Au sein de la course industrielle à la miniaturisation et avec l’augmentation des exigences technologiques visant à obtenir plus de performances sur moins de surface, la fiabilité des transistors MOSFET est devenue un sujet d’étude de plus en plus complexe. Afin de maintenir un rythme de miniaturisation continu, des nouvelles architectures de transistors MOS en été introduite, les technologies conventionnelles sont remplacées par des technologies innovantes qui permettent d'améliorer l'intégrité électrostatique telle que la technologie FDSOI avec des diélectriques à haute constante et grille métal. Malgré toutes les innovations apportées sur l’architecture du MOS, les mécanismes de dégradations demeurent de plus en plus prononcés. L’un des mécanismes le plus critique des technologies avancées est le mécanisme de dégradation par porteurs chauds (HCI). Pour garantir les performances requises tout en préservant la fiabilité des dispositifs, il est nécessaire de caractériser et modéliser les différents mécanismes de défaillance au niveau du transistor élémentaire. Ce travail de thèse porte spécifiquement sur les mécanismes de dégradations HCI des transistors 28nm FDSOI. Basé sur l’énergie des porteurs, le modèle en tension proposé dans ce manuscrit permet de prédire la dégradation HC en tenant compte de la dépendance en polarisation de substrat incluant les effets de longueur, d’épaisseur de l’oxyde de grille ainsi que l’épaisseur du BOX et du film de silicium. Ce travail ouvre le champ à des perspectives d’implémentation du model HCI pour les simulateurs de circuits, ce qui représente une étape importante pour anticiper la fiabilité des futurs nœuds technologiques. / As the race towards miniaturization drives the industrial requirements to more performances on less area, MOSFETs reliability has become an increasingly complex topic. To maintain a continuous miniaturization pace, conventional transistors on bulk technologies were replaced by new MOS architectures allowing a better electrostatic integrity such as the FDSOI technology with high-K dielectrics and metal gate. Despite all the architecture innovations, degradation mechanisms remains increasingly pronounced with technological developments. One of the most critical issues of advanced technologies is the hot carrier degradation mechanism (HCI) and Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) effects. To ensure a good performance reliability trade off, it is necessary to characterize and model the different failure mechanisms at device level and the interaction with Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) that represents a strong limitation of scaled CMOS nodes. This work concern hot carrier degradation mechanisms on 28nm transistors of the FDSOI technology. Based on carrier’s energy, the energy driven model proposed in this manuscript can predict HC degradation taking account of substrate bias dependence (VB) including the channel length effects (L), gate oxide thickness (TOX) , back oxide BOX (TBox) and silicon film thickness (TSI ). This thesis opens up new perspectives of the model Integration into a circuit simulator, to anticipate the reliability of future technology nodes and check out circuit before moving on to feature design steps.

