<p>Vårt syfte var att undersöka hur rektorer, fältkuratorer och mobbningsteam arbetar</p><p>för att stävja mobbning respektive nätmobbning bland barn och unga. Ämnet</p><p>intresserar oss båda för att det är högaktuellt i dagens skola. Vi anser att det är</p><p>viktigt att få förståelse för vad som kan vara orsaken till nätmobbning, men även</p><p>åtgärder och metoder skolan tillämpar.</p><p>Vårt metodval var semistrukturerade intervjuer och utvald litteratur som berör</p><p>ämnet. Vi genomförde intervjuer med rektorer och fältkuratorer som också</p><p>representerade skolornas mobbningsteam. Detta för att få klarhet om deras</p><p>föreställningar och arbetssätt angående mobbning respektive nätmobbning.</p><p>Resultatet visar att rektorer och fältkuratorer har metoder och åtgärder i sitt</p><p>förhållningssätt kring mobbning. Däremot anser intervjurepresentanterna att</p><p>nätmobbning är mer raffinerad och hemsk än den vanliga traditionella mobbningen.</p>

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Med anledning av ISPS- kodens inträdande 2004 och personliga erfarenheter från fartyg och skyddsvaktsarbete har vi valt att fördjupa oss i ämnet portvaktens arbetsuppgifter. Vad vi har observerat sedan tidigare är att den allmänna uppfattningen bland ombordanställda är att portvakten är i vägen och det tar lång tid att komma till sin arbetsplats på fartyget. Detta är en deskriptiv uppsats, där vi gjort en kvalitativ studie som bygger på intervju med vaktpersonal. Intervjun är sedan jämförd med de regler som finns för vakten i porten. Vi har avgränsat oss till att undersöka Göteborgs hamn, då denna var först i Europa att införa ISPS. Vi har intervjuat Magnus Rosenqvist, gruppchef på G4S i Göteborgs hamn. Detta har vi sedan jämfört med vad sjöbefälsstudenter på Högskolan i Kalmar har för erfarenheter och uppfattningar. Vakten ansvarar för tillträdet till hamnområdet. Anledningen varför kontrollerna är så höga är för att upprätthålla hamnskyddet, inte fartygsskyddet. Vakten har samma ISPS- utbildning som resterande hamnpersonal, den utbildning en väktare måste inneha, men i Göteborgs hamn måste man dessutom vara skyddsvakt. / In connection with the ISPS- code's arising in 2004 and personal experiences from ships and security guarding, we have selected to deepen ourselves in the matter the gatekeeper’s duties. We have observed already that the general view among the vessel’s apployes, that the gatekeeper is in the way and it takes a long time to get to the workplace onboard the ship. This is a descriptive essay, where we have done a qualitative study that builds on interview with local security personnel. The interview is then compared with the rules that are for the security guard in the gate. We have delimited ourselves to examining Gothenburg's port, because this is the first port in Europe to introduce the ISPS- code. We have interviewed Magnus Rosenqvist, squad commander at G4S in Gothenburg’s port. This result is then compared with the experiences and thoughts of students at Kalmar Maritime Academy. The security guards are responsible for the access to the port area. The reason why the controls are so high is in order to maintain the port’s protection, not the ship’s protection. The security guard has the same ISPS education that all port personnel have, the education a general security guard must hold, but in Gothenburg’s port a security guard also must have a “skyddsvakt’s” education.

Dogs are well adapted to a life close to humans and are capable of understanding several human social cues. Turn-taking is a fundamental phenomenon in human conversations, yet no research of turn-taking in interspecies vocal communication has been done. This pilot study therefore aimed to develop a test method in order to analyze if turn-taking occurs in interspecies vocal communication between dogs and humans and if turn-taking can be correlated with specific behaviors in dogs. By analyzing a vocal conversation between seven dogs and their owners during a request situation in their home environment, this study found support for turn-taking existence in dog-human vocal communications. In general, owner-dog vocal communication could be linked to positive events, such as tail wagging and eye contact. Meanwhile, a lower frequency of vocal turn- taking could be linked to stress related behaviors, such as lip licking. Owner in dyads where more vocal overlap occurred tended to score the owner-dog relationship and communication abilities with lower grades, suggesting the absence of turn-taking was experienced as unpleasant for the owner as well. In conclusion, findings from current study highlight the unique coevolution of dogs and humans and opens up for future research of turn-taking in interspecies vocal communication.

