Fairy tales as a form of social acculturation can subvert and/or perpetuate potentially harmful social norms. In this essay, Chris Anne Wolfe’s lesbian romance novel Bitter Thorns (1994) and the film Shrek (2001) are analysed as adaptations of the fairy tale Beauty and the Beast, with a focus on the extent to which they challenge and/or reinforce three fairy tale norms: women as tradeable objects, heteronormativity and idealised beauty. Both these texts can be seen as subversive, Bitter Thorns in how it challenges heteronormativity and Shrek in how it challenges the norm of idealised beauty. This subversion, however, is limited, as both texts do more to perpetuate fairy tale norms than to challenge them. They both reinforce the idea of women as objects for trade, Bitter Thorns perpetuates the norm of idealised beauty, and Shrek advocates heteronormative relationships and the dominance of heterosexual masculinity.

In this essay I have looked deeper into the heteronormativity in Gun-Britt Sundströms Maken – en förhållanderoman. My focus has been on the maincharacter Martina; how she questions the heteronormativity and what consequences of her questioning this norm are. Through the eyes of queer researcher Fanny Ambjörnsson I have used a queer theoretical perspective in this essay. My study shows that the fact that Martina is questioning the norm at all makes you realize that she is identifying the many obligations heterosexual relationships have. The norms she is questioning are the institution of marriage, the pressure to have a sexual relationship with your partner and to later on have children. Gustav wants the relationship to be the greater meaning of life but Martina does not want that - she wants a relationship resembling a friendship rather than the relationship of two passionate lovers.

LGBT people, in Uganda, have since the colonial time been in a vulnerable situation. When the President signed the “Anti-Homosexuality Act” into law 2014 all forms of same-sex relationships became criminalized. The time after the law passed have been characterized by an increased homophobia and further violence against LGBT people. These are seen as deviants since they do not live according to the social norms, that the right thing to be is heterosexual. They are considered “non-African” and by some an “infectious agent” that will destroy the traditional African family, which is one of society’s most important functions. Except from the fact that LGBT people are persecuted and mistreated they are also denied access to health care and information. The purpose of this study is to explain LGBT persons’ situation and rights in Uganda, mainly based on the “Anti-Homosexuality Act”. This law is reviewed against the ratified conventions, charters and similar laws. This is then related to the theory of heteronormativity, which seems to dominate the Ugandan society. The used methods are case study and conceptual analysis, that provided a deeper and surveying understanding of what this study intended to process.

The thesis investigates the ways in which James Baldwin, Alice Walker and Toni Morrison’s fictional portrayals of forms of love, eroticism and sexuality that are excluded or prohibited by social norms, destabilise heteronormativity as the only legitimate option for non-harmful and pleasurable sensual and sexual expression. It aims to situate Baldwin, Walker and Morrison in a continuum of African American authors, beginning with Harlem Renaissance writer Bruce Nugent – the first African American writer to openly explore the relationship between homosexuality and Blackness – that have examined the intertwining issues of transgressive sexuality and race in increasingly explicit ways. By highlighting the ways in which Baldwin, Walker and Morrison decentre heteronormativity, the project aims to uncover how their novels expose the systems of power and knowledge by which racial forms of oppression are maintained, thereby debunking both the notion of Black “authenticity” and Black sexual stereotypes. Finally, the project hopes to show how the process of “queering” heteronormativity in these ways effectively serves to legitimise all forms of love, eroticism and sexuality that are non-harmful, opening up a new trajectory for contemporary twentieth-century authors who delve into these themes. Theoretical Approach: The thesis will argue for a queer reading of Baldwin, Walker and Morrison’s