The thesis deals with the development of the secondary school teaching professionduring the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The emphasisof the study is on the concurrence of three structural processes in this profession:feminization, professionalization and governmental bureaucratization.The "teachers of the people" found themselves deeply affected by radical economicand social structural changes during the transition from classical industrialcapitalism to organized capitalism at the end of the 19th century. These strucuralchanges aggravated the conflicts between the classes and the sexes in society, andthe elementary school became an important institution for social and ideologicalcontrol. But the teachers were not content to be the mindless instruments of thepredominant ideology. At an early stage the elementary school and the teachersthemselves began to live "a life of their own". Both male and female teachers beganto develop strategies in the struggle for power and control over their profession. Inother words, a process of professionalization began.At the same time as the teachers were organized collectively the women's share ofthe profession increased. The teaching of the lower classes was considered verysuitable for unmarried middle-class women, and the cheap female labour wasattractive to the politicians. There were risks of clashes between male and femaleinterests, since the profession also attracted young men from the farming andworking classes, who saw possibilities of social advancement in this sector of theschool system.The men developed different strategies against their female colleagues. Duringthe whole of the 19th century women were integrated into the professional project.At the turn of the century the men developed a strategy of social closure againstwomen, which meant that these were relegated to a lower level. At the same timethe government introduced regulations which were intended to impede women'sfast access to the profession. This triggered off an open conflict between the sexes inthe profession, since the changes were initiated by male elementary school teacherswho were leaders of the professional program as well as leading politicians in thegovernment and the Riksdag. / <p>Vissa bilder borttagna av upphovsrättskäl.</p> / digitalisering@umu

This study seeks to explore how social constructions of femininity during the Romantic Period were challenged in literature by proto-feminists in such a way as to form a revised feminine ideal of which both radical and conservative women could approve. It is an exploration of both nurturing (the figurative breast) and punitive maternal power (the figurative cane) as portrayed in Mary Wollstonecraft’s novellas, Mary and Maria, Amelia Opie’s Adeline Mowbray, and Charlotte Smith’s Celestina. As these three authors’ social circles overlapped, they shared many of the same convictions, facilitating the analysis of the style and method of expressing these ideals. It is indisputable that women of the period were allotted some authority over their own children. However, the avenues of self-empowerment open to childless women have hitherto been overlooked. According to novels of the time, did women have any power over their own destinies? Did they have any socially acceptable power over men? This study’s aim is to discover if maternal authority was posed as an empowering tool for all women by tracing how it is being defined by Wollstonecraft in Thoughts on the Education of Daughters through an evolution from the overtly didactic style of works written for teachers and children (such as her Original Stories from Real Life) to the slightly more covert style of her two novellas, Mary and Maria. The similarity between the treatments of these two very different readers is carried forward through the examination of the other two authors (Opie’s Tales of the Pemberton Family and Adeline Mowbray; and Smith’s Rural Walks and Celestina). This study has found that all three authors commend the wielding of maternal power to their readers. The maternal voice of these authors and the portrayal of more traditional maternal roles in their didactic works for children and teachers draw parallels between this persuasive style and the style of the works written for adults seeking entertainment (rather than enlightenment). The authors’ treatment of these two categories of readers traces the use of maternal power as a tool for influencing the perception of the social status quo and indeed suggests a reification of maternal authority in order to empower the contemporary reader. Through copious examples in all of the texts, maternal power (even punitive power) is shown to be innocuous enough to challenge social constructions of femininity within the confines of prescribed socially acceptable behaviour detailed by the novelists themselves. These novelists therefore offer the reader an alternative interpretation of maternity by liberating the act of mothering from the biological state, in order to examine social maternity and its implications for proto-feminism.