Este ensaio pretende contribuir à área de Teoria e Pesquisa em Comunicação com reflexões acerca da Comunicação Humana. Pretende-se mostrar, num primeiro momento, que a essência do homem, aquilo sem o que ele não seria homem, é a alma pensante, ou o espírito inteligente, e que a essência da comunicação humana é o progresso do Ser. Apoiados especialmente na filosofia kardequiana, a que se estabelece sobre o dado positivo do Espírito, foi possível depreender que a comunicação está intimamente relacionada ao progresso indefinido, intelectual e moral do homem. O progresso, tal como se revelou nas comunicações mediúnicas, é uma condição da natureza humana, cuja ação pode ser retardada, porém não anulada. E a fim de que pudéssemos melhor desempenhar o nosso objetivo, realizamos um diálogo com textos que circulam no campo das ciências da comunicação e que nos parecem pertencentes a um discurso materialista e dominante. Num segundo momento, abordamos uma noção de incomunicação nesta nossa cultura da economia monetária, a partir do estudo de forças que representariam um determinismo histórico capaz de constranger o indivíduo e embaraçar o progresso. Em nossa leitura, privilegiamos o exame de alguns mecanismos econômicos, sociológicos e uma apreciação das formas de comunicação, que reconhece na onipresença dos discursos predominantes do consumo e na falta de diálogos efetivos a incomunicação na práxis da cultura, ou um desvanecimento do senso moral na vida de relação. Por último, apresentamos uma interpretação sobre o que pode ser entendido como uma zona de negociação simbólica na cidade, a publicidade no metrô de São Paulo, pela qual vemos o exercício discursivo do consumo vigorar com proveito, a engendrar uma espécie de desqualificação do espaço ligada ao sentido da realização do direito de uso, da auto-identidade reflexiva e da participação na confecção dos caracteres culturais que determinam os hábitos. Entretanto, por observarmos se tratar de uma zona de negociação simbólica, formação discursiva da nossa própria cultura, sempre dialética, queremos mostrar que são possíveis apropriações da publicidade que não deixam de indicar a presença de uma multidão emergente na busca por superar o que chamou-se de Revolução da Informação, a conformar-se, cada vez mais consciente de si, com a senda possível e fatalista do progresso; essa fatalidade, hemos \"descoberto\", reside no bem e na felicidade que pode alcançar o Espírito através da comunicação. Comunicação, como propomos aqui, pode ser entendida como o acontecimento em que o intelecto supera-se a si mesmo, numa relação íntima que se estabelece com o outro e com a natureza que está dentro e fora do Ser; não se trata de um saber coisas, tal como se sabe quando se tem informação, mas de um saber da experiência próprio ao processo de depuração moral vivido pelos indivíduos na vida de relação; esta vida, indefinida, não pode ser aprisionada aos quadros linguísticos e materiais da história, pois que a comunicação humana está para formas imponderáveis de fazer saber, de tornar comum, de sentir e reflexionar, de participar do mundo histórico e do mundo dos espíritos. / This paper aims to contribute to the area of Theory and Research in Communication with reflections about the Human Communication. It is intended to show, at first, that the essence of man, that without which he would not be man, is the thinking soul, or intelligent spirit, and that the essence of human communication is the progress of Being. Supported especially in Kardec\'s philosophy, which is established o the positive aspect of the Spirit was possible to conclude that communication is closely related to undefined progress, intellectual and moral of man. The progress, as shown in the psychic communications, is a condition of human nature, whose action can be delayed but not annulled. And so that we can better fulfill our goal, we conducted a dialogue with texts that circulate in the field of sciences communication and which seem belonging to a materialist and dominant discourse. Secondly, we address notion of a lack of communication in our culture of monetary economics, from the study forces that would represent a historical determinism able to constrain the individual and hinder progress. In our reading, we favor the examination of some economic and sociological mechanisms and an appreciation of forms of communication which recognizes the incommunicado in the praxis of culture, or a fading of the moral sense in the life of relationship. Finally, we present an interpretation of what can be understood as a symbolic negotiation zone in the city, advertising in the subway of Sao Paulo, in which see the financial effect of the consumption of discourse with profit, to engender a kind of disqualification of space connected to the sense of realization of the right to use, self-reflexive identity and participation in the making of cultural characters that determine habits. However, as we observe it is a zone of symbolic negotiation, discursive formation of our own culture, always dialectical, we want to show that are possible appropriation of advertising that don\'t let to indicate the presence of an emerging crowd in the quest to overcome what is called the Information Revolution, to conforms increasingly self-conscious, with the possible path and fatalistic of progress; this fatality \"discovered\", lies in the good and the happiness that can reach the Spirit through communication. Communication, as we propose here, can be understood as the event in which the intellect exceeds himself in an intimate relationship that establishing with each other and with the nature and is in and out of the Being; it is not a know things, as you know when you have information, but a knowledge of experience own the process of moral purification experienced by individuals in the life of relation; this life, undefined, cannot be bound to linguistic frameworks and materials of history, cause human communication is imponderable for ways to convey, to make common, feel and reflect, to participate in the historical and spirits world.

