Heavy metals released to the natural ecosystem constitute significant risks not only for organisms, but also for water supplies in the nature. There are a number of analytical methods for the determination of heavy metals. Each of them is suitable for different element and its character. Since the results of the analysis are applied during the solidification and stabilization, it is necessary to ensure the highest correlation between hazardous waste and solidification medium for maximum inhibition of toxic ions. This work investigates the stabilization of heavy metals binders based on cement base with admixture of the natural zeolite and its possible use for the solidification of heavy metals in soluble form.

HIV/AIDS is an illness that is more correlated than any other with high rates of stigmatization and discrimination. People diagnosed with this illness have to cope with a new potentially life threatning situation and stigmatized identity. Common social interactions or heath complications become a potential source of confrontation, which can endanger social relations, or damage and spoil the identity of people living with HIV/AIDS. This study jointly analyzes the concept of social and health risks, stigmatization and identity and focuses on the following: 1) The process of coping with the diagnosis and its impact on the identity and everyday life of people living with HIV/AIDS 2) The role of accessible social networks on the coping process with this illness and stigmatization; and 3) The strategies of health and social risk management used in connection with this illness. Awareness and acquisition of information on HIV/AIDS plays an important role in overcomming the initial shock of the diagnosis and coping with the disease. Thanks to the support of social networks, the diagnosed person can reach much easier and faster the so called "rational approach" to the illness and safely awknowledge and accept HIV/AIDS as a part of his or her life. People living with HIV/AIDS also face many risks. In this...

Vår uppsats undersöker och behandlar digital marknadsföring, attityd och medvetenheten om de hälsorisker som är förenade med energi- och funktionsdrycksbranschen. Idag är konsumtionen av energi- och funktionsdryck omdiskuterad, i Sverige har flera företag aktivt valt att marknadsföra sina produkter som en funktionsdryck riktad till träning istället för den ”vanliga” energidrycken. Olika marknadsföringsstrategier används aktivt för att skapa relationer med sina konsumenter och kunder, allt vanligare blir det att företag använder sig specifikt av sociala medier. Syftet med vår undersökning är att undersöka om attityd, medvetenhet kring hälsoriskerna och graden av exponering av marknadsföringen leder till ett ökat köpbeteendet av energi- och funktionsdryck. Undersökningen utförs med hjälp av tidigare forskning, en enkätundersökning och observationer. De observationer som genomförts i undersökningen är av kvalitativ karaktär samt en enkätundersökning av kvantitativ karaktär. Studien utgår från teorin “The Theory of Planned Behaviour” framtagen av Ajzen 1991 som ligger till grund för vår egen analysmodell för att testa våra tre hypoteser. Utifrån vår studie kunde vi dra slutsatsen att H1: “En positiv attityd till energi- och funktionsdryck leder till ett ökat köpbeteende” förkastas medan H2: “Ju mindre medveten konsumenten är om hälsoriskerna förenade med konsumtion av energi- eller funktionsdryck, desto mer ökar köpbeteendet” och H3: “Ju mer digital marknadsföring konsumenten exponeras för, desto mer ökar köpbeteendet” accepteras. Trots att tidigare forskning påvisat att de tre oberoende variablerna har en påverkan på köpbeteendet så visade vår studie att en positiv attityd inte ökar köpbeteendet av energi- och funktionsdryck bland ungdomar och unga vuxna. / Our essay examines digital marketing, attitudes and awareness of the health risks associated with the energy drink- and functional beverage industry. Usage of energy drink and functional beverage is today a controversial topic, several Swedish companies have actively decided to promote their products as functional beverages intended to drink in training context instead of labeling it like a "regular" energy drink. The purpose of our study is to investigate whether attitudes, awareness of the health risks and the degree of exposure to marketing lead to an increased buying behavior of energy drinks and functional beverages. The survey is conducted with the help of previous research, a survey and observations. The observations form the basis for the survey and the study is based on the theory “The Theory of Planned Behavior” developed by Ajzen in 1991. From “The Theory of Planned Behavior” we have designed our own analysis model to test our three hypotheses. Based on our study, we could conclude that H1 is rejected while H2 and H3 are accepted. Although previous research has shown that the three independent variables have an impact on increased buying behavior, our study showed that a positive attitude does not increase the buying behavior of energy drinks and functional beverages among adolescents and young adults. This study is written in Swedish