novels that underscores the writers’ treatment of sexuality as a discursive construct. Specifically, this theoretical perspective looks to their legitimisation of alternative forms of love, eroticism and sexuality that are non-harmful – a process that, in each case, serves to counteract and denaturalise White heteronormativity as the only rightful option for sexual desire and practice. Through this approach, the thesis strives to reveal how by working to legitimise such taboo expressions, these writers deconstruct the idea of the “other” as aberrant, thus calling attention to the specific political and moral systems by which love, eroticism and sexuality are judged in the modern Western world. Chapter Break Down: Chapters one and two of the project situate my argument in the context of critical earlier American writing encompassing canonical fiction, including political protest and African American folklorist novels, political polemics, Puritan captivity narratives, slave narratives, political essays, and experimentalist fiction. Together, these chapters provide a detailed overview of discourses surrounding sexuality, considering what is socially determined to be sexually “perverse” as a shifting concept, the meaning of which changes in tandem with changes in social and historical context. They also extensively analyse Black cultural specificity, examining both the sociological genesis of Black sexual stereotypes that led in part to the justification of the modern slave trade and the subsequent impact of slavery on African American sexual practices. In chapter three, the literary analysis begins with a consideration of the broadened possibilities of sexual acceptability Baldwin puts forth in his anti-protest style of fiction, by examining relationships between characters that do not fit conventional racial or sexual stereotypes, their social contexts, and the narrative perspectives employed by the author. Chapter four examines how Walker’s work carries forward Baldwin’s ideas, by further opening up the spectrum of socially acceptable forms of love, eroticism and sexuality through her presentation of an even wider array of erotically transgressive characters, and her effort to write about them during sustained periods of American conservatism. In chapter five, I examine how Morrison complicates the traditional understanding of what constitutes legitimate sexuality by infusing positive elements into sensual and sexual acts that appear to be nothing other than violent, illegal or psychologically regressive, thereby exposing the impact of social and historical context on the individual, further emphasising the changing and discursive nature of sexuality. The thesis finally argues that Baldwin, Walker and Morrison’s particular depictions of alternative sexuality roll back into a bigger idea of human experience that claims as necessary a re-thinking of social norms based on ethical considerations, rather than arbitrary social codes of morality that lead to both racial and sexual discrimination. Their novels thus ultimately involve us in human issues of justice and responsibility beyond the boundaries of race and sexuality.

In this ethnography (anthropology thesis) I explored the binary gender division in modern sports culture through the analysis of stereotypes shaped by the history of women's sport, iconography of female athletes portrayed by mainstream media, and the reinforcement of stigma and pressure to conform to social norms by the normalized everyday discourse of college men and women at Claremont-Mudd-Scripps Colleges. Even though Title IX brought significant gender equality to sport in terms of women's access to athletic participation and facilities, I argue that there is still much work to do to modify social attitudes toward women's sports. While CMS female student-athletes have a keen awareness of the existing gender disparity of athleticism and make criticisms of the male-dominated hegemony, they sometimes reproduce the very same disparity they are subjected to by reinforcing internalized stereotypes through articulations of female homosocial spaces, feminine ideals, and the worthy emulation of men's sports. Thus, I argue that women hold a great deal of agency to promote gender equality in sports culture through a reevaluation of the way they think and talk about traditional masculinity and femininity, athletic performance, body image, and sexuality.