Att få support eller att tolka information via telefon kan ibland vara problematiskt. Eftersom individer uppfattar och tolkar saker på olika sätt kan det vara svårt att förklara något. Genom att förklara något man ser framför sig, för någon annan, som i sin tur ska tolka och förstå vad det är som sägs, kan ibland vara problematiskt för båda parter. Syftet med denna uppsats i informatik är att testa hur en experimentuppsättning kan se ut. Experimentet går ut på att undersöka hur kommunikation kan uppstå verbalt när en person ska förklara ett skärminnehåll. Syftet är också att hjälpa kognitionsforskare här vid Karlstads universitet inför framtida studier. Experimentet är uppdelat i två delar, i del ett ska varje respondent prata för sig själv (eller för testledare). I del två finns det dels en talare, A, dels en lyssnare, B. B ska tolka vad A berättar och ska sedan placera objekt på samma sätt som A ser dem. Del två görs på två olika sätt, a) A får feedback på vad B åstadkommit, b) utan feedback.   För att undersöka hur en lämplig experimentuppsättning kan designas användes inte färdiga bildsekvenser på pappersark eller i power point. Istället används ett prototypingverktyg där bildskärmsinnehållet lätt kan ändras mellan olika pilottest och där sekvensen av bilder dessutom kan ändras eller avslutas under pågående test. Detta tillvägagångssätt är till stor hjälp för att finna en experimentform som forskarna var nöjda med. Utifrån försök med olika pilottest med fem respondenter i del ett kan man tydligt se att respondenterna var väldigt noggranna när de förklarade vilken figur som fanns var inom en ruta. Respondenterna var noga med att förklara utseende, färg och mönster. I del två var det gemensamt för de sex respondenterna som agerade talare (A) att de började förklara figurernas positioner uppe från vänstra hörnet först, t.ex. ”Högst uppe till vänster …..”. Undersökningen visar på att det tänkta experimentet behöver inledas med antingen bättre ledtext eller mer genomgång för respondenterna eftersom majoriteten av respondenterna hade svårt att uppfatta när testet startade. Ett problem med mer introduktion är att det styr väldigt starkt testdeltagarnas verbala beteende, alltså det som experimentet av det tänkta slaget ska undersöka.

Dogs and humans have through domestication and co-evolution established a close relationship and can communicate and understand each other. The objective of the present study was to deepen the understanding of the communication between dogs and humans, with focus on the vocalized communication. The study was based on video and audio recordings of dog-human communications from a total of 36 dogs in their home environment. The mean gap size in the communication ranged from 0.651.16 seconds and the overlap in communication had a percentage range of 14-50 %. These results are within the frame of other species communication with turn-taking. With these considerations, it clearly indicates that turn-taking occurs in interspecies communication between dogs and humans. The present study suggests that dogs intentionally communicate through vocalisation with their owners to gain the attention of the owner. In addition, age and sex of the dog influence their communication with their owners.

This paper is a comparative study of Aristotle's Poetics and Ezra Pound's ABC of Reading to discover and determine values in literature, especially poetry, which reflect on the nature and the manifestations of human communication. I feel that scholars in the field of communication can benefit personally and academically from exposure to those poets who have expr essed themselves on the reasons or the manners in which people communicate. To pursue this question requires the use of a guide to poetry, a method by which I can learn to recognize a poem on sight; so that when it comes to discourse about the communicative values of poetry, I can be assured that it is poetry and not some other thing which would be the subject of discourse. The guide is called a poetics. From among the various texts on poetics I have selected these two because not only do they contain scholarship and observation of extraordinary acumen, but also because a comparison between the two can produce valuable similarities and differences, which are of further use in establishing values for a given text of poetics.