<p> Lung disease is the leading threat to human health worldwide. In particular, two threats are responsible for the majority of the pulmonary disease burden: infection and tobacco smoke exposure. Efforts to combat these diseases have been hampered by gaps in our understanding of the complex interactions between environmental threats and the host's own immune defences. Indeed, much of the pulmonary disease burden should be ascribed not to direct smoke-, virus-or bacteria-induced damage, but to maladaptive host defence responses against these threats. This is an understudied topic. Efforts to redress this deficiency have been hampered by the lack of available animal models. Thus, the present studies developed and examined models of Heterologous pulmonary infection, in which hosts must defend against two different infections, and of tobacco smoke exposure. In the first study, a critical role for MIP-2 driven pulmonary neutrophilia was elucidated in the pathology associated with bacterial superinfection of influenza virus infection. This study further demonstrated that the timing and sequence in which pathogens were encountered played important roles in determining the outcome of disease, and that viral and bacterial infections have different but long-lived impacts on alveolar macrophages. In the second study, it was determined that cigarette smoke exposure impacts host defence without exhausting T-or B-cells. Collectively, these studies have advanced our understanding of complex lung pathologies, and suggest an important role for the innate immune system in mediating such diseases. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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The management of clinical waste is of great importance due to its infectious and hazardous nature that can cause risks on environment and public health. The study was conducted to evaluate clinical waste management practices and to determine the amount of waste generated in five purposively selected healthcare facilities in Gaborone City Council. The surveyed healthcare facilities were of different size, specialization and category and included a referral hospital, two clinics and two health posts. To examine clinical waste management practices the study employed a range of methods including questionnaire survey which targeted 105 stratified randomly selected healthcare workers and ancillary staff, formal interviews with facility managers, field observations and literature reviews. Compliance with the Botswana Clinical Waste Management Code of Practice, 1996 and Waste Management Act, 1998 and other related documents were used as standards to assess clinical waste management practices. The waste management practices were analysed for a week in each healthcare facility to capture the daily management practices. The generated clinical waste was weighed to compute the generation rates and was followed through the various management practices to the final disposal. Findings of the study revealed that clinical waste generation rates were: 0.75kg/patient/day for Princess Marina Hospital and 0.1 - 0.3kg/patient/day for clinics and health posts. Numerous aspects of clinical waste management were found to comply with the expected rules and standards at Princess Marina Hospital, but the clinics and health posts had less appropriate practices. Clinical waste generated at Princess Marina Hospital is quantified in reliable records and dedicated Infectious Control Officers are responsible for monitoring the management of clinical waste. The study revealed that clinics and health posts do not quantify clinical waste and there are no officers responsible for monitoring clinical waste and there are no documents for monitoring the management of clinical waste. The main treatment method of clinical waste for the surveyed healthcare facilities is incineration and it is being done properly. The study established that at least 80% of healthcare workers and ancillary staff have been vaccinated against hepatitis B and have received training in clinical waste management. Recommendations are given with the aim of improving clinical waste management practices in Gaborone City Council healthcare facilities. / Environmental Management / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

The aim of this Final Thesis is to characterize health in all relevant aspects essential for proper understanding of the relation between the "teacher and health". In the first part the author bring forward theoretical basis concerning the quality of health, subjective perception of health, behavior and health supportive life style, risk prevention in occupational safety and pre-professional preparation of teachers. The second part pursues collected data from 60 pedagogues in the questionnaires. The main intention of the empirical part was to reveal and describe the nature of perception of health in relation to the teacher occupation among preschool teachers; what do teachers assess as positive and negative regarding their health and which health problems are seen as obstruction to proper performance of the teacher occupation.

