Durant la réplication du chromosome bactérien, le désappariement du double brin d'ADN est réalisé par l'hélicase hexamérique DnaB. Chez Escherichia coli, le positionnement de l'hexamère de DnaB sur l'ADN simple brin dans le sens 5'-3'est permis par le facteur de chargement. La primase DnaG interagit ensuite avec l'hélicase pour former le primosome. Chez Helicobacter pylori, aucun facteur de chargement n'a été identifié, ce qui est également le cas pour la majorité des espèces bactériennes. De plus, DnaB d'H. pylori (HpDnaB) peut complémenter des souches mutantes d'E.coli DnaBts et DnaCts suggérant que HpDnaB peut jouer le rôle des deux protéines. Pour mieux comprendre le mode d'action de HpDnaB, nous avons résolu sa structure cristallographique à une résolution de 6.7 Å. Celle-ci révèle que la protéine s'assemble en dodécamère, formé par deux hexamères interagissant par leurs domaines N-terminaux (NTD). Nos expériences en diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS) montrent que le dodécamère de HpDnaB adopte une conformation modifiée et dynamique en solution. Nous avons ensuite étudié la structure de HpDnaB après interaction avec HpDnaGHBD et/ou l'ADN simple brin par chromatographie d'exclusion stérique couplée à la diffusion de la lumière multi-angles (SEC-MALS) et par SAXS. Ces expériences suggèrent qu'après interaction avec HpDnaGHBD, le double hexamère est dissocié en simples hexamères formant un complexe avec HpDnaGHBD. De plus, HpDnaB forme des hexamères avec l'ADN simple brin en présence d'AMP-PNP. L'ensemble de nos résultats suggère que la formation du primosome d'H. pylori conduit à la dissociation du dodécamère en deux complexes HpDnaB6•HpDnaG3 / During bacterial chromosomal replication, unwinding of double stranded DNA is performed by the hexameric helicase DnaB. In Escherichia coli, the positioning of DnaB hexamers onto replication forks in the 5’to 3’ direction is dedicated by helicase loader. DnaB then interacts with the DnaG primase helicase binding domain (DnaGHBD) to form the primosome. Helicobacter pylori does not encode for a DnaC homologue, which is also the case of most bacterial species. Moreover, H. pylori DnaB (HpDnaB) could complement two temperature–sensitive mutants of E. coli dnaBts and dnaCts, suggesting that the HpDnaB was able to bypass DnaC in these cells. To gain insights into HpDnaB mode of activation, we have solved the crystal structure of HpDnaB at 6.7Å resolution. The structure reveals a novel dodecameric organisation where HpDnaB assembles as planar stack-twisted double hexamers via N-terminal domain (NTD)-rings interactions. Small angle X-ray scattering analysis (SAXS) demonstrates that HpDnaB adopts a modified and dynamic structure in solution but maintains dodecameric architecture. We have then investigated the structure of HpDnaB upon interaction with HpDnaGHBD and/or ssDNA using size exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle light scattering and SAXS. These experiments show that upon interaction with HpDnaGHBD, HpDnaB double hexamer dissociates into single hexamers to form a complex with HpDnaGHBD. Moreover, we found that HpDnaB also forms hexamers in complex with ssDNA in the presence of AMP-PNP. Collectively, these data suggest that primosome assembly in H. pylori results in the dissociation of the double hexamer into two HpDnaB6•HpDnaG3 sister primosomes