[pt] É fato que a diversidade cultural tornou-se um novo desafio na Interação Humano-Computador. Atualmente, os usuários podem navegar por quase todos os lugares da Web, sem fronteiras nacionais e/ou culturais, fazendo contato intencional ou não com elementos de culturas estrangeiras (idiomas, práticas e etc.). A Web tornou-se, portanto, um local privilegiado para encontros interculturais, i.e., um lugar onde os usuários têm a oportunidade de entrar em contato com a diversidade cultural diretamente (ao interagir com outros usuários através de redes sociais, por exemplo) ou indiretamente (quando interagem com aplicações que carregam traços culturais estrangeiros). Este cenário indica a necessidade de uma investigação sobre como a metacomunicação (comunicação sobre a comunicação) intercultural dos designers para os usuários é percebida pelos usuários. Com isto objetivamos entender como os usuários percebem as oportunidades de estabelecer contato com a diversidade cultural ao interagirem com aplicações multiculturais e como essas percepções podem contribuir em atividades de Avaliação de IHC de tais sistemas. Então, a fim de investigar se e como os usuários expressam as suas percepções e reações sobre as oportunidades promovidas pelos encontros interculturais indiretos, realizamos estudos empíricos onde oferecemos um vocabulário específico (Metáforas de Perspectivas Culturais). Realizamos também outros estudos sem oferecer nenhum vocabulário, i.e., deixamos os usuários falarem livremente sobre as oportunidades de fazer contato com a diversidade cultural na Interação Humano-Computador. Esses estudos foram realizados no contexto de duas aplicações multiculturais (uma do domínio linguístico e outra de um domínio não linguístico). Entre os resultados obtidos, destaca-se o potencial do vocabulário específico no ciclo de design de interação de sistemas multiculturais, revelando que as Metáforas de Perspectivas Culturais são uma ferramenta de apoio promissora para as práticas de design participativo, i.e., um meio de expressão e comunicação para os usuários qualificarem suas experiências de interação reais ou potenciais. / [en] It is fact that cultural diversity has become a new challenge in Human-Computer Interaction. Today users can navigate almost anywhere on the Web, with no cultural and/or national boundaries, having intentional or unintentional contact with foreign cultural elements (languages, practices etc.). Therefore, the Web became a privileged place for intercultural encounters, i.e., a place where users have the opportunity to be in contact with cultural diversity directly (when interacting with other users using social networks, for example) or indirectly (when interacting with applications, which have foreign cultural features). This scenario indicates the need for an investigation about how the intercultural metacommunication (communication about communication) of designers to users is noticed by users. Hereupon, we intend to understand how users perceive the opportunities to make contact with cultural diversity when interacting with cross-cultural applications and how these perceptions can contribute in the HCI Evaluation activities of these systems. Thus, in order to investigate whether and how users express their perceptions and reactions over opportunities promoted by indirect intercultural encounters, we conducted empirical studies in which we offered a specific vocabulary (Cultural Viewpoint Metaphors). We also conducted other studies without offering any vocabulary, that is, we let users speak freely about the opportunities to make contact with cultural diversity in Human-Computer Interaction. These studies were conducted in the context of two cross-cultural applications (one in a linguistic domain and one in a non-linguistic domain). Among the results obtained, it was highlighted the potential of the specific vocabulary in the interaction design cycle of cross-cultural systems, revealing that Cultural Viewpoint Metaphors are a promising supporting tool for participatory design practices, i.e., a medium of expression and communication for users to qualify their real or potential interaction experiences.

How are technologies are designed and used tactically by activists? As the HCI community starts to contend with social inequalities, there has been debate about how HCI researchers should address approach this type of research. However, there is little research examining practitioners such as social justice activists who confront social problems, and are using technology, such as mobile phones, blogging, and social media to do so. In this dissertation, I build on this knowledge within the context of a social movement organization working to stop street harassment (harassment towards women and minorities in public) called Hollaback (ihollaback.org). I position myself as an action researcher doing research and building technologies such as mobile apps and a blogging platform to collect stories of harassment and to support activists. The organization has collected over 3000 stories and represents 50 different locales in 17 countries. Through a series of studies, I examined how technology impacts the organization, activists, and those who contribute stories of harassment. I found evidence that the storytelling platform helps participants fundamentally shift their cognitive and emotional orientation towards their experience and informs what activists do on the ground. My results suggest that doing activism using technology can help remove some barriers to participation but can also lower expectations for the amount of work required. I also looked at how different social media tactics can increase the number of followers and how traditional media plays a role in these tactics. My work contributes theoretically to the HCI community by building on social movement theory, feminist HCI, and action research methodology. My investigation also sheds light empirically on how technology plays a role in a social movement organization, and how it impacts those who participate.

