Orientadores: Marilisa Berti de Azevedo Barros, Semíramis Martins Álvares Domene / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T18:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assumpcao_Danielade_D.pdf: 2402360 bytes, checksum: bd5320a910927bcc98dec053a9a6cdfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Os principais problemas nutricionais da população brasileira referem-se a alimentação não saudável, marcada pelo elevado consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e pela ingestão insuficiente de frutas e hortaliças, e pelo expressivo crescimento das taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade, afetando de forma preocupante as crianças e os adolescentes. A alimentação de má qualidade, bem como o excesso de peso e a obesidade aumentam o risco de desenvolver doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, condições que representam o problema de saúde de maior magnitude no Brasil e no mundo. Portanto, a necessidade de monitoramento e vigilância do padrão de consumo alimentar e do estado nutricional da população tornam oportuna a realização do presente trabalho. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da dieta de segmentos demográficos e sociais da população de Campinas, SP, por meio do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado (IQD-R). Este instrumento contempla um conjunto de doze componentes baseados em alimentos, nutrientes e/ou ingredientes culinários. Os dados utilizados neste estudo foram obtidos do Inquérito de Saúde do Município de Campinas (ISACAMP 2008), uma pesquisa de corte transversal de base populacional com amostra por conglomerados. Os dados foram coletados entre fevereiro de 2008 a abril de 2009. As informações relativas ao consumo alimentar foram obtidas pela aplicação do recordatório de 24h. Foram estimadas as médias do IQD-R global e de cada componente e desenvolvidos modelos de regressão linear múltipla. No primeiro artigo deste trabalho, "Desigualdades sociais e demográficas na qualidade da dieta em estudo de base populacional", foram analisadas as diferenças da qualidade global da dieta, e de seus componentes, entre estratos sociodemográficos diferenciados por idade, sexo e nível de escolaridade. O estudo abrangeu uma amostra de 3.382 indivíduos com 10 ou mais anos de idade. Os resultados mostram escores crescentes do IQD-R com o aumento da idade e do nível de escolaridade e escores superiores nas mulheres em relação aos homens. Comparadas aos homens, as mulheres apresentaram maiores pontuações de vegetais, frutas, leite e derivados e menor de carnes e ovos. Assim como as mulheres, indivíduos de mais idade e de melhor nível de escolaridade consumiram mais cereais integrais, vegetais e frutas. Os mais idosos apresentaram maior consumo de sódio, enquanto que o inverso foi observado no segmento de escolaridade superior. É preciso ressaltar que, no conjunto da população estudada, e mesmo nos segmentos com melhores pontuações, os componentes de cereais integrais, sódio, vegetais verdes-escuros e alaranjados, fruta total, fruta integral e leite e derivados apresentaram escores médios considerados muito baixos. Reconhecendo que o segmento de idosos é o que apresenta melhor padrão alimentar em relação aos indivíduos mais jovens, mas considerando a diversidade de qualidade da dieta que deve prevalecer entre eles, buscou-se identificar os fatores que estariam associados a um comportamento alimentar de melhor qualidade nos idosos. Assim, no segundo artigo desta tese, "Qualidade da dieta e fatores associados entre idosos: estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo", avaliou-se a qualidade global da dieta de 1.509 idosos de 60 anos ou mais, segundo variáveis sociodemográficas, comportamentos de saúde e morbidades. Os segmentos de idosos que apresentaram escores superiores de qualidade da dieta foram os de 80 anos ou mais, os evangélicos, os que praticavam atividade física de lazer e os diabéticos, e escores inferiores foram observados nos que residiam com três ou mais pessoas, nos tabagistas e nos que relataram preferência por refrigerantes e bebidas alcoólicas. Verificando que os adultos apresentam pior padrão da dieta relativamente aos idosos procurou-se analisar as possíveis diferenças de gênero que prevaleceriam neste segmento etário, e se os fatores associados à alimentação de melhor qualidade difeririam entre os sexos. Desta forma, no terceiro artigo, "Diferenças de gênero na qualidade da dieta de adultos: estudo de base populacional em Campinas, São Paulo", foram analisados 949 pessoas de 20 a 59 anos com o intuito de avaliar as diferenças no indicador global e em cada componente do IQD-R entre homens e mulheres. Em relação aos homens, as mulheres tiveram escore inferior no componente carnes e ovos, e pontuações superiores nos de frutas, vegetais e leite. Quanto aos fatores associados à alimentação saudável, diferença importante foi verificada entre os sexos: nos homens, apenas dois fatores mostraram-se associados; médias maiores de pontuação foram verificadas nos indivíduos com 40 anos ou mais e média menor nos que disseram fazer algo para emagrecer; nas mulheres, vários fatores revelaram-se associados; nelas, o avanço da idade, a prática de atividade física no lazer e a presença de doença crônica foram relacionados à melhor qualidade da dieta, e o contrário foi observado nas tabagistas e nas que residiam em moradias com três ou mais pessoas. As diferenças nos fatores associados revelam uma tendência a concomitância de comportamentos saudáveis nas mulheres que não é observada nos homens. Os resultados obtidos nesta tese, aprofundando o conhecimento da qualidade do padrão de consumo alimentar em distintos segmentos da população podem auxiliar na orientação de políticas públicas de saúde visando melhorias na qualidade da dieta e provendo especial atenção aos segmentos