Les structures G-quadruplexes (G4) sont considérées comme des obstacles qui s’opposent à la progression du réplisome. Les séquences capables de former des G4 dans le génome humain se trouvent dans les régions d’ADN double brin au niveau des oncogènes et des proto-oncongènes et sur l’extrémité simple brin des télomères. La plupart des études biochimiques et biophysiques ont caractérisé les propriétés thermodynamiques des G4 en utilisant par exemple la température de fusion Tm pour déduire la thermodynamique de la formation/résolution du G4. Cependant, les expériences en solution donnent seulement une information indirecte concernant la dynamique du G4. Dans ce travail de thèse en molécule unique utilisant la technique des pinces magnétiques, nous avons pu caractériser la cinétique de la formation et résolution des G4s ainsi que la stabilité d’une structure G4 insérée dans une région d’ADN double brin : une situation qui ressemble aux G4 dans les promoteurs de gènes, où la séquence complémentaire est en compétition avec la formation de la structure de G4. Nous avons trouvé que le G4 télomérique a une très courte durée de vie (~20 s) et donc ce G4 se résout sans qu’une hélicase soit nécessaire. Au contraire, ce n’est pas le cas pour le G4 du c-MYC qui est très stable (~2h). Nous avons observé en temps réel la collision entre les hélicases et les polymérases et le G4 du c-MYC. Nous avons trouvé que l’hélicase Pif1 ouvre l’ADN puis résout le G4 après avoir effectué une pause et reprend l’ouverture de l’ADN, alors que l’hélicase RecQ et l’hélicase réplicative du bactériophage T4 ne peuvent pas le résoudre, mais peuvent le sauter. Nous avons aussi trouvé que la RPA ne peut pas résoudre le G4 du c-MYC. D’autre part, nous avons observé que la polyémrase du virus T4, la gp43, ainsi que la polymérase de T7, et la polymérase ε de la levure peuvent répliquer le G4 du c-MYC qui de façon étonnante ne constitue pas une barrière infranchissable. / G-quadruplex (G4) structures are considered as the major impediments for the replisome progression. The putative G4 forming sequences in the human genome are mostly located in the double-stranded DNA regions of oncogenes and proto-oncogenes and on the single-stranded overhangs of telomeres. Most of the biochemical and biophysical studies have characterized the G4 thermodynamics properties using melting temperature Tm as a proxy to infer thermodynamics of G4 folding/unfolding energetic. However, these thermodynamics properties give only indirect information about G4 dynamics. In this work, using single molecule magnetic tweezers technique, we first characterize the kinetics of folding and unfolding and thus the stability of a single G4 inserted in a dsDNA: a situation that mimics the G4s in promoters, where the complementary sequence competes with the G-rich structure. We find that the lifetime of telomeric G4 is short (~20 s) and thus that this G4 unfolds without the need of a helicase. This is not the case for the very stable c-MYC G4 (~2 hr). We observe in real time how helicases or polymerases behave as they collide with the c-MYC G4 on their track. We find that the Pif1 helicase unwinds dsDNA, resolves this G4 after pausing and resume unwinding, while RecQ helicase and the bacteriophage T4 replicative helicase do not resolve the G4 but may jump it. We also find that RPA does not unfold the c-MYC G4. Besides, we find that T4 bacteriophage gp43 polymerase, T7 polymerase and Yeast Pol ε can replicate the G4 which surprisingly does not appear as a major roadblock for them.

Accurate DNA replication is vital for maintaining genomic stability. Consequently, the machinery required to drive this process is designed to ensure the meticulous maintenance of information. However, random misincorporation of errors reduce the fidelity of the DNA and lead to pre-mature aging and age-related disorders such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Some of the incorporated errors are the result of the error prone DNA polymerase alpha (Pol a), which initiates synthesis on both the leading and lagging strand. Lagging strand synthesis acquires an increased number of polymerase a tracks because of the number of Okazaki fragments synthesized per round of the cell cycle (~50 million in mammalian cells). The accumulation of these errors invariably reduces the fidelity of the genome. Previous work has shown that these pol a tracks can be removed by two redundant pathways referred to as the short and long flap pathway. The long flap pathway utilizes a complex network of proteins to remove more of the misincorporated nucleotides than the short flap pathway which mediates the removal of shorter flaps. Lysine acetylation has been reported to modulate the function of the nucleases implicated in flap processing. The cleavage activity of the long flap pathway nuclease, Dna2, is stimulated by lysine acetylation while conversely lysine acetylation of the short flap pathway nuclease, FEN1, inhibits its activity. The major protein players implicated during Okazaki fragment processing (OFP) are known, however, the choice of the processing pathway and its regulation by lysine acetylation of its main players is yet unknown. This dissertation identifies three main findings: 1) <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> helicase, petite integration frequency (Pif1) is lysine acetylated by Esa1 and deacetylated by Rpd3 regulating its viability and biochemical properties including helicase, binding and ATPase activity ii) the single stranded DNA binding protein, human replication protein A (RPA) is modified by p300 and this modification stimulates its primary binding function and iii) lysine acetylated human RPA directs OFP towards the long flap pathway even for a subset of short flaps.