Den här studien fokuserar på framställningen av transpersoner i svensk television. Mer specifikt studeras klipp från de två största svenska kanalerna, SVT och TV4. Från varje kanal har två klipp valts ut, ett klipp med en intervju och ett klipp med någon form av rapportering. Klippen har valts ut strategiskt för att matcha studiens syfte, vilket innebär att de på ett eller annat sätt berör transpersoner. För att kunna undersöka och analysera framställningen av transpersoner har kritisk diskursanalys (CDA) tillämpats, både som teori och metod. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgår även från queerteori och de teorier som grenar ut därifrån, exempelvis teorin om genussystemet. Studiens tillvägagångssätt utgår ifrån tre olika nivåer som klippen analyseras utifrån. Den första är textens nivå, där lingvistiska verktyg studeras. Den andra är diskursnivån, där diskurser i texten identifieras. Den tredje och sista är den sociala praktikens nivå där innehållet kontextualiseras och sätts i förhållande till en social omvärld. I analysen identifieras fyra teman. Det första temat, exponerandet av en minoritet i en minoritet, visar att i hälften av analysmaterialet har transpersoner som ångrat sin könsbekräftande behandling exponerats, vilket inte är representativt för majoriteten av gruppen. Det andra temat, heteronormativitet som rådande norm, visar att heteronormen kan utläsas i samtliga klipp genom diskussioner, berättelser och ordval. Det tredje temat, transpersoner som utsatt grupp, visar på en framställning av transpersoner som utsatta. Det fjärde och sista temat, HBTQ som folkbildning, visar en utbildande tendens i materialet. / This study focuses on the portraitation of transgender people in Swedish television. More specifically, clips from two of the biggest Swedish TV-channels, SVT and TV4, are being analysed. Two clips have been chosen from each channel, one interview and one reporting/news segment. The clips have been chosen strategically to serve the purpose of the study, which means that they in one way or another treats the topic of transgender people. To be able to examine and analyse the portraitation of transgender people, critical discourse analysis (CDA) have been implemented both as a theory and as a method. The study’s theoretical framework is based on queer theory and the theories that branch out from it, for example gender theory. The approach of the study is based on three different levels, from which the clips are analysed. The first one is analysis of language texts, where linguistic tools are being studied. The second one is analysis of discourse practice, where discourses in the text are being identified. The third and last one is analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice, where the content is contextualized and is put in relation to a social world. Four themes are identified in the analysis. The first one, the exposing of a minority in a minority, shows that half the analysis material shows transgender people who have regretted their gender confirmatory treatment, which is not representative for the majority of the group. The second one, heteronormativity as present norm, shows that the heteronorm can be identified in all clips, through discussions, stories and wording. The third theme, transgender people as a vulnerable group, shows a portraitation of transgender people as vulnerable and exposed. The fourth and last theme, HBTQ as education, shows an educational tendency in the material.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma etnografia sobre jovens freqüentadores da Rua Augusta e adjacências na cidade de São Paulo. São analisadas as negociações desses jovens em relação à freqüência de lugares comuns por jovens de estilos diferentes. A maneira como as diferenças são transformadas em desigualdade através do uso de marcadores sociais da diferença é analisada tendo como base uma bibliografia sobre sexualidade, papel de gênero, heteronormatividade e estilo. Será apresentado o campo onde foi feita a pesquisa e contingências da observação participante em um ambiente de flerte. Em seguida são comentadas as perspectivas teóricas utilizadas na análise dos dados obtidos em campo. Também será apresentada a descrição das pessoas que freqüentavam os locais descritos durante o decorrer da observação e por fim são feitas considerações finais sobre os tópicos presentes nos capítulos anteriores. / This work presents an ethnography on young frequenters of Augusta street and the nearby locations in the city of São Paulo. It analyzes the negotiations these youngsters carry in relation to the presence of different styles in that area. The manner in which difference is transformed into inequality through the use of social markers of difference is analyzed based on a bibliography on sexuality, heteronormativity and style. The fieldwork is presented as well as the contingencies of doing participating observation in an environment of flirting. Then there are comments on the theoretical perspectives used to analyze the obtained data. It also presents a depiction of the people present in the field during the time of the research and lastly the final considerations on the data from the other chapters are presented.