mais vulneráveis à má alimentação / Abstract: The main nutritional problems of the Brazilian population regard unhealthy eating practices marked by the excessive consumption of highly processed foods as well as the insufficient consumption of fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the substantial increase in the rates of overweight and obesity has affected the child and adolescent populations in an alarming manner. Poor quality food and excess weight increase the risk of developing non-transmissible chronic diseases, which constitute the health problem of greatest magnitude in both Brazil and the world. Therefore, there is an evident need for monitoring eating patterns and nutritional status in the population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate diet quality in demographic and social segments of the city of Campinas (Brazil) using the Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index (BHEI-R), which has 12 components addressing foods, nutrients and culinary ingredients. The data employed in this study were obtained from the Campinas Municipal Health Survey (ISACAMP 2008), which is a population-based, cross-sectional study with cluster sampling. Data were collected from February 2008 to April 2009. Information on food intake was obtained with the use of a 24-hour diet log. Means of the overall BHEI-R and each component of the index were calculated and multiple linear regression models were developed. The first article of the thesis, "Social and demographic inequalities in diet quality: A population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil", analyzed differences in overall diet quality and its components among socio-demographic strata differentiated by age, gender and schooling. The study involved a sample of 3382 individuals aged 10 years or older. The results demonstrated an increase in the BHEI-R score with the increase in age and schooling as well as higher scores among females. Females had higher scores for vegetables, fruits, milk and milk byproducts and lower scores for meats and eggs in comparison to males. Females, older individuals and those with a higher level of schooling consumed more whole grains, vegetables and fruits. Elderly individuals consumed a larger amount of sodium, whereas those with a higher level of schooling consumed a lower amount of sodium. However, even among those with better scores, very low mean scores were found for the following components in the population studied: whole grains, sodium, dark-green and orange-colored vegetables, total fruit, whole fruit and milk and milk byproducts. In recognition that elderly individuals exhibit better eating patterns in comparison to younger individuals, but considering the diversity of the diet that should prevail in this demographic group, a further aim of the study was to identify factors associated with better eating behavior among elderly individuals. Thus, the second article of the thesis, "Diet quality and associated factors among elderly individuals: A population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil", evaluated the overall diet quality of 1509 individuals aged 60 years or older according to socio-demographic variables, health behaviors and illnesses. The segments of elderly individuals with better diet quality were those aged 80 years or older, those with an evangelist faith, those who practiced physical recreational activities and those with diabetes. The lowest scores were found among those who resided with three or more persons, smokers and those who reported preferring soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. In recognition that adults have relatively poorer eating patterns in comparison to elderly individuals, a further aim of the study was to analyze possible gender differences that prevail in this age group and determine whether factors associated with better quality eating habits differ between sexes. Thus, the third article of the thesis, "Gender differences in diet quality among adults: A population-based study in the city of Campinas, Brazil", analyzed 949 individuals aged 20 to 59 years to evaluate differences in the overall BHEI-R and each component of the index between men and women. Women had lower scores on the meat and eggs component as well as higher scores on the fruits, vegetables and milk components. Regarding factors associated with healthy eating, important gender differences were found. Among men, only two factors were significantly associated with healthy eating; higher mean scores were found among those aged 40 years or older and lower mean scores were found among those who reported taking actions to lose weight. Among women, several factors were associated with healthy eating; an older age, the practice of physical recreational activities and the occurrence of chronic illness were associated with a better quality diet, whereas a poorer diet was found among smokers and those who resided with three or more persons. Differences in associated factors revealed a tendency toward the concomitance of healthy behaviors among women, which was not found among men. The results of this thesis broaden knowledge on the quality of eating habits in different segments of the population and can assist in the establishment of public health policies aimed at improving diet quality, with particular attention given to population segments that are more vulnerable to poor eating habits / Doutorado / Epidemiologia / Doutora em Saúde Coletiva