L’étude géographique des risques sanitaires hydriques à Antananarivo, capitale métropolitaine de Madagascar, pays tropical et au niveau de développement faible, s’articule à travers les conditions d’accès à la ressource, l’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau distribuée mais également à travers les pratiques domestiques accomplies jusqu’à sa consommation. Cette thèse cherche à illustrer via le déterminant hydrique combien les questions au croisement de la santé et de l’environnement sont, dans un milieu urbain en développement, des questions complexes. Cette complexité est engendrée par les différentes composantes du système pathogène à intégrer et les relations entre elles. À Antananarivo, nos analyses montrent que les disparités de santé en matière de risques hydriques sont le reflet d’une configuration sociale dichotomique héritée entre ville basse et ville haute et donc fortement imprégnée par les représentations. Comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de ces disparités de santé, conduit à interroger les milieux de vie comme facteur risque, ici les quartiers précaires d’Antananarivo. Ces lieux sont soumis à des effets qui sont identifiés dans la littérature comme des effets de contexte (relatifs aux caractéristiques du territoire) et des effets de composition (relatifs aux caractéristiques des individus). À Antananarivo, l’approche quantitative confirme la prédominance des effets de contexte sur les effets de compositions. Pourtant, notre travail de terrain à travers la démonstration des pratiques et des compétences citadines mises en œuvre par les populations pour pallier, notamment les défaillances des services urbains de santé, de l’eau et de l’assainissement, nuance cette vision statique et déterministe des territoires enquêtés. En accord avec de récentes publications, cette recherche avec les difficultés que peuvent représenter les études un milieu urbain en développement, soutient qu’il existe une relation plus complexe et rétroactive entre les pratiques des populations et les territoires et que cette relation est en perpétuelle évolution. Les individus par leurs pratiques s’approprient et modifient la configuration des territoires et inversement. / The geographical study of the health risks related to water in Antananarivo, metropolitan capital of Madagascar, a tropical country with a low level development, is articulated through the access conditions to the water resources, the evaluation of supplied water quality and the domestic practices performed until its consumption. This thesis seeks to illustrate via the hydric determinant how complex are the issues at the intersection of health and environment in an urban developing area. This complexity is due to the integration of the various components of the pathogenic system and the connections between them. In Antananarivo, our analyses show that the disparities of health as regards hydric risks are the reflection of a dichotomic social configuration inherited between the lower and the upper city and thus strongly impregnated by the social representations. To understand the mechanisms at the origin of these disparities of health, life environment in the precarious districts of Antananarivo is studied as a risk factor. These places are subjected to effects which are identified in the literature like contextual effects (relating to the characteristics of the territory) and compositional effects (relating to the characteristics of the individuals). In Antananarivo, the quantitative approach confirms the predominance of the contextual effects over the compositional effects. However, our fieldwork moderates this static and deterministic vision of the surveyed territories through the observation of the coping strategies developed by the populations to mitigate the failures of the urban services of health, water and sanitation. In agreement with recent publications, this research, argues that it exists a more complex and retroactive relation between the practices of the populations and the territories. This relation is in perpetual evolution. The individuals by their practices adapt and modify the configuration of the territories and conversely.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar via programação das rádios comunitárias: “8 de Dezembro" situada na Cidade de Vargem Grande Paulista e “Cantareira", situada na Vila Brasilândia, município de São Paulo e junto aos discursos de seus ouvintes, como se dá a comunicação de riscos sanitários inerentes ao campo da vigilância sanitária e qual é a influência destas mensagens nos hábitos cotidianos desses ouvintes. Utilizou-se como instrumento da metodologia adotada, o documental proporcionado pela programação das rádios, levantando o conteúdo abordado sobre saúde e mais especificamente sobre vigilância sanitária, e entrevistas qualiquantitativas junto a 106 ouvintes de tais rádios, utilizando-se a metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Posteriormente os dados foram tabulados com a ajuda do Software Qualiquantsoft. Dentro desse quadro, concluiu-se que as rádios comunitárias podem ser um espaço de comunicação em saúde pública através de processos educomunicativos, ou seja, processos onde a comunicação tem papel educativo sobre a população, estimulando uma comunicação de riscos sanitários mais eficiente e democrática, enquanto formador de cidadania. Na educomunicação, a recepção é crítica e interage com a emissão, resignificando a mensagem, a partir de sua experiência de vida local, social, cultural, educacional, religiosa, etc. / This paper aims to analyze, through community broadcasting (“8 de Dezembro" located in Vargem Grande Paulista-SP e “Cantareira", located in Vila Brasilandia, Sao Paulo-SP) from their listeners, how the communication of public health risks happens and what is the influence of these messages in the listener’s lives. As methodological tools, were used both the broadcast program documents where the public health matter contents was picked up and the interviews with 106 listeners. Eventually the data were tabulated with Qualiquantsoft Software. From this picture, it was concluded that the community broadcasts can be a communication room in public health through educational and communication means, or, the processes where the communication has an educational role on the people, stimulating a more efficient and democratic health risks communication and building the citizenship. In the educational communication, the receiver is critical and interacts with the broadcaster, giving the message a new meaning according to their lives as they experience it in different local, social, cultural, educational, religious meanings.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar via programação das rádios comunitárias: “8 de Dezembro” situada na Cidade de Vargem Grande Paulista e “Cantareira”, situada na Vila Brasilândia, município de São Paulo e junto aos discursos de seus ouvintes, como se dá a comunicação de riscos sanitários inerentes ao campo da vigilância sanitária e qual é a influência destas mensagens nos hábitos cotidianos desses ouvintes. Utilizou-se como instrumento da metodologia adotada, o documental proporcionado pela programação das rádios, levantando o conteúdo abordado sobre saúde e mais especificamente sobre vigilância sanitária, e entrevistas qualiquantitativas junto a 106 ouvintes de tais rádios, utilizando-se a metodologia do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC). Posteriormente os dados foram tabulados com a ajuda do Software Qualiquantsoft. Dentro desse quadro, concluiu-se que as rádios comunitárias podem ser um espaço de comunicação em saúde pública através de processos educomunicativos, ou seja, processos onde a comunicação tem papel educativo sobre a população, estimulando uma comunicação de riscos sanitários mais eficiente e democrática, enquanto formador de cidadania. Na educomunicação, a recepção é crítica e interage com a emissão, resignificando a mensagem, a partir de sua experiência de vida local, social, cultural, educacional, religiosa, etc. / This paper aims to analyze, through community broadcasting (“8 de Dezembro” located in Vargem Grande Paulista-SP e “Cantareira”, located in Vila Brasilandia, Sao Paulo-SP) from their listeners, how the communication of public health risks happens and what is the influence of these messages in the listener’s lives. As methodological tools, were used both the broadcast program documents where the public health matter contents was picked up and the interviews with 106 listeners. Eventually the data were tabulated with Qualiquantsoft Software. From this picture, it was concluded that the community broadcasts can be a communication room in public health through educational and communication means, or, the processes where the communication has an educational role on the people, stimulating a more efficient and democratic health risks communication and building the citizenship. In the educational communication, the receiver is critical and interacts with the broadcaster, giving the message a new meaning according to their lives as they experience it in different local, social, cultural, educational, religious meanings.