A candidate gene approach was used to identify potential genetic markers associated with wool quality traits including mean fibre diameter (MFD), fibre diameter standard deviation (FDSD), coefficient of variation of fibre diameter (CVD), prickle factor, curvature, yellowness, brightness, staple strength, staple length, yield, greasy fleece weight (GFW) and clean fleece weight (CFW). Inheritance of potential genetic markers was studied in two half-sib Merino families and assessed for association with the wool quality traits. The sire for one of the half-sib families is referred to as MV144-58-00, and wool measurements from its progeny were taken at 12 (n = 131), 24 (n =128) and 36 (n = 37) months of age. The sire for the second half-sib family is referred to as Stoneyhurst, and wool measurements from its progeny (n = 35) were taken at 12 months of age. Genes that code for the keratin intermediate-filament proteins (KRTs) (KRT1.2, KRT2.10) and the keratin intermediate-filament-associated proteins (KAPs) (KAPl.1, KAPl.3, KAP3.2, KAP6.1, KAP 7, KAP8) were targeted for this investigation, along with the beta 3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) gene and microsatellites BfMS and OarFCB193. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify specific DNA fragments from each locus and PCR- single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis was used to detect polymorphism within the half-sib families for all the loci, except for the KAP1.1 gene, where length polymorphism was detected using agarose gel electrophoresis. Only the loci that were heterozygous for the sire (KAP1.1, KAP1.3, KRT1.2, ADRB3, KAP8) and hence were informative, were genotyped in the progeny. The total number of alleles observed at the KAP1.1, KAP1.3, KRT1.2, KAP8 and the ADRB3 loci were four, ten, six, five and six, respectively. Analysis of each of the informative loci revealed allelic associations with various wool traits. In the MV144-58-00 (genotypes KAP1.1 AB; KAP1.3 BD; KRT1.2 AB; ADRB3 CE) half-sib, inheritance of the KAP1.1 A allele was associated with a higher yield at 24 months of age (P = 0.037). This trend also observed at 36 months of age (P = 0.078). At 12 months of age, the KAP1.1 A allele tended to be associated with increased staple length (P = 0.08). At 36 months of age, the inheritance of the KAP1.1 B allele tended towards being associated with whiter wool (P = 0.080). The MV144-58-00 KAP1.3 D allele tended to be associated with increased yield at 24 and 36 months of age (P = 0.091 and 0.059, respectively), and with lower FDSD at 12 months of age (P = 0.055). The sire KAP1.3 B allele was associated with whiter wool colour at 36 months of age (P = 0.045). The inheritance of the MV144-58-00 KR T1.2 B allele was associated with or tended to be associated with a smaller FDSD (P = 0.040), an increase in staple strength (P = 0.025) and an increase in GFW (P = 0.069) at 12 months of age. At 24 months of age, the KR T1.2 B allele tended to be associated with increased yield (P = 0.057). At 36 months of age, the KRTl.2 A allele was associated with whiter wool (P = 0.019) and tended to be associated with increased crimp within the wool fibre (P = 0.089). In the Stoneyhurst (genotypes KAP1.1 BC; KAP1.3 CJ; KRT1.2 DE; ADRB3 CE) half-sib, inheritance of the KAP1.1 B allele was associated with longer staple length (P = 0.018) and a decrease in wool brightness (P = 0.039). In contrast, KAP1.1 C allele was associated with lowest staple length (P = 0.018) and brighter wool colour (P = 0.039). Associations observed with the inheritance of Stoneyhurst KAP 1.1 alleles were similar to the inheritance ofKAPl.3 alleles. Stoneyhurst KAP1.3 J allele was associated with longer staple length (P = 0.017) and a decrease in wool brightness (P = 0.010). In contrast, KAP1.3 C allele was associated with lowest staple length (P = 0.017) and brighter wool colour (P = 0.010). The Stoneyhurst KRT12 D allele was associated with longer staple length and a decrease in wool brightness (P = 0.033). In contrast, KRT1.2 E allele was associated with lowest staple length (P = 0.033) and brighter wool colour (P = 0.022). Sire alleles at the ADRB3 gene locus were associated with variation in staple strength (P = 0.025) for MV144-58-00's progeny, and with variation in yield (P = 0.023) for Stoneyhurst's progeny. The results obtained in this thesis are consistent with KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and KRT1.2 being clustered on one chromosome because both sires in this study passed on two major KAP1.1-KAP1.3-KRT1.2 haplotypes to their progeny, and the associations with wool traits were very similar for all the three loci. The major sire derived KAP1.1 – KAP1.3 - KRT1.2 haplotypes observed within the