This case study, of veterinary education at Glasgow between 1949 and 2006, was undertaken to provide an illustrative account of learning and teaching practices over time. Ultimately the aim was to inform discussions on curriculum reshaping in undergraduate veterinary education at Glasgow. A questionnaire was distributed to 2360 alumni, 513 students and 50 teachers, to obtain quantitative data on the availability and perceived usefulness of different educational methods and technologies, analysed using SPSS. Qualitative data were sought principally through ten student focus groups and interviews with over thirty current and former staff, theoretically coded using NVivo. Questionnaire responses (from 11.5% of alumni, 23.8% of students and 72% of teachers invited to participate) revealed that lectures, printed notes, tutorials, practical classes and clinical training were used consistently over time and rated highly by stakeholders, confirming the importance of didactic teaching methods coupled with discussion and practical hands-on experience. The focus groups with students highlighted their strong desire for earlier clinical training, with the recognition that a case-based approach resulted in more meaningful learning. The interviews with staff revealed that whilst all staff welcomed the opportunity for increased vertical integration, problem-based learning was rejected as a wholesale solution. Highlights of the school’s curricular innovations to date include the clinico-pathological integrated sessions, the lecture-free final year, and the introduction of a veterinary biomolecular sciences course that allowed for a seamless vertical integration in years 1 to 4. However, recent efforts to implement self-directed learning and assessment strategies have been hampered by the fact that these were isolated innovations set within a traditional teacher-centred paradigm. There was little support among stakeholders for undergraduate specialisation. There is still a perceived need for veterinarians to have omni-potential – if not to be omnicompetent. However, it is recommended that the current system of tracking be replaced with a more streamlined core-elective system, to allow students to pursue specific topics of interest in the later years of the course. Teachers and students cited attributes of ‘good’ teachers. These generally did not change over time, although technologies did change. Good communication appears to be central to good teaching, with an in-borne desire to enthuse and motivate students to learn for the pleasure of learning rather than the need to hurdle-jump examinations. Both teachers and students cited good teaching characteristics in terms of the teacher as authority and motivator, rather than as a facilitator of independent learning, reflecting the nature of the traditional, didactic course. There was little evidence of pedagogical change resulting from technological innovations. If anything, newer technologies compounded surface learning approaches and low level cognitive processing, rather than promoting deep learning and higher order thinking skills. Identified barriers to teaching innovations included lack of time, reward and support (for teachers and students). Future curricular innovation will require a substantial investment in the scholarship of teaching – rewarding staff for excellence in teaching, putting it on a par with research excellence, and ensuring the necessary support mechanisms and infrastructure are in place to ensure the success of a self-directed learning curriculum. A guided discovery learning curriculum is recommended, a compromise between traditional teaching and a fully problem-based curriculum. The study did not specifically focus on assessment, but it is recommended that learning, teaching and assessment practices should be constructively aligned.

Since the late nineteenth century, Switzerland, a self-professed “playground” and “classroom” of the world, has successfully promoted itself as a desirable destination for international study and tourism. The historically entangled private schooling and tourism industries have steadily communicated idealised images of educational tourism in Switzerland via advertising. Concentrating on the period 1890 -1945 – when promotional ties between tourism organisations and private schools solidified – this thesis investigates the social construction of educational tourist place in two different types of promotion aimed at English-speaking markets: private international school prospectuses and education-focused tourism brochures. An analysis of early prospectuses from three long-standing private international schools and of education-focused tourism guides written by municipal organisations, travel agencies, school boards and the Swiss government revealed highly visual, ideologically-charged textual representations of locations and markets simultaneously defined, idealised and commodified international education in Switzerland. Chapters provide close interpretation of documents and aim, through thick description, to understand specific place-making examples within a wider socio-historical context. Chapter One examines the earliest prospectuses of Le Rosey and Brillantmont, two of the world’s must exclusive Swiss schools (1890-1916). An examination of photo-essay style prospectuses reveals highly selective portrayals of “Château” architecture communicated capacity to deliver a “high-class” and gender appropriate Swiss finishing. Visual cues hallmarking literary and sporting preferences indicated texts catered to the gaze of social-climbing, Anglo-centric markets desirous a continental cosmopolitan education that was not overly “foreign.” Chapter Two analyses the social construction of towns in French-speaking Switzerland as attractive educational centres (1890-1914). It explores how guides promoting Geneva, Neuchâtel and Lausanne constructed an idealised study-abroad landscape through thematic testaments to the educative capacities of local human and natural landscapes. The remaining chapters explore interwar texts. Chapter Three examines a high-altitude institute’s use of the idealising skills of high-end tourism poster artists to manufacture a pleasant, school-like image for the mountain sanatoria-like campus of Beau Soleil. Chapter Four investigates two series of education-focused tourism guidebooks which promoted education in Switzerland. An examination of a Swiss National Tourist Office series reveals discourses of nationhood racialised the Swiss as natural-born pedagogues and constructed Switzerland as a safe, moral destination populated by cooperative, multi-lingual and foreign student-friendly folk. An analysis of R. Perrin Travel Agency’s series explores guidebooks which openly classified education as a tourism commodity. The final chapter examines Le Rosey and Brillantmont’s interwar prospectuses within the context of complex, transnational schooling and school advertising practices. An analysis of images of school sports at winter holiday resorts suggests prospectuses expressed the sense of freedom which accompanies upper-class identity more so than any sense of gender-driven restriction.