Germ cells are a pool of cells that serve as a link between generations. These cells are separated from the somatic cells by specialized type of cytoplasm, called the germ plasm. Germ plasm contains, membraneless, electron dense subcellular structures, termed germplasm granules that contain numerous components of mRNA metabolism pathway. One of the most prominent protein families, commonly found in germplasm granules are DEAD-box helicases. While this protein family is currently heavily investigated, surprisingly little is known about their functions in germ plasm granules and the mechanisms of their association with the granules. This work identified novel biological and molecular roles of C. elegans’ LAF-1 in both somatic and germ cells. It reveals strong dependency of animal’s somatic, embryonic and post-embryonic development on LAF-1 activity, resulting in high penetrance developmental arrest phenotype. Moreover, this work documents requirement of LAF-1 for the fertility of the animal. Analysis of germ cells in the absence of LAF-1 activity reveals multilayered defects occurring at all stages of germ cell development and maturation. LAF-1 appears to be involved in the maintenance of proliferating potential of the germline stem cell pool and loss of LAF-1 significantly expands the region occupied by mitotic cells. Furthermore, loss of LAF-1 significantly affects expression of GLD-1, REC-8 and H3-S10P, implying that mitosis-to-meiosis boundary cannot be established correctly in the absence of LAF-1. This work solidifies previous conclusions that LAF-1 is a component of P granules, both in the adult germ cells and embryonic germ cell precursors and reveals that LAF-1 is required for correct assembly and dynamic behavior of P granules. Intrinsically disordered regions present in LAF-1 are indispensable for LAF-1’s association with P granules and its role in recruiting granule components. Lastly, LAF-1 associates with RNPs containing cytoplasmic polyA polymerases, indicating that LAF-1 might be involved in translational regulation. Altogether, the collected data describes biological functions of LAF-1 and elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying these functions.

No description available.

Cells dedicate tremendous amounts of energy to express essential genes for survival. During transcription, RNA polymerase (RNAP) actively scans the template strand of DNA, stalling when it meets DNA damages. Stalled RNAP prevents repair by the nucleotide excision repair pathway (NER); a sub-pathway of NER named transcription-coupled repair (TCR) resolve this problem by removing RNAP and recruiting repair proteins. In Escherichia coli, a TCR protein named “Mutation Frequency Decline” (Mfd) couples removal of RNAP through its motor activity with recruitment of the NER repair proteins. Mfd can be divided into two functional halves; the N-terminal region (MfdN, domains 1-3) is essential for NER protein recruitment, and the C-terminal region (MfdC, domains 4-7) is responsible for RNAP-interaction and motor activity. Data suggest Mfd undergoes large conformational movement to activate RNAP removal and repair protein recruitment. To study the activation mechanism of Mfd, we created several full-length “hyperactive” mutants by perturbing interactions between MfdN and MfdC. In all mutants, residue 79 in domain 1 is changed from aspartic acid to arginine (D79R), disrupting a key salt bridge interaction with arginine 804 in domain 6. The linker connecting MfdN and MfdC was made cleavable to allow separation of MfdN and MfdC, which enable us to study activities in equal molar concentration. We have studied the effect of the D79R mutation in vivo (cytotoxicity and UV sensitivity) and in vitro (enzyme activity and thermal stability), and demonstrate that this single residues change render the enzyme “hyperactive”. This confirms our model of activation: activation of Mfd results from breaking communication between MfdN and MfdC

Plants maintain organelle genomes that are descended from ancient microbes. Ages ago, these ancient microbes were engulfed by larger cells, beginning a process of co-evolution we now call the endo-symbiotic theory. Over time, DNA from the engulfed microbe was transferred to the genome of the larger engulfing cell, eventually losing the ability to be free-living, and establishing a permanent residency in the larger cell. Similarly, the larger cell came to rely so much on the microbe it had engulfed, that it too lost its ability to survive without it. Thus, mitochondria and plastids were born. Nearly all multicellular eukaryotes possess mitochondria; however, different evolutionary pressures have created drastically different genomes in plants versus animals. For one, animals have very compact, efficient mitochondrial genomes, with about 97% of the DNA coding for genes. These genomes are very consistent in size across different animal species. Plants, on the other hand, have mitochondrial genomes 10 to more than 100 times as large as animal mitochondrial genomes. Plants also use a variety of mechanisms to replicate and maintain their DNA. Central to these mechanisms are nuclear-encoded, organelle targeted replication proteins. To date, there are two DNA polymerases that have been identified in plant mitochondria and chloroplasts, Pol1A and Pol1B. There is also a DNA helicase-primase that localizes to mitochondria and chloroplasts called Twinkle, which has similarities to the gp4 protein from T7 phage. In this dissertation, we discuss the roles of the polymerases and the effects of mutating the Pol1A and Pol1B genes respectively. We show that organelle genome copy number decreases slightly and over time but with little effect on plant development. We also detail the interactions between Twinkle and Pol1A or Pol1B. Plants possess the same organellar proteins found in animal mitochondria, which are homologs to T7 phage DNA replication proteins. We show that similar to animals and some phage, plants utilize the same proteins in similar interactions to form the basis of a DNA replisome. However, we also show that plants mutated for Twinkle protein show no discernable growth defects, suggesting there are alternative replication mechanisms available to plant mitochondria that are not accessible in animals.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.