MV144-58-00 half-sib were: BBA (frequency of 43.4%; n = 43) and ADB (frequency of 44.4%; n = 44). Other minor haplotypes observed were: ADA (frequency of 4.0%; n = 4); BDA (frequency of 2.0%; n = 2); BBB (frequency of 3.0%; n = 3) and BDB (frequency of 3.0%; n = 3). In the Stoneyhurst half-sib, major sire-derived KAP 1.1 - KAP 1.3 - KR Tl.2 haplotypes observed were CCE (frequency of 53.1 %; n = 17) and BJD (frequency of 40.6%; n = 13). The minor haplotype BJE (frequency of 6.3%; n = 2) was also observed. Statistical analyses within the MVI44-58-00 half-sib showed that KAP1.1 AKAP1.3 D - KRT1.2 B haplotype was associated with increased yield (P = 0.023) and tended towards whiter wool colour (P = 0.059), smaller FDSD (P = 0.081) and stronger staple strength (P = 0.092). In the Stoneyhurst half-sib, the KAP1.1 B - KAP1.3 J - KRT1.2 D haplotype was associated with longer staple length (P = 0.010), while the KAP1.1 C - KAP1.3 C - KRT1.2 E haplotype showed a strong trend with increased wool brightness (P = 0.096). Result from this study indicated that the keratin genes on chromosome 11 are recombining relatively frequently at recombination "hotspots". A high rate of recombination among loci that impact on wool traits would make breeding for consistent wool quality very difficult. The results presented in this thesis suggest that genes coding for the KRTs and KAPs have the potential to impact on wool quality. KAP1.1, KAP1.3 and KRT1.2 could potentially be exploited in gene marker-assisted selection programmes within the wool industry to select for animals with increased staple length, 'increased staple strength, higher yield and brighter wool. This study was however limited to two half-sib families, and further investigation is required.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy which develops due to old age and lifestyle factors, low percent of patients afflicted by a genetic disorders. Half of all colorectal cancer patients are diagnosed after metastasis. The high rate of the late detection, emphasizes on the requirement of convenient and inexpensive diagnostic methods for comprehensive screening programs. The aim of this study was to discover proto-oncogenes mutation and assessment of tumor suppressor genes expression. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) histologically verified colorectal cancer samples were used. APC, KRAS and BRAF mutations were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments and direct sequencing. Gene expression assessment of MLH1, MGMT and CDKN2A were achieved via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In the present study we could detect a novel transversion heterozygous mutation in APC gene codon 1365 in three patients. BRAF codon 600 mutation were detected in one patient. KRAS codon 12 mutation was discovered in one sample and also a novel transition mutation in codon 15 was detected in 6 patients. In 80% of cases, MLH1 and MGMT expression were undetectable, in remaining 20%, MLH1 expression were reduced, but MGMT showed both reduced and increased expression compared to control. In 100% of patients CDKN2A expression was undetectable. The rate of mutations in predetermined hotspot codons and amount of uncommon mutations into APC, BRAF and KRAS in Nepalese patients indicates the requirement of further investigation in CRC patients from that part of the world. Also, the expression rate of MLH1, MGMT, CDKN2A and deficiency of an information source emphasizes the necessity of whole genome CRC expression profiling data to comparison and conclusion. / <p>-</p> / -

L'archipel des Mascareignes (Réunion, Maurice et Rodrigues) est, avec les Seychelles, les Comores et Madagascar, l'un des 34 « hotspots » de biodiversité reconnus à l'échelle mondiale. Dans un contexte de disparition des habitats par les activités humaines, l'objectif de la thèse a été de comprendre la dynamique évolutive à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles d'une famille d'espèces indigènes des écosystèmes forestiers, les Sapotacées. Ces espèces arborées présentent une gamme diversifiée de niveaux d’endémisme, d'abondance, de modes de régénération et de caractéristiques biologiques. La famille des Sapotacées comprend 3 genres et 14 espèces indigènes des Mascareignes (Mimusops, Labourdonnaisia et Sideroxylon) dont certaines espèces, rares et protégées, sont endémiques d'une des trois îles de l'archipel des Mascareignes. À l'échelle de la famille, l'analyse des séquences chloroplastiques de la famille des Sapotacées a confirmé la forte différenciation entre genres avec deux clades. Le premier clade est constitué par toutes les espèces de Sideroxylon structurées en trois sous-clades distincts dont deux correspondent aux sections Eusideroxylon et