Orientadores: Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo Francisco, Margareth Guimarães Lima / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T16:35:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_IzabelLopes_M.pdf: 2501448 bytes, checksum: 51b4abe8f3c49519defb1464109de24e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A atividade física é considerada um fator protetor para uma série de doenças e de fatores de risco para doenças. Os estudos mais recentes sobre a relação entre atividade física e saúde claramente mostram a importância de se analisar seus quatro grandes domínios - o do lazer, o ocupacional, o da atividade doméstica e o de deslocamento - para se atingir a recomendação de 150 minutos por semana de atividade física moderada ou vigorosa, contribuindo para um estilo de vida saudável, prevenção do desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas e, assim, uma melhor qualidade de vida. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a prevalência de inatividade física e os fatores a ela associados em adultos, com dados de estudo de base populacional realizado em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil no ano de 2008. Este é um estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra por conglomerados e em dois estágios. Para analisar a inatividade física foi usada a versão brasileira do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Foram calculadas as prevalências e as associações utilizando-se o teste qui-quadrado e as razões de prevalência (RP) estimadas pela regressão de Poisson. A prevalência de inatividade física total foi de 16,3% e entre os domínios foi de 65,9% no trabalho, 68,2% no doméstico, 41,5% no deslocamento e 65,8% no lazer. As mulheres foram menos inativas no domínio doméstico e maiores níveis de escolaridade estiveram associados com inatividade em todos os domínios exceto no de lazer, cuja associação foi inversa. Esses dados caracterizam o perfil da população estudada no campo de atividade física / Abstract: Physical activity is considered a protective factor against a number of diseases and risk factors for diseases. The most recent studies on the relationship between physical activity and health clearly show the importance of analyzing the four major areas - leisure, occupational, domestic and commuting physical activity - to reach the recommended 150 minutes per week of moderate or vigorous physical activity, contributing to a healthy lifestyle, preventing the development of chronic diseases and, thus, a better quality of life. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of physical inactivity and associated factors in adults, based on population-based study conducted in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil in 2008. This is a two-stage cross-sectional population-based cluster sampling. To analyze physical inactivity, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used. We calculated the prevalence and associations using the chi-square test and the prevalence ratios estimated by Poisson regression. The prevalence of overall physical inactivity was 16.3% and across domains was 65.9% occupational, 68.2% in domestic, 41.5% in commuting and 65.8% in leisure. Women were less inactive in the domestic domain and younger people were less inactive in the commuting domain. Higher levels of education were associated with inactivity in all domains except in leisure, there was an inverse. These data characterize the profile of the population in the physical activity field / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

Orientador: Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:35:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Braz_Marici1_M.pdf: 5610004 bytes, checksum: ccf81be266ed6292d767f54ce8fb14db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A concepção de que os adolescentes raramente ficam doentes e o habito de justificar qualquer problema de saúde seja físico ou mental como "normal" ou característico desta etapa da vida tem limitado a atenção a saúde dos adolescentes e consequentemente as pesquisas nesta área. O controle das doenças infecto-contagiosas, das doenças respiratórias na infância, a maior sobrevida de neonatos extremos, a correção cirúrgica de cardiopatias congênitas, assim como as mudanças dos hábitos alimentares e de atividade física entre crianças e adolescentes podem estar aumentando a prevalência de doenças crônicas em adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo transversal de base populacional foi estimar a prevalência de doenças crônicas diagnosticadas e de problemas de saúde referidos segundo variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas e identificar as características demográficas e socioeconômicas dos adolescentes do município de Campinas. As informações de 929 adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas domiciliares realizadas no Inquérito de Saúde do Município de Campinas, ISACamp 2008/09. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas, teste de associação pelo ?2, razões de prevalência e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Para analise múltipla foi realizada Regressão de Poisson. Verificou-se que entre os adolescentes de Campinas a prevalência de ao menos uma doença cronica diagnosticada foi de 19,17% (IC 95%: 15,67 - 23,22), sendo asma a de maior prevalência 7,59% (IC95%: 6,01-9,54), hipertensão (1,07%) e diabetes (0,21%) foram pouco prevalentes nos adolescentes. Problemas de saúde referidos tiveram prevalência de 61,53% (IC95%: 54,61- 68,02), alergia 40,39% (IC 95%: 34,90-46,13) e dores de cabeça freqüente/enxaqueca 24,83% (IC95%: 20,35-29,92) foram os problemas de saúde referidos mais frequentes. Após análise ajustada para idade e sexo observou-se que faixa etária de 15 a 19 anos, não frequentar escola, ter filhos e ser obeso estavam associados a doença crônica diagnosticada. Somente sexo feminino apresentou associação a problemas de saúde referidos após a análise múltipla. A prevalência de problemas de saúde referidos entre os adolescentes de Campinas mostrou-se elevada e três vezes maior do que a prevalência de doenças crônicas diagnosticadas. A idéia de que a adolescência é uma fase da vida na qual pouco se adoece deve ser refutada / Abstract: The concept that adolescents are rarely ill and the habit of regarding any health problem they have, whether physical or mental, as normal or typical of that period of life, have limited the health care for them and, in consequence, research in that field. The control of childhood infectious diseases, respiratory system disorders, longer lifespan for extreme neonates, corrective surgery of congenital heart abnormalities, as well as changes in eating habits and physical activity among children and adolescents, may be increasing the prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents. The aim of this population-based cross-sectional study was to identify the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of adolescents in the municipality of Campinas, and analyze the prevalence of diagnosed chronic diseases and health problems reported using demographic and socioeconomic variables. The information from 929 adolescents aged between 10 and 19 was obtained through household interviews in a health survey conducted in the municipality of Campinas - ISACamp 2008/09. Descriptive statistics, the chi-squared test of association, prevalence proportions, and 95% confidence intervals were used. The multiples analysis was performed using Poisson Regression. It was verified that the prevalence of diagnosed chronic diseases among adolescents in Campinas was 19.17% (95% CI: 15.67-23.22), asthma being the most prevalent 7,59% (95% CI: 6.01-9.54), hypertension(1,07%) and diabetes (0,21) were less prevalent in adolescents. The prevalence of health problems reported was 60.99% (95% CI: 54.12-67.46), allergies 49,39% (95% CI: 34.90-46.13) and frequent headaches/migraine 24,83% (95% CI: 20.35-29.92) showing the highest frequency. After the adjusted analysis was conducted, it was observed that while the 15-19 age group, not attending school, having children and being obese were associated with diagnosed chronic diseases. Only female sex was associated with health problems reported after multiple analyses. The prevalence of health problems reported in adolescents from Campinas was significant, being three times higher than that of diagnosed chronic diseases. The concept that adolescence is the period of life during which illnesses are rare should be refuted / Mestrado / Pediatria / Mestre em Ciências

Orientador: Maria Cecília Goi Porto Alves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T00:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_TassiaFraga_M.pdf: 1997964 bytes, checksum: 9bfa403781786c185b8659596eacdbaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Por muito tempo as mulheres têm sido o foco de estudos sobre saúde relacionada ao gênero, enquanto poucas pesquisas investigam as condições de saúde dos homens. A população masculina apresenta altas taxas de mortalidade, principalmente nas idades mais precoces, além de sofrerem mais de condições graves e crônicas de saúde e adotarem mais comportamentos prejudiciais à saúde. Nesse contexto, é importante conhecer o perfil dessa população em relação à saúde, considerando-se sua condição socioeconômica e de que forma a estrutura social influencia sobre seu estado de saúde. O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar desigualdades sociais em saúde, segundo escolaridade, entre homens de 20 a 59 anos residentes no município de Campinas. Os dados foram coletados por meio do Inquérito Domiciliar de Saúde, um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostra por conglomerados em dois estágios, realizado no município de Campinas em 2008-2009. Dentre as variáveis incluídas neste estudo estão as sociodemográficas, as de comportamentos relacionados à saúde, as de estado de saúde e as de uso de serviços de saúde. A escolaridade, variável independente principal, foi categorizada em 0 a 8 anos de estudo e 9 ou mais anos de estudo. Para estimar as prevalências e as associações, foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado, com nível de significância de 5% e, para obtenção das razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança, foi feita a regressão de Poisson. Esta análise foi realizada por meio do software STATA versão 11, que considera as ponderações relativas ao desenho amostral / Abstract: For long time women have been the focus of health studies related to gender, while little research investigating the health conditions of men. The male population has high rates of mortality, especially in younger ages and suffer more severe and chronic conditions of health and adopting more unhealthy behaviors. In this context, it is important to know the profile of this population in relation to health, considering their socioeconomic and how social structure influences on their health. The present study aims to assess social inequalities in health, schooling, men 20 to 59 years living in the city of Campinas. Data were collected through the Household Health Survey, a cross-sectional study of populationbased cluster sampling in two stages, held in Campinas in 2008-2009. Among the variables included in this study are the demographic characteristics, the behaviors related to health, the health status and use of health services. Schooling, the main independent variable, was categorized as 0-8 years of study and nine or more years of study. To estimate the prevalence and associations, we used the chi-square test, with significance level of 5% and to obtain the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective confidence intervals, was performed by Poisson regression. This analysis was performed using the STATA version 11, which considers the weights for the sample design / Mestrado / Epidemiologia / Mestre em Saude Coletiva

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / The present study was conceived to examine the trend and factors affecting fertility in Nigeria and Guinea. Fertility has declined by about nineteen percent in Nigeria between 1982 and 1999. In the same period it has declined by five percent in Guinea. The decline is observed in data from censuses and surveys. Studies have reported that fertility transition is in progress in most Sub-Sahara African countries (Bongaarts 2008; Guttmacher 2008), Nigeria (Feyisetan and Bankole 2002) and Guinea (measuredhs 2007). Studies and surveys done in some regions and among ethnic groups suggest that fertility is declining in Nigeria (Caldwell et al. 1992) and Guinea (measuredhs 2007). However, these studies and surveys are devoid of national representativeness as they are localized in specific regions or selected ethnic groups. Thus, they cannot be used as a national reference. The trend of the total fertility rate (TFR) from the three consecutive Demographic and Health Surveys in Nigeria did not show any meaningful decrease over time. In the same vein, no evidence of fertility decline was observed in Guinea from the Demographic and Health Surveys. The claim that fertility is declining in these two countries which assures the funding organizations that Family Planning programs are successful is beyond the scope of the present study. Based on Demographic and Health Surveys the claim that fertility is decreasing in Nigeria may be misleading, whereas in Guinea fertility has shown stability. This suggests that while the factors affecting fertility may be similar, their impacts differ from country to country. / South Africa

Coronary heart disease takes a large toll of middle-aged males thereby reducing the overall occupational fitness and potential of the workforce. Most of the risk factors for CHD (and other diseases) are self-determined and/or the result of preventable behaviour or alterable environment. The Multiple Risk Factor Hypothesis and the CHD risk factors are reviewed in detail in Chapter 2. It is more the interaction among risk factors within supposedly "normal" limits, rather than abnormally high levels of one or a few factors which results in the development of CHD, a phenomenon which obscures the issue of causation. It is hypothesized that the imbalance between the collective pathogenic effects of risk factors and the ability of the body to resist and/or repair such effects cause CHD. States such as sedentariness and obesity in which most of the risk factors tend to be clustered are important risk indicators. Moreover, since the overall risk profile is improved with reversal of these two states through regular aerobic activity and weight loss, the latter two are key interventions in CHD prevention. Risk factor screening to identify those at risk and subsequent modification of the risk status are useful manoeuvers for the prevention of CHD. As well as being secondary to the ravages of such diseases as CHD, occupational productivity is also reduced by poor levels of employee physical fitness. The recognition by employers of the potential success of CHD prevention programs and the increased productivity of the fit employee has led to the emergence of employer-sponsored occupational fitness programs. Such programs are based on a wholistic health-enhancement approach with regular aerobic physical activity as the core. The operative principles, contents (including the what and how of the all important assessment component) and benefits of such programs are reviewed in Chapter 3. A review of the state of health and fitness in the Canadian Forces and the experimental portion of the thesis make up Chapter 4. In spite of policies, orders and programs to ensure the health and fitness of Canadian Forces' personnel, the CF remains a fairly high-risk population. The cross-sectional study on the health and fitness of 2 83 CF personnel at National Defence Headquarters shows that Other Ranks constitute a higher-risk rank grouping than Officers, as do lower ranks in both of these two major rank groupings. Volunteers appear to be a self-selected sub-population which is healthier and fitter than average. Aerobic fitness (VO₂ max), obesity and resting heart rate emerge as the three key indicators of health and CHD risk status. Chapter 5 summarizes the thesis and contains conclusions and recommendations to the CF for future actions which are also applicable to most occupational settings. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

Orientadores: Karina Gonzales Silvério Ruiz, Cristiane Ribeiro Salmon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T14:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_MarcelaDiMoura_M.pdf: 3074144 bytes, checksum: 106aa08cced6cc330bfb74a1eeb1a037 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As doenças periodontais são doenças inflamatórias crônicas que afetam os tecidos periodontais de suporte do dente podendo ser destrutivas ou não. A identificação dessas doenças em estudos epidemiológicos é feita com o uso de índices periodontais que visam simplificar a coleta dos dados e possibilitar a identificação da doença em grandes populações. O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar as condições de saúde bucal da população do Município de Jundiaí, SP, determinando a prevalência das condições periodontais em indivíduos adultos e idosos comparando o Índice Periodontal Comunitário (CPI) e o Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR), descrever o perfil demográfico, socioeconômico, o acesso a serviços odontológicos e os hábitos de higiene bucal e verificar a associação entre condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, hábitos de higiene bucal, utilização de serviço odontológico e tabagismo com a doença periodontal. Este estudo transversal foi realizado no Município de Jundiaí, Estado de São Paulo, entre o período de abril a setembro/2014. Foram estudados 372 indivíduos adultos (35 a 44 anos de idade) e 162 idosos (65 a 74 anos de idade) residentes no Município de Jundiaí e visitados em suas residências. Participaram da coleta de dados 5 Cirurgiões-Dentistas que passaram por calibração, apresentando concordância para os índices CPI e PSR de 63 a 91%, com Kappa variando de 0,63 a 0,76. Para as características demográficas e socioeconômicas, hábitos de higiene bucal, informações sobre saúde bucal, utilização de serviço odontológico e condições periodontais, foi realizada a análise descritiva dos dados para a população adulta e idosa, apresentada como valores absolutos (n) e prevalência (%). A diferença entre a média de sextantes afetados com cada condição periodontal para os índices CPI e PSR foi avaliada pelo teste T pareado. Verificou-se que 68% dos adultos e 60,5% dos idosos examinados eram do sexo feminino, 46% e 37% têm renda familiar de 4 salários mínimos ou mais, respectivamente. 