This thesis offers critical perspectives on a history syllabus for vocational education and training (VET) tracks in Swedish upper secondary schools and adds to our knowledge and understanding of the educative function of history education for the individual and for society. The overall aim of this thesis is to critically investigate discourses that are voiced in different fields about the construction and reproduction of the history curriculum in VET tracks. A general question addressed is how vertical (critical and theoretical) and horizontal knowledge is articulated by the discourses in terms of the meaning of history in a VET context. The following four research questions were the focus of the four different studies in this thesis: How were non-vocational subjects discussed on a policy level during the post-war period, and what meanings were ascribed to history education? What aspects of history as a field of knowledge are recontextualised into a pedagogic discourse for the VET curriculum? How do teachers perceive the history syllabus? What do the students express concerning the history syllabus and history education? The results of these studies are reported in separate papers, and the aggregated results are analysed in this thesis. The data consisted of government bills and committee reports, material from the National Agency of Education archives, and interview data gathered through interviews with 5 teachers and 46 students. The major theoretical inspiration comes from Basil Bernstein whose theories of classification and framing, pedagogic discourse, pedagogic code, and vertical and horizontal discourses are used in the analysis. With the aid of these concepts, the content and meaning of history education for VET are connected to macro levels of education, and the way in which education reproduces social order when certain forms of knowledge are distributed to different groups in society is discussed. Three major conclusions are drawn. First, history as a pedagogic discourse comes forward as versatile and contradictory when the results from the studies are aggregated. There is, however, a shared understanding that the meaning of history in VET is to educate the students to become democratic and active citizens. Secondly, the investigated discourses ascribe history education with the potential to distribute critical and powerful knowledge. The students see a value for history education in their future as citizens and for giving them access the public conversation of society. A final conclusion is that the pedagogic code, embedded in the history curriculum, can be interpreted in two different ways. The emphasis on competencies and the focus on the last two hundred years can be interpreted as (A) an expression of a wish for immediate utility and thus an instrumental view of education or (B) the recontextualisation of scientific theories, concepts, and practices into a pedagogic discourse as a means to give students access to disciplinary (powerful) knowledge.

This thesis in the History of Education studies the pedagogization of Swedish society from 1812–1828. These ambitions were promoted by state officials and educational innovators who we­re tightly knit through social networks. The research questions are: Why did these indi­vi­duals orga­nize themselves the way they did in the field of education? Which practices of external com­mun­ica­­tion and interaction within associations existed? Which impact did these practices of external communication and internal interaction have on the educational debate? Civic formation is analyzed through the activity or practices identified in the diffusion of useful knowledge, self-education, scho­ols, and educational policies. Arguments for civic formation, educational imperatives, are reflected in new words and new schools. The imperatives are in part an outcome of social networking studied through affiliations to associations, newspapers and governing boards. Hence, a great number of affiliations have been organized in a new and advanced web-based application. Papers and associations were important to in dissolving feudal society, and as key ingred­ients for the emancipation of the middle class, they gradually gained more in­fluence upon society. The educational reformers’ involvement in papers and societies were important for them coining new Swedish words with educational importance: it was an extern­al communicative practice. Involvement in associations is somewhat more internal and has been studied as leading to social interaction. This interaction is studied as social capital through social network analysis. This revealed focal points on the individual level which made a signi­fi­cant contribution to the educational debate. These were social networks sustained by the spi­rit of Enlightenment and emancipation. What has long been un­recog­ni­zed in the History of Edu­cation is presented as important features in this thesis through the analysis of social networks.

This thesis explores content design – an area which encompasses the practices and the conceptions of the description, organisation and manipulation of digital content. The overall aim was to identify and examine principles, methods and tools appropriate for content design within the humanities and the social sciences. Another purpose was to investigate the limitations and opportunities of the identified methods and tools by means of modelling and applications of prosopographical materials, designed for research and teaching in history of education. The prosopographical collection consists of three different kinds of sources: transcriptions from biographical reference books, written biographical accounts and digitalised archival sources, such as enrolment registers. These resources were encoded according to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) guidelines with the purpose to denote specific structures and semantic features of the content. The thesis demonstrates how the prosopographical collection, stored in a master file in TEI/XML format, was encoded and organised and then further transformed, migrated and manipulated by other tools and to other platforms. This resulted in several examples of applications demonstrating a broad range of uses for research and teaching in history of education and alike. One conclusion is that the TEI guidelines serve well as a valuable tool for the markup of rather complex historical materials designed for multiple purposes: for qualitative analyses, and as input to multivariate statistical analyses, and for migration into relational databases. Another conclusion is that such digital collections, provided with markup, could be treated as research tools themselves, because they lend themselves much more than simply access, retrieval or reading. In this prosopographical collection, the markup contributes to make explicit the underlying theories and thus provides scholars, teachers and students with tools to reuse and rearrange the content for other kinds of uses in other areas.

Between the late 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century, under the influence of the positivist ideas, Brazil was facing an accelerated process of urbanization and industrialization. In educational field, the city was a place to the expansion of the school system, which was formed by different types of schools: public, private, laical, religious, technical, of homemaking. It was in this context that emerged several schools for specific groups, among which those intended for the \"people of color\". Two educational experiences organized by the Brazilian Black Front-BBF and Black s Experimental Theater- BET figure as successful experiences between the years 1930-1960. This research examines the educational thought of the Professor from the Literacy Course of the Black Front, Francisco Lucrécio and Professor of the Literacy Course of Black s Experimental Theater, Ironides Rodrigues who dedicated their lives to education and issues related to the black population. / Entre o final do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do XX, sob a influência das idéias positivistas, o Brasil foi palco de um processo acelerado de urbanização e industrialização. No terreno educacional, a cidade abrigava a expansão da rede de ensino, a qual era formada por diferentes tipos de escolas: pública, particular, leiga, religiosa, profissionalizante, de prendas domésticas. Foi nesse contexto que emergiram escolas para diversos grupos específicos, dentre as quais aquelas destinadas à população de cor . Duas experiências educativas organizadas pela Frente Negra Brasileira-FNB e o Teatro Experimental do Negro TEN figuram como experiências exitosas, entre os anos de 1930 a 1960. A presente investigação analisa o pensamento educacional do professor do Curso de Alfabetização da Frente Negra, Francisco Lucrécio e do professor do Curso de Alfabetização do Teatro Experimental do Negro, Ironides Rodrigues que dedicaram suas vidas à educação e questões relacionadas à população negra. / Mestre em Educação

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosane.pdf: 60136 bytes, checksum: 264940dfb0a895bb985f9a0b0400097f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research approaches an exploratory study, in the scope of History and Sociology of Education, aiming to investigate the Women Professional School in the context of the city of Florianópolis, in the period of 1935 to 1983. The concepts of habitus and reproduction were first presented by Pierre Bourdieu s Theory. A special theoretical background was also grounded upon Historians as Otaíza de Oliveira Romanelli, in the field of Brazilian Education History, and Zoraide Rocha de Freitas, in the field of the Professional Teaching History. Besides of the dialectic research method, which gave a general orientation for knowing and interacting with a delimitated social reality, the following approaches were also used: non-directive or semi structured interviews; statistical data collection (application/questionnaire); and documental data collection (transcript records) within public civil institutions and at the target school, and the participant observation. It was verified that this school was founded and operated as a cultural and social representation and reproduction of popular classes, as a result of the implantation of a dualist teaching system that reinforced class and gender inequality. Nevertheless, an incongruity was observed between the political discourse, the popular education implementation and this women professional school reality, when the attending population was verified to be also from higher classes as middle and elite. In this context, the experiences carried out were incorporated from work and a bourgeois women habitus- in which was characterized by a women raising aiming marriage and domestic homemaking, but that also interacted with private and public sectors, by doing self-employed work as dressmakers, embroiderers, and so on, in such a way allowing a socialization process and the social rising, besides of the maintenance of the women model. A comparative consideration was also established between the women professional school and the Superior school of Fashion, in such a way that there was an interface with fashion through the production and reproduction of clothing. Consequently, the history of education of Brazil was amplified, as it has been studied by many research centers throughout the years, promoting historical records of the education in the state of Santa Catarina. Further studies on this subject are important to follow, since it may open paths to study other women professional schools of the state in which were not investigated yet, and that preserve this state educational memory and built up historical knowledge / Esta pesquisa aborda um estudo exploratório, abrangendo as áreas da História e da Sociologia da Educação, com o objetivo de investigar a Escola Profissional Feminina, no contexto da cidade de Florianópolis, no período histórico de 1935 a 1983. Os conceitos de habitus e de reprodução foram apresentados a partir da teoria de Pierre Bourdieu. Buscou-se, também, especial suporte teórico nas historiadoras Otaíza de Oliveira Romanelli, na área de História da Educação no Brasil, e Zoraide Rocha de Freitas, na área de História do Ensino Profissional no Brasil. Além do método dialético de pesquisa utilizado que proporcionou a orientação geral para conhecer e interagir com a realidade social delimitada, foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: entrevistas não-diretivas ou semi-estruturadas, levantamento estatístico (aplicação/questionário) e documental (histórico) junto aos órgãos públicos e à própria escola em apreço e a observação participante. Verificou-se que esta escola surgiu e funcionou como representação e reprodução cultural e social de classes populares e como resultado da implantação de um sistema de ensino dualista, que veio a reforçar desigualdades de classe e de gênero. Constatou-se, porém, a contradição entre o discurso político da implantação da educação popular e a realidade na escola profissional feminina ao se verificar que o público freqüentador era formado também por membros da classe intermediária e da elite. As experiências realizadas neste contexto eram incorporadas de um habitus feminino burguês e de trabalho um modelo feminino que caracterizava uma formação feminina dirigida para o casamento e para as prendas domésticas, mas que também interagia no espaço privado e no espaço público, realizando trabalho autônomo como costureiras, bordadeiras, etc., possibilitando, desta forma, um processo de socialização e de ascensão social, além da manutenção do modelo feminino. Estabeleceu-se também uma reflexão comparativa entre a escola profissional feminina e a escola superior de moda, desta forma surgindo uma interface com a moda através da produção e reprodução do vestuário. Conseqüentemente, foi ampliada a história da educação brasileira, que vem sendo estudada em vários centros de pesquisas ao longo dos anos, promovendo o registro da história da educação catarinense, considerando-se importante a continuidade desta pesquisa, pois ela abre caminhos para estudar outras escolas profissionais femininas do Estado de Santa Catarina que não foram investigadas, preservando-se a memória educacional catarinense e construindo-se saber histórico

European integration is a curious concept. There is stark disparity between some areas of policy that seemingly glide through the integration process, while others lag behind and despite decades of attempts, never reach the status of a fully-fledged area of European Union competence. Once such area is education. Through integration theories, political scientists have sought to explain how policies develop and are implemented at European level. This interdisciplinary study borrows the opposing theories of neofunctionalism and intergovernmentalism with the aim of identifying the influence of the supranational and the strength of the state in the evolution of a European Union education policy. It seeks to pinpoint how education can be placed within the construction of Europe and the process of early European integration to determine the feasibility of these integration theories in explaining the journey of education policy in the European context. Historical methodology is adopted, based on archival research at the Historical Archives of the European Union, using documentary analysis to trace the history of activities and initiatives relating to education between 1945-1976. Collective biography methodology is adopted to give space to the role of states in driving the scope, direction and extent of integration based on domestic interests, while a case study implements methodological triangulation to stress-test the case of education. The study proposes that education is a complex case that does not slot neatly into a theory of integration. Education is multifaceted, a cultural – while at the same time – economic component: it is woven into the fabric of nation-states, it contributes to increasing global competitiveness, it diversifies across borders, and its development is attached to temporality and context. Despite suggestions that the state is diminishing in power, education serves as an example to demonstrate that the state is very much alive and at the centre of certain areas of policy development at European level.