A relevância das animações infantis no processo de ensinar papéis específicos, valores e ideais é amplamente reconhecida pelos estudiosos da cultura. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo central desvelar e analisar criticamente a sutil estratégia discursiva presente em alguns destes artefatos midiáticos endereçados prioritariamente às crianças, que consiste em reiterar o status de normalidade das formas de identificação por gênero hegemônicas a partir da atribuição de teor de negatividade a identidades desviantes em relação às normativas sócio-historicamente constituídas de \"masculinidade\" e \"feminilidade\". Para tanto, lançamos mão da semiótica greimasiana, de modo a analisar a presença de elementos de transgressão dos papéis de gênero concebidos como \"naturais\" nas representações dos vilões Úrsula, Jafar e Scar, das animações Disney A Pequena Sereia (1989), Aladdin (1992) e O Rei Leão (1994), respectivamente. Enfatizamos a análise de elementos presentes no nível discursivo do texto, destacadamente os figurinos dos personagens, seus códigos de gestualidade e suas conformações físicas. Em combinação com a semiótica, empregamos alguns conceitos da linha de pesquisa genericamente conhecida como Análise de Discurso, visando discutir a relação dialógica que se estabelece entre os textos constituintes do corpus de análise e os discursos políticos e sociais conflitantes, próprios dos contextos sócio-históricos dos quais os filmes emergiram. Buscamos ainda propor discussões acerca do papel que essa associação entre desvio das normas de gênero e a figura dos antagonistas desempenha no reforço da heteronormatividade e de preconceitos em relação a determinados grupos sociais, problematizando as animações enquanto instrumentos de educação moral não-formal. Concluímos que o padrão de representação dos vilões analisados, no tocante às suas performances de gênero, cumpre com a função ideológica de implicitamente avaliar negativamente as formas de ser e agir que frustram as tradicionais expectativas de \"masculinidade\" e \"feminilidade\", inequivocamente associando-as com maldade, crueldade, egoísmo e ganância. Por fim, procuramos compreender as identidades de gênero desviantes dos vilões em questão sob a luz de alguns elementos da Teoria Queer / The relevance of childrens animated films in the process of teaching specific roles, values and ideals is widely recognized by culture scholars. The present work aims to unveil and critically analyze the subtle discursive strategy present in some of these media artifacts primarily addressed to children, which consists in reiterating the normality status of hegemonic forms of gender identification by attaching negativity content to devious identities in relation to socio-historic rules of \"masculinity\" and \"femininity\". Therefore, we make use of the Greimasian semiotics approach in order to analyze the presence of transgression elements of \"natural\" conceived gender roles in the representation of the villains Ursula, Jafar and Scar, from the Disney animation movies \"The Little Mermaid\" (1989), \"Alladin\" (1992) and \"The Lion King\" (1994), respectively. We emphasize the analysis of the elements present on the text discursive level, namely the characters costumes, their body language codes and physical conformations. Together with semiotics, we use some of the concepts from the research line generically known as \"Discursive Analysis\", aiming to discuss the dialogical relation established among the \"corpus\" of analysis and the political and social conflicting speeches, proper to the socio-historic contexts from which the movies emerged. Furthermore, we aim to propose discussions over the roles that this association between deviation of gender norms and the antagonists figure play on the support of heteronormativity and pre-concepts regarding certain social groups, problematizing the animation films as non-formal education teaching tools. We conclude that the representation patterns of the studied villains, on their gender performances, comply with the ideological function of implicitly and negatively evaluate ways of being and acting which frustrate traditional expectations of \"masculinity and femininity\", unequivocally associating them to evil, cruelty, selfishness and greed. Finally, we attempt to understand the devious gender identities from the studied villains under some Queer Theory elements.