Calvaria, montrant une diversité haplotypique importante. Le deuxième clade est constitué par deux sous-clades formés respectivement par les espèces de Labourdonnaisia et celles de Mimusops. Alors qu'il n'est pas possible de résoudre les relations de parenté des Mimusops, Labourdonnaisia présentent deux lignées évolutives soulevant une incongruence entre les données taxonomiques et phylogénétiques. À l'échelle des deux lignées du genre Sideroxylon (Sections Eusideroxylon et Calvaria), l'analyse des marqueurs microsatellites chloroplastiques a montré une forte diversité haplotypique à la fois chez des espèces communes comme S. borbonicum ou rares comme S. majus associé à différenciation marquée entre l'île Maurice et la Réunion au sein des deux lignées. De plus, il a été mis en évidence des patrons de structure de la diversité génétique différents selon l'île et l'espèce considérée : une structure spécifique dans le genre Sideroxylon de la section Calvaria à Maurice et une structure géographique chez S. cinereum de Maurice et les espèces réunionnaises. À l'échelle de la lignée des Sideroxylon de la section Calvaria, les marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires ont permis d'identifier clairement toutes les espèces avec une forte différenciation entre S. majus de la Réunion et l'ensemble des espèces mauriciennes. À Maurice, la différenciation est plus marquée entre S. grandiflorum et les deux autres espèces S. sessiliflorum et S. boutonianum avec des évènements d'hybridation entre ces deux dernières espèces possibles. À l'échelle de S. majus de la Réunion, une très forte diversité génétique structurée en trois groupes génétiques a été mise en évidence à l'aide de marqueurs microsatellites nucléaires. La comparaison de la diversité génétique des cohortes des adultes et des juvéniles ne présente pas d’érosion génétique. Des méthodes de conservation sont proposées en fonction de ces caractéristiques génétiques pour S. majus, espèce rare en danger. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus chez les Sapotacées endémiques des Mascareignes montre que la diversité génétique est structurée à différentes échelles spatiales, selon les espèces et les lignées évolutives considérées, soulignant la nécessité d'études complémentaires afin de déterminer les processus qui sont à l'origine des patrons détectés. / Madagascar is among the top five priorities "hotspots" for global biodiversity conservation. In Madagascar, melliferous flora is diverse and abundant; the endemic honey bee Apis melliferaunicolor inhabits all areas regardless of the climatic conditions and topography. As other islands, Madagascar is fragile and susceptible to invasions of alien species. In 2010, Varroa destructor has been reported parasitizing A. m. unicolor. The ectoparasite is not only a serious threat to beekeeping in Madagascar but it may also alter ecosystems balance.The objectives of this thesis were i) to study the genetic diversity and population structure of both A. m. unicolor and V. destructor in Madagascar, ii) to estimate the impact of V. destructor on honey bee colonies, and iii) to investigate the hygienic behaviour of honey beeOur results confirm that all honey bees collected in Madagascar belonged to the African evolutionary lineage and more than 99% were identified as A. m. unicolor. Despite its lownuclear genetic diversity, two genetic clusters have been detected, corresponding to geographic regions.In Madagascar, only one genetic strain of V. destructor was detected, the Korean haplotype (K1-1) which is the most widespread lineage in the world and the one present in Africa. Genetic studies showed a higher proportion of homozygous genotype (69.5%) and also a high number of MLG (Multi- Locus Genotypes) in the High Lands compared to the East coast. The presence of particular MLG on the High Land reinforces the assumption of its introduction into the capital. The spread of V. destructor in Madagascar is relatively slow in comparison with those observed in African countries. Its presence remains confined to the High Land and the East coast. The impact of the parasite on A. m. unicolor was severe; with about 60% of colony losses in a year reported in 2012. Nevertheless, this is less than observed in Europe, where many more colonies died at the early stage of infestation.Based on the percentage of cleaned cells observed 6 hour after pin killing the brood, the efficiency of A. m. unicolor colonies to detect and uncap cells was comparable to those of Africanised hygienic honey bees and was much higher than those of European honey bees. In Madagascar, the detection of highly hygienic colonies of A. m. unicolor is a great opportunity to develop a programme of selection of tolerant honey bee strains.

Le segment 16°N de la dorsale Est-Pacifique (EPR) est le plus large et le moins profond de cette dorsale rapide. Cette morphologie atypique est liée à un apport magmatique accru sous la dorsale dû à la proximité du point chaud des Mathématiciens. Ce travail présente une étude morphostructurale et de chronologie relative détaillée de la zone axiale de ce segment, réalisée à partir de l’analyse de données bathymétriques à 40 m, 10 m et 1 m de résolution, combinée à l’analyse de photos et vidéos de plongées Nautile acquises lors de la campagne PARISUB (PAnache Ridge SUBmersible.). Cette étude permet de discuter des processus tectoniques, de la dynamique des éruptions, ainsi que de l’influence du point chaud sur les processus d’accrétion. Sur les bordures du plateau sommital, ainsi que sur les plaines abyssales adjacentes au dôme, les failles et les grabens abyssaux apparaissent moins développés que le long des autres segments de l’EPR. Cette structuration du plancher serait la conséquence directe d’une lithosphère plus chaude et plus mince. A l’axe, le système éruptif complexe et très segmenté, reflète une faible localisation des intrusions et une grande variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l’activité magmatique. En effet, le fossé sommital est parfois large, d’autre fois étroit, parfois unique et parfois parallèle à un second fossé sur plusieurs kilomètres. Cette variabilité et la disposition de ces segments en échelon, décalés vers le point chaud, traduit l’influence du point chaud sur l’activité magmatique et son organisation. Cette influence est observée également sur la morphologie des coulées, mais cette fois-ci de manière indirecte. En effet, l’apport magmatique accru à l’axe est responsable de la formation d’un plateau sommital subhorizontal atteignant 5 km de large au centre du segment. Les faibles pentes de ce plateau sont à l’origine de la mise en place de coulées d’inflation en nappe et en coussin qui constituent plus d’un tiers des coulées de la zone cartographiée. La morphologie atypique de ces coulées, notamment celles en nappe, a conduit au développement d’un modèle théorique sur la dynamique des éruptions sur un plancher subhorizontal et d’un modèle conceptuel de la mise en place de ces laves. Ces coulées aux faciès contrastés semblent s’être mises en place au cours d’une même éruption qui se serait étalée sur jusqu’à plusieurs dizaines de jours, permettant ainsi une inflation des coulée jusqu’à 30 m de hauteur. Ce type d’éruptions aurait pour origine un apport de magma plus conséquent, qui trouverait sa source dans le point chaud. L’influence du point chaud des Mathématiciens sur les processus d’accrétion est donc observable de l’échelle décimétrique à plurikilométrique. / The 16°N segment of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) is the most over-inflated and shallowest of this fast -spreading ridge, in relation with an important magma flux due to the proximity of the Mathematician hotspot. The goal of this thesis is to analyze in detail the magmatic and tectonic processes along this segment in regards to the influence of the hotspot. The study of these processes is based on a morpho-structural and chronological analysis of the segment between 15°36.N and 15°53.N using bathymetric data (1,10 and 40 m resolution) and Nautile dive photos and videos of the French PARISUB (.PAnach Ridge SUBmerssible.) cruise. The characterization of the faults and fissures geometry (e.g., vertical throw, dip, length, depth, width) and their orientation reveled that tectonic processes occur more than 750 m of the ridge axis. Lateral and abyssal grabens formed by fault, less developed than in other EPR segments would be the consequence of a warmer and thinner lithosphere. At the axis, the existence of two parallel and contiguous Axial Summit Troughs (ASTs) over a distance of about 20 km and above a wide magma lens, indicate a wide zone of diking and thus a poor localization of magmatic processes. This poor localization, and the highly segmented and global “en echelon” shift of the ASTs that progressively accommodate the bow shape of the axial dome in the direction of the hotspot, revealed the importance of the Mathematician hotspot influences on spreading processes. This hotspot also influences, although indirectly lava flows morphologies.Indeed, it is at the origin of the formation of a wide sub-horizontal plateau that results in the formation of inflated sheet and pillow flows. That flows covering about one third of the plateau allows us to develop theoretical and conceptual models to investigate lava flow dynamics. Models revealed that inflated sheet and pillow flows may emplace during the same long-live (few hours to 20 days) eruption, with sheet flows erupted at the end.