57,3% dos adultos e 64,2% dos idosos afirmaram desconhecer o que é a doença periodontal. 58,6% dos adultos com profundidade de bolsa ?4mm afirmaram ter vivido uma infância pobre ou muito pobre e 73,9% afirmaram que a situação econômica atual estava melhor que a da infância. Comparando-se os índices CPI e PSR, houve diferença estatística significativa para o diagnóstico de sextantes saudáveis, presença de bolsa rasa (código 3, bolsa periodontais de 4mm a 5mm) e bolsa profunda (código 4, bolsas com profundidade de sondagem ?6mm), sendo que o índice CPI subestimou a periodontite e superestimou os sextantes saudáveis quando comparado aos resultados de PSR. Escolaridade, situação econômica na infância, frequência de visita ao dentista, uso de fio dental e tabagismo, estiveram associados a maior prevalência de doença periodontal na população adulta. Por outro lado, somente o intervalo de tempo desde a última consulta odontológica e o fato do indivíduo ser ex-fumante estiveram associados a maior prevalência de doença periodontal nos indivíduos idosos / Abstract: Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that affect the periodontal tissues of tooth support and can be destructive or not. The identification of these diseases in epidemiological studies is made with the use of periodontal index to simplify data collection and enable the identification of disease in large populations. This study aimed to evaluate the oral health status of the population of the city of Jundiaí, SP. Determinate the prevalence of periodontal conditions in adults and elderly subjects by comparing the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR). Describe the demographic and socioeconomic profile, access to dental services and oral hygiene habits. Determinate the association between socioeconomic and demographic conditions, oral hygiene, dental service use and smoking habits with periodontal disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Jundiaí, São Paulo, between the period April to September / 2014. 372 adults (35-44 years old) were studied and 162 elderly (65-74 years old) residing in the city of Jundiaí and visited in their homes. Participated in data collection 5 dentists who pass through calibration, with agreement for the CPI and PSR rates 63-91%, with kappa ranging from 0.63 to 0.76. For demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, information on oral health, dental service utilization and periodontal conditions, the descriptive analysis of data was performed for adult and elderly population, presented as absolute (n) and prevalence (%). It was found that 68% of adults and 60.5% of elderly participants were female, 46% and 37% have household income of R$3000,00 or more, respectively. 57.3% of adults and 64.2% of the elderly said unaware of what is periodontal disease. 58.6% of adults with pocket probing depth ?4mm said they lived a poor or very poor children and 73.9% said that the current economic situation was better than that of childhood. Comparing the CPI and PSR levels, there was statistically significant difference for the diagnosis of healthy sextants, presence of shallow pocket (code 3, periodontal pocket 4mm to 5mm) and deep pocket (code 4, probing depth ?6mm), where CPI index underestimated periodontitis and overestimated healthy sextants when compared to the PSR results. Education, economic status in childhood, frequency of dental visits, use of dental wire and smoking were associated with a higher prevalence of periodontal disease in the adult population. On the other hand, only the time interval since the last dental visit and the fact that the former smokers were associated with higher prevalence of periodontal disease in the elderly / Mestrado / Periodontia / Mestra em Clínica Odontológica

Introdução: Atualmente o diabetes mellitus é considerado uma epidemia mundial afetando, principalmente, indivíduos de meia idade e idosos. Objetivo: Descrever a condição de saúde de idosos portadores de diabetes mellitus residentes no Município de São Paulo, em dois momentos diferentes, e sua relação com características sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida. Metodologia: Utilizou-se os bancos de dados dos Inquéritos de Saúde no Município de São Paulo ISA-Capital 2003 e ISA-Capital 2008. A análise dos dados se deu por meio de comparação das prevalências em dois momentos diferentes (2003 e 2008) e de seus intervalos de confiança. A diferença entre os dois períodos foi considerada estatisticamente significativa quando não ocorreu sobreposição dos intervalos de confiança. Em todas as análises foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados: Em 2003, a prevalência de diabetes entre os idosos foi de 17,56 por cento (IC95 por cento : 14,91 - 20,56) e em 2008, 20,08 por cento (IC95 por cento : 17,32 - 23,15). Na análise do banco combinado (bancos de 2003 e 2008 juntos), a diferença entre as prevalências foi estatisticamente significativa. Em 2003, 60,95 por cento (IC95 por cento : 51,24 - 69,89) de idosos relataram usar medicamento oral de rotina e já em 2008, a prevalência do uso de medicamentos foi de 71,83 por cento (IC95 por cento : 65,06 - 77,74). Na análise do banco combinado, a diferença entre os dois anos foi estatisticamente significativa. No ano de 2003, 49 por cento (IC95 por cento : 40,24 - 57,83) dos idosos relataram achar importante usar medicamento de rotina como forma de controlar o diabetes; já no ano de 2008, 63,31 por cento (IC95 por cento : 54,75 - 71,11) relataram achar importante tal hábito. Na análise do banco combinado, a diferença entre os dois anos foi estatisticamente significativa. Conclusões: O diabetes é uma doença complexa e desafiadora tanto para o portador desta como para a sociedade e para os sistemas públicos de saúde. São necessárias, ainda, iniciativas que encorajem as práticas de promoção de saúde e a recomendação destas por parte dos profissionais de saúde. Os resultados deste trabalho reforçam a importância de que tais mudanças são essenciais para a melhoria das condições de vida dos idosos diabéticos / Background: Diabetes Mellitus has been considered a worldwide epidemic affecting mainly middle-aged people and elderly. Objective: To describe the health status of elderly with diabetes in São Paulo City, in two different periods, and its relationship to sociodemographic and lifestyle. Methods: Data from the ISA-Capital 2003 and ISA-Capital 2008 (2003 and 2008 Health Surveys). Data analysis was carried out by comparison of prevalence at two different times (2003 and 2008) and their confidence intervals. The difference between these two periods was considered statistically significant when there was no overlap between the confidence intervals. In all analyzes, we used a significance level of 5 per cent . Results: In 2003, the prevalence of diabetes among the elderly was 17.56 per cent (95 per cent CI: 14.91 to 20.56) and in 2008, 20.08 per cent (95 per cent CI: 17.32 to 23.15). In the analysis of the combined database (2003 and 2008 together), the difference between the prevalence was statistically significant. In 2003, 60.95 per cent (95 per cent CI: 51.24 to 69.89) of elderly reported taking oral medication routine and in 2008, the oral medication routine prevalence was 71.83 per cent (95 per cent CI: 65.06 to 77.74). In the analysis of the combined database, the difference between the two years was statistically significant. In 2003, 49 per cent (95 per cent CI: 40.24 to 57.83) of elderly reported finding important \"taking routine medication\" as a way to control diabetes, whereas in 2008, 63.31 per cent (95 per cent CI: 54.75 to 71.11) reported finding this habit important. In the analysis of the combined database, the difference between the two years was statistically significant. Conclusions: Diabetes is a complex and challenging disease, both for the elder and for the society and for the public health systems. Still, actions are needed to encourage health promotion and guidance from the health professionals. The results of this study strengthen the importance that these changes are essential for improving the living conditions of elderly diabetics

Latinx communities in the United States made up 18% of the total population, yet accounted for 33% of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. This supported the study aim to increase Latinx COVID-19 knowledge and self-efficacy for performing COVID-19 risk reduction mitigation behaviors via dissemination of the new online e-health intervention of the “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test.” The study recruited online a largely female Latinx adult sample (N=118) with 68.6% born in the U.S. that was well-educated, given a mean education level of a bachelor’s degree; and, a mean annual household income of $50,000 to $99,000. During the pandemic year of 2020, 46.5% of the survey participants experienced moderate to maximum/extreme cultural stress, and moderately high COVID-19 related stress—while 66.9% reported depression, 78.8% anxiety, and 45.2% trauma. Their high rates of COVID-19 depression and anxiety were more than double those rates reported across samples identified globally during the pandemic. They experienced significant declines in their self-rated mental health status and physical health status from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic, high social support, and closest to a good quality of life. Supporting the value of the new “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test” as a brief online e-health intervention, paired t-tests showed statistically significant increases in self-ratings for both COVID-19 knowledge and self-efficacy for COVID-19 risk reduction behaviors after taking the True-False test. Participants endorsed the dissemination of the new True-False “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test” with all True answers as a brief online e-health intervention they would recommend to others as a way to learn about COVID-19. Meanwhile, on this True-False test, the sample evidenced very high knowledge of COVID-19. The sample also had a high intention to vaccinate or already vaccinated at 87%. Findings from independent t-tests, Pearson correlations, and regression analyses collectively affirmed the critical importance of having both high knowledge and high self-efficacy for performing preventive behaviors for reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission, implementing mitigation strategies, and reducing mortality. Implications and recommendations focused on the value of the genre of a True-False test, with all True answers, for disseminating evidence-based information, and countering misinformation during pandemics and public health crises. Finally, the short tools used in this study were recommended for application in future research and as screening tools.

Every year, conflicts and natural disasters affect millions of people worldwide. However, the resources to assist those affected are perpetually insufficient. When emergencies strike, assistance organizations must decide where to prioritize their limited resources to reduce as much mortality and suffering as possible. At the start of their emergency response activities, organizations typically make three key decisions: 1) determine if they will respond 2) prioritize/triage the needs of the affected population; and 3) choose first response programs to implement. Many studies and authors note that these decisions are often based on insufficient evidence and personal judgement. This dissertation argues that we, as emergency responders, can do better. Epidemiologic methods can empower us to make better decisions based on better measurement, analysis, and evidence – improving outcomes for emergency affected persons, globally. This dissertation provides three examples of epidemiologic methods being used to inform critical emergency response decision points. Aim 1 addresses the first emergency response decision: prioritizing the most severe emergencies for response programing. Aim 2 focuses on the second emergency response decision: how can responders most accurately prioritize the needs of affected persons by using needs surveys, given the potential that needs vary by gender or age. Aim 3 examines the third decision: which response programs to implement, by summarizing the evidence base for the effectiveness of standard emergency programs. Methods In aim 1 I facilitated a panel of outbreak specialists from a leading emergency response organization to develop, test, and validate a new measure for the classification of outbreaks. I used classical scale development methods, including both qualitative and quantitative procedures. In aim 2 I used data from 12 emergency needs surveys to examine a common assumption that reported needs and experiences vary based on the gender and/or age of the respondent. I conducted both individual analyses of each study as well as a set of meta-analyses examining the prevalence differences found between gender and age sub-groups. In aim 3 I conducted a systematic scoping review of the evidence of what programs are effective in acute emergency settings. I searched six academic databases as well as eight sector-relevant grey literature databases -focusing on evidence for standard emergency interventions. Results In aim 1, a new outbreak classification measure was successfully developed based on inputs from the expert panel and a compiled dataset of indicators in global outbreak emergencies. The measure allows for the immediate (within two hours) classification of outbreaks. The expert panel participated in qualitative exercises where they developed a construct of ‘scale and severity of outbreak emergencies.’ This construct had four sub-dimensions, and a scale was developed to measure each sub-dimension, and then combined into a single measure. The content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, and reliability were examined for the measure. Criterion validity was based on a strong (0.87) correlation between the new outbreak measure and a ‘gold standard’ ranking of outbreak emergencies created by a group of emergency decision-makers (‘judges’). Similarly, construct validity was based on the measure performing as predicted when compared to measures of a similar/dissimilar construct, (convergent and divergent validity). The case for reliability was made using intraclass correlations between the new outbreak measure and the ‘gold standard’ measure (a robust result of a 0.87 using an ICC 3, 1), as well as comparing how well the outbreak measure worked alongside the conflict and natural disaster measures (another robust finding of 0.91 using an ICC 3, 1). In aim 2, I found that emergency affected persons of various gender or age groups very rarely differ in their responses to needs and experience questions in emergency surveys. When searching for differences in how gender or age groups report their households’ top three needs, meaningful differences in individual studies were found 6% of the time. When a meta-analysis of the same data was conducted across all needs questions in all 12 surveys, no meaningful differences were found between how either men or women report needs, or how different age groups report needs. Responses to questions about experiences (rather than needs) in emergencies were slightly more likely to vary by gender or age group. The meta-analysis of experience questions showed that across the 12 assessments differences in how gender or age groups experience emergencies were extremely rare (less than 4% of questions showed a meaningful summary prevalence difference). In aim 3 I identified 43 programs that are commonly implemented in acute emergency response. My scoping review searched for any studies that rigorously evaluated the impact of one or more of these programs. My search identified 4,005 unique studies; I screened them all for eligibility, resulting in only four studies that met all inclusion criteria. Thus 39 of the pre-identified, common emergency programs have no published evidence of their effectiveness in acute emergencies. The remaining four, each have one study in one context that demonstrates at least one positive effect of the program. Conclusion This dissertation provided evidence that epidemiologic methods can help solve problems, answer questions, and improve the allocation of resources in acute emergencies. While each aim focused on a unique decision point within acute emergency responses, they all contended with similar difficulties, such as incomplete and poor-quality data and a lack of shared definitions for what data points are relevant in decision-making. Yet in all three aims I found other similarities as well: there are relevant data available; and there are effective methods available that can answer many of our questions.