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Paulo Sammarco Antunes.pdf: 3028564 bytes, checksum: 3725bdf3c7fcfb9f1268e15f38083ea0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Throughout history homophobia has been built. It is one of the bases that sustains the power structures and all social functioning in many populations. Five were social devices that interdicted homosexual behavior: the habits, traditions, religion, the legal system and biomedical sciences. Femininity is culturally associated with homosexuality in men. Homophobia is made up of some elements, such as: machismo, heteronormativity, heterosexism and misogyny. In the process of socialization it is internalized by all people, regardless of their sexual orientation. However, the impact tends to be higher when it happens to homosexuals, receiving the scientific name of internalized homophobia. For this research, we tried to interview only men who admitted feeling emotional/sexual attraction to other men. Our respondents are aged 20 60 years. They belong to different social, economic and educational levels. These subjects were contacted and invited to participate in the study through the internet social networks aimed at LGBT segment. Interviews were sent to individuals by electronic mail and divided into three parts. The first two were more emphasis on quantitative aspects. The third part investigated only on qualitative aspects. Through 150 interviews, we reached the internalized homophobia score level for each individual and some of the impacts related to the process of its internalization. These are usually related to psychosocial development, dynamics of "exit, return or stay in the closet," religious beliefs, body, gender norms, sexual terminology, mental health, suicide, use/abuse/addiction to drugs, sexual risk behavior, relationships, marriage between men, domestic violence, aging and elder gay men. The importance of measuring internalized homophobia is at its negative impact on the health of these individuals, and the costs generated to the whole social system. In addition, both the institutionalized homophobia, as the internalized violate the fundamental rights of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Brazilian Constitution, such as: freedom, equality, dignity, respect, integrity and security / Ao longo da história a homofobia foi sendo construída. Ela é uma das bases que sustenta as estruturas de poder e todo o funcionamento social em muitos povos. Cinco foram os dispositivos sociais que interditaram o comportamento homossexual: os hábitos, as tradições, a religião, o sistema jurídico e ciências biomédicas. A feminilidade é cuturalmente associada à homossexualidade em homens. A homofobia é composta de alguns elementos, tais como: machismo, heteronormatividade, heterossexismo e misoginia. No processo de socialização ela é introjetada por todas as pessoas, independente da sua orientação sexual. Porém, o impacto tende a ser maior quando acontece aos homossexuais, recebendo o nome científico de homofobia internalizada. Para esta pesquisa, procuramos entrevistar somente homens que admitissem sentir atração afetivo/sexual por outros homens. Nossos colaboradores têm idades de 20 a 60 anos. Eles pertencem a diversos níveis sociais, econômicos e escolares. Estes sujeitos foram contatados e convidados a participar do estudo por meio de redes sociais da internet voltadas ao segmento LGBT. As entrevistas foram enviadas aos sujeitos por correio eletrônico e divididas em três partes. As duas primeiras tiveram maior ênfase em aspectos quantitativos. A terceira parte investigou somente em aspectos qualitativos. Por meio das 150 entrevistas realizadas, verificamos os níveis de homofobia encontrados e alguns dos prováveis impactos referentes ao processo de sua internalização. Estes estão correlacionados ao desenvolvimento psicossocial, dinâmica de saída, retorno ou permanência no armário , crenças religiosas, corpo, normas de gênero, terminologias sexuais, saúde mental, suicídio, uso/abuso/adição às drogas, comportamento sexual de risco, relacionamentos afetivo-conjugais entre homens, violência doméstica, envelhecimento e velhice de homens homossexuais. A importância de medir a homofobia internalizada está no seu impacto negativo sobre a saúde destes indivíduos, bem como os custos gerados a todo sistema social. Além disto, tanto a homofobia institucionalizada, como a internalizada violam os direitos fundamentais da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos e da Constituição Federal, tais como: liberdade, igualdade, dignidade, respeito, integridade e segurança

I bakgrunden tas betydelsen av en bra vårdrelation upp, liksom transpersoners plats inom dagens vård. Även tidigare forskning presenteras. Syftet är att belysa transpersoners (könskorrigerade och icke könskorrigerade) upplevelser av brister inom vården. För att besvara syftet har en litteraturöversikt utförts enligt Fribergs (2006) modell. Resultatet redovisar att vården idag för denna minoritetsgrupp är bristfällig, med diskriminering och okunskap som ständigt möter transpersoner inom vården, liksom att vården styrs av heteronormativitet. I diskussionen diskuteras den heteronormativitet som uppmärksammats i resultatet, liksom vad som tas upp om ämnet HBTQ i utbildningar. Även diskriminering diskuteras. Slutsatsen är att vårdpersonal har bristande kunskap om transpersoner, vilket leder till att vården blir heteronormativ och då diskriminerande. Resultatet kan användas för vårdpersonal att reflektera över deras arbetsplats bemötande av transpersoner för att kunna förbättra vårdmiljön till mer inkluderande. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning