kan härledas till ambulanssjukvårdens organisation och skulle eventuellt kunna avhjälpas genom centralt utvecklade nationella behandlingsriktlinjer finansierade av vårdgivaren. / Program: Specialistsjuksköterskeutbildning med inriktning mot ambulanssjukvård

Awareness and understanding of the concept of CSR and how to apply it to the individual organization is a question that many entrepreneurs and organizations ask. The concept of CSR has the opportunity to bring the entrepreneurial and innovative energy of private enterprises to solve the critical problems in developing countries.There has been an intense focus on Corporate Social Responsibility, its implications and the role of the private sector over the past decades. CSR is gaining recognition within the business sector and is starting to become a part of companies’ strategies. The problem has been that companies do not know how to approach this emerging concept and integrate it into their organization. This paper adapts the previous theories and by transferring and building knowledge from the companies examined in our research we develop strategic CSR guidelines for small and medium sized companies (SME´s) in a developing country context. The purpose of this thesis is to conduct research on CSR-strategies in core business activities. We have contributed with practical examples on strategic CSR and constructed guidelines to a successful CSR integration process for entrepreneurs and SME`s that aspire to run profitable sustainable businesses in developing countries. Finally we have also provided clarity to the theory of strategic CSR and its implications in a developing country context.The research has built its foundation on a qualitative approach that highlights examples of successful strategic CSR integration in companies that are active in the developing country context of Nepal. In dept interviews with founders and employees have been conducted on five companies from different sectors as well as a CSR expert. A total of eleven in dept interviews have been carried out. The empirical material has been analyzed with a connection to the theoretical framework in our study. In the conclusions and final remarks we have constructed a set of six guidelines to inspire and enable more entrepreneurs and SME´s who wants to engage in the CSR aspects and integrate it into their businesses. The main factor that we have found important for the integration process is the values of the founding entrepreneur and it´s transmit to the organization culture and business core activities. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

Orientador: Edberto Ferneda / Banca: Silvana Aparecida Borsetti Gregório Vidotti / Banca: Guilherme Ataíde Dias / Resumo: A pesquisa realiza um estudo acerca de um catálogo específico, o Athena, considerado um sistema de recuperação de informação estruturado e organizado. Nesse ambiente se tem como objetivo avaliar um conjunto de diretrizes de usabilidade e aplicá-las em sistemas de recuperação de informação na Web, levando em consideração aspectos relativos não só à usabilidade de sua interface, mas também à sua eficiência no processo de recuperação. O estudo se caracteriza como exploratório e descritivo-analítico. Para tanto, procurou-se inicialmente revisar a literatura nacional e internacional sobre recuperação de informação e usabilidade, em várias fontes informacionais, impressas e eletrônicas, como embasamento teórico do trabalho. Em segunda etapa, foi realizada uma análise heurística, e por último foram realizados testes de usabilidade com usuários em que se aplicaram dois procedimentos: um questionário semi-estruturado e um instrumento de observação. Após as análises quantitativa e qualitativa dos dados, o teste com os usuários possibilitou verificar o modo como eles interagem com a interface do Catálogo Athena e as formas de busca que costumam realizar em outras ferramentas disponíveis na Web. Também foi possível validar alguns apontamentos feitos na análise heurística, pois a maioria dos participantes da pesquisa revelou não ter qualquer experiência na utilização do Catálogo Athena. Verifica-se, nesta pesquisa, a importância de se aplicar os testes com usuários em ambientes de recuperação de informação, considerando-os como parte fundamental no desenvolvimento de qualquer sistema. / Abstract: The research conducts a study about a specific catalog, the Athena, considered a system of retrieval of information structured and organized. In this environment you have to evaluate a set of guidelines for usability and apply them in systems for retrieval of information on the Web, taking into account aspects relating not only to the usability of its interface, but also its efficiency in the recovery process. The study is characterized as exploratory and descriptive and analytical. Thus, it was initially to review the national and international literature on recovery of information and usability in various informational sources, printed and electronic, as the theoretical work. In the second stage, was a heuristic analysis, and finally usability tests were carried out with users that were applied in two procedures: a semi-structured questionnaire and an instrument of observation. After the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data, the test allows users to determine how they interact with the interface of the Athena Catalog and the forms of search that usually take place in other tools available on the Web was also possible to validate some notes made in heuristic analysis, because the majority of the research has shown to have no experience in the use of Athena Catalog. This research shows the importance of applying the tests with users in environments of retrieval of information, considering them a vital part in the development of any system. / Mestre

The aim of the thesis is to approach the issues of transfer pricing, both in terms of legislation, and especially from the perspective of maker of Transfer pricing Documentation and from a practical point of view to analyze the most often transaction between related parties. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part deals with transfer pricing legislation and provides a general overview of publicity available documents and legal regulation related to transfer pricing issues in the Czech Republic. The second part deals with general and practical look at the Documentation that is used as evidence of transfer prices for tax control. The third part describes transfer pricing methods in detail, which are recommended by OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administration. The last part analyzes the most often transactions between related parties and provides particular examples from practice experience.