Les circuits logiques programmables (FPGA) bénéficient des technologies les plus avancés de noeuds CMOS, afin de répondre aux demandes croissantes de haute performance et de faible puissance des circuits intégrés numériques. Cela les rend sensibles aux différents mécanismes de dégradations à l'échelle nanométrique. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur le vieillissements des tables de correspondances (LUT) sur FPGA. L'utilisation de la dernière technologie d'échelle réduite et la flexibilité de l'architecture du FPGA, permettent de développer un nouveau banc de test à faible coût pour évaluer la fiabilité en fonction de conditions d'utilisations. Ce banc de test peut-être implanté sur plusieurs véhicules du tests et suivis en temps réel par un logiciel de surveillance développé pendant cette thèse. Nous avons caractérisé la dégradation de temps de propagation de la LUT en fonction du rapport cyclique et la fréquence des vecteurs de stress. Nous avons identifié également que le rapport cyclique affecte fortement le temps en descente et modérément le temps en montée de LUT en raison du mécanisme de vieillissement NBTI, tandis que HCI affecte à la fois les deux temps de propagation. En outre, deux modèles semi-empiriques de la dégradation du temps de propagation de la LUT en raison de NBTI et HCI sont proposés dans ce travail. D'autre part, nous avons analysé l'influence de la tension de seuil et la mobilité du transistor sur la dégradation de temps de propagation de la LUT en utilisant le modèle de simulation du transistor. Enfin, un modèle de dégradation de la LUT prenant en compte l'architecture supposée de la LUT est proposé. Ce travail est idéal pour modéliser la dégradation des FPGA au niveau des portes. / Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) benefit from the most advanced CMOS technology nodes, in order to meet the increasing demands of high performance and low power digital integrated cricuits. This makes tem sensible to various aging mechanisms at nanao-scale. In this thesis we focus on aging degradation of the Look-Up Table (LUT) on FPGAs. Benefits from the latest downscaling technology and the flexibility of the FPGAs architecture, allow to develop a new low cost test bench to assess reliabilty depending on the operation condition. This test bench can be implemented on up to 32 FPGAs ans monitored in real time by a supervisory software we developed in this work. We have characterized the delay degradation of LUT depending on the duty cycle and the frequency of stress vectors. We have identified also that the duty cycle affects strongly the fall and moderately the rise delay of LUT due to the NBTI aging mechanisme, while HCI affects both delays. Furthermore, two semiempirical models of the degradation of LUT timing due to NBTI and HCI are proposed in this work. Moreover, we analyzed the influence of threshokd voltage and the mobility of transistor on the timing degradation of LUT using the simulation model of transistor. Finally a model of degradationof LUT taking into account the supposed LUT architecture has been proposed. This work is edeal to model the degradation of FPGA at gate level.

Dans la chaine de développement des circuits, une attention particulière doit être portée sur le comportement en fiabilité des dispositifs MOS comme briques de base des circuits avancés CMOS lors du développement d’une technologie. Au niveau du dispositif, les comportements des différents mécanismes de dégradation sont caractérisés. A l’opposé dans le prototype final, le produit est caractérisé dans des conditions accélérées de vieillissement, mais seuls des paramètres macroscopiques peuvent être extraits. Un des objectifs de cette thèse a été de faire le lien entre le comportement en fiabilité d’un circuit ou système et ses briques élémentaires. Le second point important a consisté à développer des solutions de tests dites ‘intelligentes’ afin d’améliorer la testabilité et le gain de place des structures, pour mettre en évidence le suivi du vieillissement des circuits et la compensation des dégradations. Une autre famille de solutions a consisté à reproduire directement dans la structure l’excitation ou la configuration réelle vue par les dispositifs ou circuits élémentaires lors de leur vie d’utilisation (lab in situ). / In the circuit development, specific attention must be paid to the MOS device reliability as a building block as well as a prototype reference circuit (CMOS) during the technology development. At device level, the different degradation mechanisms are characterized. In the final prototype, the product is characterized in accelerated aging conditions, but only the macroscopic parameters can be extracted. One objective of this thesis has been to link the circuit or system reliability and its building blocks. Also, the second important point has consisted in the development of 'smart' test solutions to improve testability and gain up structures so as to highlight the circuits aging monitoring and degradation compensation. Another family of ‘smart’ solutions has involved reproducing directly in the structure the excitement or the actual configuration as it is seen by elementary circuits or devices during their usage life (lab in situ).

Denna rapport beskriver utvecklingen av ett grafiskt gränssnitt för utvärderingsverktygetHanabi Challenge Benchmark. Utvärderingsverktyget grundar sig på det populärakortspelet Hanabi och presenterar sig själv som en ny riktlinje för forskningav artificiell intelligens med fokus på multi-agentbaserade kooperativa utmaningar.Syftet och målet med projektet är att analysera, tolka och visualisera datat frånverktyget för att skapa en bättre förståelse av verktyget.Ett grafiskt gränssnitt utvecklas sedan genom att använda kunskaper inom theoryof mind i kombination med teorier inom människa-datorinteraktion. Resultatenav detta projekt utvärderas genom ett småskaligt användarbarhetstest. Användareav olika åldrar, kön och nivåer av datorkunskap testade applikationen och ficksedan svara på en enkät. Resultatet av enkäten gjorde grund för utvärderingen avkvaliteten för det grafiska gränsnittet. / This report will describe the development of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) forthe Hanabi Challenge Benchmark. The benchmark is based on the popular cardgame Hanabi and presents itself as a new research frontier in artificial intelligencefor cooperative multi-agent challenges. The project’s intentions and goals are tointerpret and visualize the data output from the benchmark to give us a better understandingof it.A GUI was then developed by using knowledge within theory of mind in combinationwith theories within human-computer interaction. The results of this project wereevaluated through a small-scale usability test. Users of different ages, gender andlevels of computer knowledge tested the application and through a questionnaire,the quality of the GUI was assessed.

With the development of computer hardware, computers with persuasion have become more powerful and influential than ever. The latest trends show that Persuasive Technology integrates with cutting-edge technologies, such as Natural Language Processing, Big Data, and Machine Learning algorithms. As persuasion is becoming increasingly intelligent and subtle, it is urgent to reflect on the dark sides of Persuasive Technology. The study aims to investigate one of Persuasive Technology's accusations, making smartphones more addictive to its users. The study uses questionnaires and in-depth interviews to examine the impact of persuasive technologies on young smartphone users. Questionnaires were distributed through a university forum, student group chats, and Tencent Survey Service. Ten interviewees were sampled randomly from the survey results. Eight interviewees shared their smartphone screen time for three consecutive weeks after the interview. Among the 183 participants, 84.70% (n=155) spend over (or equal to) four hours per day on their smartphone, 44.26% (n=81) indicate that smartphones negatively affect their studies or professional life. Ten interviewees evaluated that they could reduce screen time by 37% if they could avoid all persuasive functions. Five out of eight interviewees reduced their screen time by 16.72% three weeks after the interviews by voluntarily turning off some persuasive functions on their smartphones. This study provides empirical evidence to argue that persuasive technologies increase users' screen time and contribute to the addictive behaviours of young smartphone users. Some commonly used persuasive design principles could have negative long-term impacts on users. To sum up, the ethical problems that Human- computer interaction (HCI) designers face and users' neglected rights of acknowledgement were discussed. / Med utvecklingen av datorhårdvara har datorer med övertalning blivit mer kraftfulla och inflytelserika än någonsin. De senaste trenderna visar att Persuasive Technology integreras med banbrytande teknik, såsom Natural Language Processing, Big Data och Machine Learning-algoritmer. Eftersom övertalning blir alltmer intelligent och subtil, är det angeläget att reflektera över de mörka sidorna av övertygande teknik. Studien syftar till att undersöka en av övertygande teknologins anklagelser, vilket gör smartphones mer beroendeframkallande för sina användare. Studien använder frågeformulär och djupintervjuer för att undersöka effekterna av övertygande teknik på unga smartphone-användare. Frågeformulär distribuerades via ett universitetsforum, studentgruppchattar och Tencent Survey Service. Tio intervjuade slumpmässigt urval från undersökningsresultaten. Åtta intervjuade delade sin skärmtid för smarttelefonen i tre veckor i rad efter intervjun. Bland de 183 deltagarna spenderade 84,70% (n = 155) mer än (eller lika med) fyra timmar per dag på sin smartphone, 44,26% (n = 81) indikerar att smartphones påverkar deras studier eller yrkesliv negativt. Tio intervjuade utvärderade att de kunde minska skärmtiden med 37% om de kunde undvika alla övertygande funktioner. Fem av åtta intervjuade minskade skärmtiden med 16,72% tre veckor efter intervjuerna genom att frivilligt stänga av några övertygande funktioner på sina smartphones. Denna studie ger empiriska bevis för att hävda att övertygande teknik ökar användarnas skärmtid och bidrar till beroendeframkallande beteende hos unga smartphone-användare. Några vanliga övertygande designprinciper kan ha negativa långsiktiga effekter på användarna. Sammanfattningsvis diskuterades de etiska problemen som HCI-designare (Human-computer-interaktion) möter och användarnas försummade bekräftelserätt.

A plethora of multi-copter drones can be found in a variety of public and private sectors in society; crime detection, border guard, agricultural inspections, aerial photography, cinematography, television, and entertainment. Unlike commercial drones, ornithopters - flapping bird-like drones - have a very different materiality. The different aesthetics and flight dynamics of these machines require designers to rethink the design space of this kind of drone. This study aims to map out the preliminary design space of ornithopters and explore their interesting flight dynamics and material qualities. Participants were invited to a workshop to build and fly three different ornithopters and reflect on the ornithopters and their experiences while flying them. This thesis presents a series of insights into ornithopters, especially their unique materiality. The unique materials used in ornithopters, such as balsa wood, polystyrene, nylon and carbon fiber, allow them to fly more efficiently and withstand the forces of flight. Finally, I argue that designers can embrace the design space of ornithopters by creating features that amplify the unique and unpredictable movements of the machine, which could lead to new and innovative designs. This would work towards a celebration of non-uniformity of morphologies and movements in an ecosystem of biologically-inspired flying robots. / En mängd av multirotor drönare kan hittas i olika offentliga och privata sektorer i samhället; brottsbekämpning, gränskontroller, jordbruksinspektioner, flygfotografering, filmproduktion, television och underhållning. Till skillnad från kommersiella drönare har ornithoptorer - fågelliknande flaxande drönare - en helt annorlunda materialitet. De olika estetiska och flygdynamiska egenskaperna hos dessa maskiner kräver att designers omprövar designutrymmet för denna typ av drönare. Denna studie syftar till att kartlägga det preliminära designutrymmet för ornithoptorer och utforska deras intressanta flygdynamik och materialkvaliteter. Deltagare var inbjudna till en workshop för att bygga och flyga tre olika ornithoptar och för att observera deras upplevelse att flyga med dem. Detta arbete omfattar ett antal insikter om ornithoptar, speciellt deras unika materialitet. De unika material som används i ornithoptar, såsom balsaträ, polystyren, nylon och kolfiber, tillåter de att flyga mera effektivt och motstå krafterna i flygningen. Slutligen argumenterar jag att designers kan ta tillvara designutrymmet av ornithoptar genom att skapa egenskaper som amplifierar de unika och oförutsägbara rörelserna av maskinerna, vilket skulle leda till nya och innovativa designer. Detta skulle bidra till en hyllning av icke uniformitet av morfologier och rörelser i ett ekosystem av biologiskt inspirerade flygande robotar

Women have always been concerned about their safety when walking alone and have taken precautions to protect themselves from harm. With the current advances in technology, women’s safety techniques and devices have drastically changed within the past years, for instance, by introducing the use of safety buttons. This study aims to explore the interaction women living in Stockholm, Sweden would have when carrying such a smart device. Through research and design methodologies and applying Feminist HCI values, two workshops were held to better understand this interaction between women carrying a Flic Safety Button and their street safety. The main conclusion of the study is that when designing such interactions, one should consider various of the different influencing mechanisms the women have as well as personal sentiments regarding their personal safety to encourage usability of the button to any situation. The most essential influences are the availability of friends and family, social lifestyles, and existing safety behaviors. To inspire future developments and exemplify this ecology of safety mechanisms, this thesis introduces three archetypes of interactions, materialized as personas in scenarios depicting different perceptions on how women interact when their safety is being compromised. / Kvinnor har alltid varit oroade över sin säkerhet när de går ensamma och har vidtagit försiktighetsåtgärder för att skydda sig mot skador. Med de senaste årens tekniska framsteg har säkerhetsteknik och anordningar för kvinnor förändrats drastiskt, till exempel genom att man infört användning av säkerhetsknappar. Den här studien syftar till att undersöka vilken interaktion kvinnor som bor i Stockholm, Sverige, skulle ha när de bär en sådan smart enhet. Med hjälp av forsknings- och designmetoder och genom att tillämpa feministiska HCI-värden hölls två workshops för att bättre förstå interaktionen mellan kvinnor som bär en Flic-säkerhetsknapp och deras säkerhet på gatan. Den viktigaste slutsatsen av studien är att när man utformar sådana interaktioner bör man ta hänsyn till olika påverkansmekanismer som kvinnorna har samt personliga känslor om deras personliga säkerhet för att uppmuntra användbarheten av knappen i alla situationer. De viktigaste påverkansfaktorerna är tillgången till vänner och familj, sociala livsstil och befintliga säkerhetsbeteenden. För att inspirera framtida utveckling och exemplifiera denna ekologi av säkerhetsmekanismer introduceras i denna avhandling tre arketyper av interaktioner, som materialiseras som personas i scenarier som visar olika uppfattningar om hur kvinnor interagerar när deras säkerhet äventyras.

Published Article / This study evaluated the difficulty, in terms of usability, of upgrading from one version of a word processor user interface (Microsoft Word 2003) to another (2007). Laboratory-based usability testing involving 23 participants, who had never used Microsoft Word 2007 before, was conducted. All participants used the two versions in a repeated-measures experimental design. A Tobii 1750 Eye Tracker was used for screen recordings during testing. Participants were also required to fill in user satisfaction questionnaires. Results from the usability test showed that, in terms of usability, migrating from an original interface to a completely changed user interface is not easy.