In spatial analysis, many operations are performed considering the neighbouring locations of a feature. The standard definition of a neighbourhood is an area confined by geometrical length and direction with respect to its focus. When allocating a location for a service, the population distribution is often considered. Standard GIS software includes tools for computations with uniform neighbourhoods, usually equal sized circles. These tools can be used for distribution analysis. Many geographic studies used as basis for city planning decisions use distance as an evaluator. It is a frequent occurrence that the actual distance is approximated using factored straight-line distance. For great distances and large datasets, this is a sufficient means of evaluation, whilst for smaller distances for specific locations, it poses major drawbacks. For distribution analysis in a network space, the neighbourhood would need to be derived from the local set of network features, creating a unique neighbourhood for each location. The neighbourhood can then be used to overlay other datasets to perform analysis of features within the network space. This report describes the application of network distance based neighbourhoods to design a tool, Network Location Analysis, for calculating focal statistics for use as a city planning decision support. The tool has been implemented as a workflow of ArcGIS tools scripted as a Python toolbox. The input required by the tool is a population point layer and a vector network dataset. The output is a grid of points with population statistics as attributes and corresponding neighbourhoods generalized as polygons. The tool has been tested by comparing it to standard focal operations implemented in ArcGIS and by applying it to the dataset used when conducting a study on the location of a new metro station using conventional ArcGIS tools. The results have been analysed and visualized and compared to data used in the study. The result concludes that Network Location Analysis surpasses conventional ArcGIS tools when conducting analysis on features in a network. It derives an accurate set of sum and proximity statistics for all locations within the processing extent, enabling analysis on the population distribution throughout the area and for specific points. The output is intuitive, manageable and can be visualized as raster or by displaying the neighbourhoods as polygons and can be used to evaluate population distribution and network connectivity. The drawbacks of the tool are its lack of robustness, its rigidity to input and the inefficient implementation causing execution time to be unpractical.

With increasing technological advancements more sophisticated mobile devices are being used by end-users. Third generation (3G) mobile communication systems such as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) are not able to satisfy the rising demand for higher throughputs and low latencies. New standards based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), have been proposed and are currently being integrated into existing mobile networks all over the world. LTE specifications are being finalized within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) with the ambitious goals of increased spectral efficiency and end user throughput. Despite the introduction of several high data rate services, voice communication is still an essential part of the overall wireless wide area cellular communication market. In LTE, the core network is purely packet switched, thus voice is transmitted entirely using a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Like its predecessor standards it is desired that a large number of simultaneous VoIP calls be supported in LTE, while satisfying the desired Quality of Service (QoS) demands. This thesis examines issues related to VoIP capacity for LTE. One of the key challenges is the limited number of schedulable voice packets per sub frame. The main goal of this thesis is to quantify the impact of this limitation. After describing basic LTE concepts, a detailed description of the control channel resource limitations for the scheduling of voice packets is presented. Consequences of these limitations are explained systematically by presenting the problem in a wider context. Simulation results were obtained using the openWNS Simulator, an event driven system level simulation platform developed at the Communication Networks Research Group (ComNets), RWTH Aachen University Germany. Results are presented showing the impact of different scheduling strategies on VoIP capacity. These results illustrate how the limited control channel resources, specifically the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) resources, affect the total number of schedulable VoIP user audio media streams. / Med ökande tekniska framsteg mer avancerade mobila enheter som används av slutanv ändarna. Tredje generationens (3G) mobila kommunikationssystem såsom Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) inte kan tillgodose den ökande efterfrågan på högre genomströmning och låga latenser. Nya standarder som bygger på Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), såsom Long Term Evolution (LTE) och Worldwide Interoperability för Microwave Access (WiMAX), har föreslagits och håller på att integreras I befintliga mobilnät över hela världen. LTE specifikationer håller på att färdigställas inom 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) med de ambitiösa målen om ökad spektral effektivitet och slutanvändare genomstr ömning. Trots införandet av flera tjänster av hög datahastighet, är röstkommunikation fortfarande en väsentlig del av den totala Wireless Wide Area cellulär kommunikation marknaden. I LTE är kärnnätet rent paketförmedlande därmed röst överförs helt och hållet med hjälp av en Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Precis som sina föregångare standarder är det önskvärt att ett stort antal samtidiga VoIP samtal få stöd i LTE, samtidigt som det uppfyller önskade Quality of Service (QoS) krav. Denna avhandling undersöker frågor relaterade till VoIP kapacitet för LTE. En av de viktigaste utmaningarna är det begränsade antalet schemaläggningsbart röst paket per sub ram. Det huvudsakliga målet med denna avhandling är att kvantifiera effekterna av denna begränsning. Efter att ha beskrivit de grundläggande LTE begrepp, är en detaljerad beskrivning av de resurser kontroll kanal begränsningar för schemaläggning av röst paket presenteras. Konsekvenser av dessa begränsningar förklaras systematiskt genom att presentera problemet i ett större sammanhang. Simulering resultat erhölls med hjälp av openWNS Simulator, en händelse driven systemnivå simulering som utvecklats vid Communication Networks Research Group (ComNets), RWTH Aachen University Tyskland. Resultat presenteras som visar effekterna av olika schemaläggning strategier för VoIP kapacitet. Dessa resultat illustrerar hur de begränsade kontroll kanalresurser, särskilt fysiskt Downlink (PDCCH) resurser, påverkar det totala antalet schemaläggningsbart VoIP användare ljud mediaströmmar.

In IEEE 802.11 WLANs, Link Adaptation mechanisms, which choose the transmission rate of each node, provoke unexpected and random variations on the effective channel capacity. When these changes are towards lower bitrates, inelastic flows, such as VoIP, can suffer from sudden congestion, which results on higher packet delays and losses. In this thesis, a VoIP codec adaptation algorithm is proposed as a solution, based on a cross-layer feedback from RTCP packets and the MAC layer, which can adapt the codecs of active calls to adjust them to the multirate scenario. A combination of this algorithm with a call admission control mechanism is also studied. The results show an important improvement in terms of the QoS of the already active flows as also in the total hotspot's capacity. Additionally, by defining a new Grade of Service related parameter, the Q-Factor, which captures the trade-off between dropping and blocking ratio and perceived speech quality, the codec adaptation algorithm can be tuned to achieve maximum capacity without severely penalizing any of those variables, and hence satisfying both technical and user quality requirements. Finally, a new QoS-enabled AP, which implements these enhancements is designed. / En las redes inalámbricas del estándar IEEE 802.11, los mecanismos de adaptación de enlace que eligen la tasa de transmisión de cada nodo, pueden provocar variaciones aleatorias e inesperadas en la capacidad efectiva del canal. Cuando estos cambios son hacia tasas de transmisión mas bajas, los flujos inelásticos, tales como los de VoIP, pueden de repente sufrir congestión, lo que se traduce en aumento de retrasos y pérdidas de paquetes. En esa tesis, se propone un algoritmo de adaptación de codificadores de voz como solución, basado en técnicas multinivel (cross-layer) que combinan el uso de información de diferentes capas, como los paquetes RTCP y la capa MAC, y que puede adaptar los codecs de las llamadas activas para ajustarlos al escenario "multi-rate". Adicionalmente, la combinación de este algoritmo con un mecanismo de control de admisión de llamadas (CAC) se ha estudiado. Los resultados muestran una importante mejora en términos de QoS de los flujos activos como también en la capacidad total del hotspot. Además, mediante la definición de un nuevo factor, el Q-Factor, que puede captar la compensación entre la tasa de corte y de bloqueo de llamadas y de la calidad percibida por esas, el algoritmo de adaptación de codecs se puede ajustar para lograr la máxima capacidad sin penalizar severamente ninguna de esas variables y así satisfacer los requisitos técnicos de calidad y los usuarios. Por último, un nuevo punto de acceso (AP) habilitado para ofrecer calidad de servicio, ha sido diseñado que lleva a cabo estas mejoras.

La compréhension des interactions liant la répartition des espèces, la biodiversité, les habitats marins et le changement climatique est nécessaire voire fondamentale pour la mise en oeuvre d’une gestion efficace de la conservation, par exemple la mise en place d’aires marines protégées. Dans cette étude, nous avons travaillé sur l’évolution de richesse de 89 espèces de poissons notées «rares» ou «exotiques» (observées en dehors de leur aire de répartition connue) lié au changement climatique. Nous avons modélisé et prédit leur distribution saisonnière par le modèle SIG en fonction de leurs niches écologiques (déterminée dans cette étude). En superposant tous les modèles en fonction du temps, cette approche permet d’identifier des zones d’occupation préférentielle de forte biodiversité (hotspots). La méthode offre une alternative pour mesurer la richesse d’espèces de façon saisonnière dans des zones peu connues, et de suivre leur mouvement au cours de temps, puis avoir information de base sur l’efficacité de positionnement des aires marines protégés liées à ces zones hotspots. La zone d’étude s’est située dans trois grands écosystèmes marins : le courant des Canaries, le plateau sud de l’Atlantique Européen et les mers celtiques. La région centrale est une zone de transition (entre les eaux tropicales et tempérés) connue pour sa sensibilité aux effets du changement climatique. De 1982 à 2012, la SST augmente constamment au fil du temps, avec des tendances et des magnitudes qui varient selon l’écosystème. Une augmentation du nombre d'espèces dans un écosystème dans une période a été généralement suivie par une tendance à la baisse ou à la hausse dans des écosystèmes adjacents. Les niches écologiques des espèces étudiées ont été estimées par l’extraction des valeurs environnementales à l’échelle mondiale au point d'occurrence au moment de l'observation. Les résultats de niches sont cohérents avec ceux obtenus à partir d’études observationnelles ou expérimentales. La flexibilité du modèle SIG nous a permis de suivre l'évolution saisonnière de distribution des espèces au fil du temps. En général, les espèces montrent une tendance à élargir leur distribution vers le nord, montrant l'effet du réchauffement de l'océan sur la distribution des poissons marins. L’approche de modèle peut être utilisée pour modéliser la distribution des espèces moins connues, ou dans des zones où les données d’occurrences sont peu nombreuses, ainsi que pour prédire le modèle de distribution future. L'analyse spatiale de la superficie des AMPs (Aires Marines Protégées) par pays appartenant à la zone d'étude, montre que le Royaume-Uni puis la France possèdent le plus grand nombre d'AMP ainsi que les superficies totales protégées les plus importantes. La fréquence à laquelle les AMPs (Aires Marines Protégées) sont touchées par les zones de hotspots est fortement influencée par les variations de l’environnement, les zones favorables évoluant alors au fil des saisons. Ainsi, il est important de prendre en compte les variations saisonnières pour la création des AMPs afin de préserver les capacités adaptative des espèces soumises au changement global. / Understanding connectivities among species distributions, biodiversity, marine habitats and climate change is necessary for the design of an effective conservation management, such as in the implementation of marine protected area (MPA). In this study, we observed the richness of 89 "rare" or "exotic" fish species (observed outside their known distribution range) related to climate change. We modeled and predicted their seasonal distributions according to the species ecological niches (determined in this study) using the GIS model. Superposing the models of all species using GIS, we determined the preferential zones or zones of high biodiversity (hotspots) over time. The GIS approach offers an alternative to measure seasonal species richness in poor-data areas. This approach allowed also species track movement over time. This information could be then used to measure the effectiveness of MPA positioning related to the hotspot areas. Our study area covers a wide latitudinal range of the Eastern Atlantic waters, from the warm tropical/subtropical waters to the temperate waters. This area is located in three large marine ecosystems: the Canary current, the South European Atlantic Shelf and the Celtic Seas. The transitional zone in the central region has well known for its sensitivity to the detection of climate change. From 1982 to 2012, the SST in all of studied ecosystems has increased consistently over time, with magnitude and trend varied among ecosystems. The change of number of species in each decadal period differed among ecosystems. Increasing number of species in an ecosystem was generally followed by decreasing trend in adjacent ecosystems. Species ecological niches were obtained by extracting the environmental values in the location of species occurrence at the time of observation. The environmental data and the occurrence records used were at global scale, and the methods yields coherent results with the results obtained from observational studies. The flexibility of GIS Model used in this study allowed us to follow the evolution of species seasonal distribution over time. Generally, most of the studied species showed a northbound trend in their distribution. These northbound tendencies were more evident in the middle region, confirming the effect of global warming in shifting marine species distribution. This approach provides an alternative of measuring seasonal richness of poor-known species and/or modeling in poor-data areas. The results present a complete picture of predictive number of species in an area over time. MPAs superficial analysis by country (countries lying in the study area) showed that UK has the highest number of MPA and the largest protected areas, following by France and Mauritania. Frequencies of the MPAs touched by the hotspot were strongly influenced by seasonal variations. Thus, considering seasonal variations in a conservation effort could preserve species adaptive variation under environmental changes. Overall, our works provide several alternative methods for species distribution studies and for studies poor-known species in data-poor area. The results provide evidences of ocean warming effect in shifting marine fish distribution.

The creation of sustainable and safe environments nowadays moves more and more into focus for urban planners and architects. Cities should be designed in a way to contribute to social cohesion, shaping an inclusive environment and focusing on the wellbeing of its citizens. Nevertheless, these processes can be undermined by public crime and the fear of crime, which is not only affecting aspects of personal safety but also affecting the people’s behaviour. Reasons why criminality occurs are manifold, impacted by a dynamic set of socioeconomic, demographic, personal but also environmental aspects. In recent years especially the impact of factors related to urban and environmental design respectively planning received rising attention in the field of crime prevention. However, the implementation of strategies regarding ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ or ‘designing out crime’ is still in its early stage in Sweden.   This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of public crime for the case of Umeå in order to identify potential risk areas, which could receive particular attention regarding crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). In this sense a GIS based spatial analysis had the aim to detect statistically significant hotspots of crime and furthermore to assess the development of these hotspots over time. In order to understand the nature of public crime and criminal behaviour in Umeå in a more holistic way, also temporal aspects regarding the occurrence of crime were analysed. One particularly vulnerable neighbourhood was examined with a qualitative field observation regarding the principles of crime prevention through environmental design in order to assess in which way the built environment is designed and suited to prevent and deter criminality.   Umeå displays rather clear patterns of higher crime activity, assigned to seasonal, weakly and daily periods, which are connected to higher activity in the public space. Also from a spatial perspective certain patterns are detectable with a higher vulnerability for crime at spots which generate higher activity such as shopping areas or neighbourhoods with nightlife and transport hub functions, and in general neighbourhoods with a higher building density. The neighbourhood of Ålidhem displayed thereby a high concentration of criminality, marked as a constant or even intensifying hotspot for the entire period of investigation. The results of the field observation regarding principles of CPTED are especially indicating a lack of maintenance and furthermore the street and building layout is contributing to disorientation. On the other hand, the area is in most cases well equipped for natural surveillance and provides a high amount of locations for leisure and recreation in order strengthen social cohesion.

不動產價格的影響因素可按影響範圍區分為三大類，分別為影響整體不動產市場的「總體環境因素」，對一定範圍內不動產產生價格影響的「區域環境因素」，及對於單一不動產價格有所影響的「房屋個體因素」。其中，區域環境因素為影響個別不動產價格之首要因素，不動產之價格會受到所屬區域之政治、經濟、自然、社會等因素影響，「公共建設因素」為重要之區域環境之一，包含公共設施水準及其配置狀態。影響個別不動產價格之次要因素為「房屋個體因素」，可再次細分為三大影響因素如下：房屋本身所具有的特徵因素，即建築物之內部結構；房屋的建築方式，住宅類型等與全棟房屋有關的因素；與房屋鄰近地區環境有關的因素。而集合式與獨立式住宅因分屬不同房屋類型，即上述房屋價格形成因素中「房屋之建築方式」。實際交易上，獨立式住宅多半以「整棟建物」作為交易計算單位，對於坐落之基地權利持分通常為全部，而集合式住宅係以「樓層」、「戶」作為交易之計算單位，所有之基地持分與其他住戶共同持有，基於上述差異，過去研究多將建築方式視為影響房屋價格的條件之一，並據此分類次市場，因此較少有研究同時探討二者在空間分布上所具有的區位差異，及購屋者對於環境的偏好是否有所不同。且過去文獻多半以使用傳統迴歸模型為主要分析方法。但傳統迴歸分析所使用最小平方法迴歸模型，經常會產生殘差項存在有空間自相關的問題，及空間本身所存在之空間異質性偏誤，即空間不穩定性。因此 本文以台中市都會區內之住家使用房屋為樣本，依特徵價格理論將獨立式住宅與集合式住宅視為差異化商品，其內外特徵納入變數，使用GeoDa軟體進行空間自相關分析，並使用ArcGIS軟體中的地理加權迴歸模組（GWR）進行迴歸分析，藉以探討不同類型房屋所偏好之外部特徵，瞭解不同空間環境對房屋價格之影響及台中市都會區空間發展型態，並驗證其於規劃建設產生的空間不穩定性。 研究結果顯示，台中市建立之重大市政建設及土地開發計畫會影響集合式住宅與獨立式住宅之地價熱點分布，其共同之房價熱點均座落於高地價市地重劃區及重大市政建設分布位置，而獨立式住宅之房價熱點，進一步分布於與高地價市重劃區鄰近之市地重劃區；在購屋者對周圍設施偏好方面，集合式住宅購屋者對於國中小學、大學、重大市政建設、市場、公園均有顯著偏好，惟獨立式住宅購屋者對於大學、重大市政建設、公園有顯著偏好，對於國中小學、市場有不偏好情形，顯示不同類型住宅對於公共設施之偏好不完全相同；集合式住宅與獨立式住宅之房屋特徵屬性呈現空間不穩定性，分析結果顯示，上述二種住宅類型，對於本研究所有公共設施距離特徵屬性均呈現空間不穩定、非均質性的結果，顯示不同類型住宅均會與彼此具有相依性，並形成各區域間的異質性。 / Locational characteristics are the determinants of house prices. While former research have examined the effects of proximity to resources and facilities have on residential property values, and the change of the importance as located regions or submarkets vary, the effects of different types of houses are rarely compared due to their dissimilarity in ways of building and ownership. Do house price effects of the same facility alter when properties are situated in different submarkets? Further, the issues of spatial non-stationarity are usually overlooked by previous studies. By using transaction data of two common types of residential houses in Taichung City, we found house price hot spots of both detached houses and condos in regions with major constructions and development plans. Apart from the mutual hot spots found in high land price redevelopment zones, we also discovery hot spots of detached houses in areas in proximity to these redevelopment zones. As for desirable facilities for home buyers, neighborhood schools, universities, major constructions, local markets and parks were found to have an notable price impact on condos, whereas only universities, major constructions and parks in vicinity of in detached houses can we found significant price effects, suggesting the differences in the preference of consumers in distinct regions. Also, spatial dependence and heterogeneity are verified in both types of houses, making the entire market area spatial non-stationary.