I en skola för alla finns olika behov och elever med olika förmågor. Trots att det finns två skolformer i Sverige för att möta allas behov, så behövs det ibland extrainsatser för att specialläraren ska nå fram. Det finns verksamheter där människorna som arbetar där, har djur som samarbetspartner och där djuren fungerar som ett pedagogiskt stöd i kommunikationen mellan djur och människa. Genom detta självständiga arbete avses att vetenskapligt undersöka vad det är som sker i kommunikationen människa – djur som kan berika livsvärlden för människor, framförallt människor som reagerar på kravfyllda situationer. I studien undersöks, med hjälp av ett försök till en fenomenologisk ansats och semistrukturerade intervjuer, hur arbetet med människor i behov av särskilt stöd upplevs enligt de som i olika verksamheter arbetar med djur som samarbetspartner. Studien avser att studera de upplevelser som de som arbetar i dessa verksamheter har. Dessa upplevelser undersöktes tillsammans med vad forskare bidragit med redan på detta område i forskarvärlden. Resultatet visar att både hästar och hundar kan fungera som stöd vid läs och skrivundervisning. Djuren minskar stress för människan genom beröring. Slutsatsen är att djur har positiv effekt som pedagogiskt stöd, särskilt för personer som den traditionella skolmiljön inte fungerat som lärmiljö för. I kommunikationen mellan människa och djur uppstår en osynlig, ordlös kommunikation som är kravlös och skapar trygghet. Andra effekter är stärkt självkänsla och att naturupplevelser tillsammans med djuren hjälper människan tillbaka till sin sanna, ursprungliga natur i ett digitaliserat, stressande samhälle. / In a school there is different needs and students with different abilities. Even if there is two school forms in Sweden to meet the needs of everybody, sometimes extra measures is needed for the special needs teacher to get across. There are facilities where people who work there, have animals as co-workers and where the animals act as a pedagogical support in the communication between animal and human. The purpose of this degree project is to scientifically examine what is happening in the communication people and animal that can enrich the lifeworld for the people, especially people who react on situations filled with demands. In the study, it is examined, with an attempt to a phenomenological approach and the help of semi-structured interviews, how the work with people in need of special support.appears according to the people working in various facilities with animals as co-workers. The purpose of the study is to highlight those effects that those who work in these facilities have experienced. These experiences were examined together with what researchers have contributed with already in this field in the world of research. The result shows that both horses and dogs can be of help with the literacy teaching. Animals lower the stress level for humans through touch. The conclusion is that animals have a positive effect as a pedagogical support, especially for people that the traditional school environment didn´t work out as a lerning environment for. In the communication between people and animal an invisible, non-verbal communication emerge, that is undemanding and brings security. Other effects is strengthened self-confidence and that nature experiences together with the animals helps the human back to her true, primordial nature in a digitalized, stressful society.Sökord/

Este estudo se propõe a traçar uma analogia entre a Teoria da Comunicação e o conceito de forma musical Schoenbergiano (incluindo uma série de questões envolvidas nesta conceituação). Desta forma, busca-se verificar os limites deste paralelo, bem como investigar novas questões que possam surgir desta união. O texto está dividido em três partes. Na primeira delas, dedicada ao conceito de forma Schoenbergiano, nossa estratégia consistiu inicialmente em analisar o desenvolvimento dos sistemas musicais tonal e modal a partir de Bloch (2005), Rosen (1998), Andrade (1977) e principalmente Leibowitz (1972). Após algumas notas biográficas e comentários acerca da recepção das obras de Schoenberg no século XX, há um capítulo dedicado especificamente ao conceito de forma musical tal qual descrito por Schoenberg em seus escritos (cap. 5). A segunda parte se dedica à fundamentação das bases de um novo assunto: a Teoria da Comunicação, entendida como a aplicação dos conceitos relativos à Teoria da Informação no contexto da comunicação humana. Ela compreende um primeiro capítulo sobre a comunicação humana em geral (cap. 6); um capítulo especialmente dedicado ao aparato instrumental oferecido pela Teoria da Informação (cap. 7); e um capítulo dedicado a retrabalhar alguns de seus preceitos frente aos problemas trazidos quando o ser humano é considerado como o canal receptor de um sistema comunicacional (cap. 8). Esta parte se baseia essencialmente no estudo crítico dos textos de Elwin (1971), Epstein (1986, 1990), Moles (1959), Oliveira (1977, 1979) e sobretudo Chem/ (1971), entre outros autores. A última parte se refere à analogia entre as duas primeiras partes propriamente dita, em que confrontamos as reflexões anteriores entre si. Nesta parte do trabalho são referências importantes os trabalhos de Eco (2003), Pousseur (2009), Oliveira (1977, 1979, 1998) e De Bonis (2014), além do próprio Schoenberg (1975, 1987, 1990, 2001, 2004), entre outros. Salienta-se que o resgate e a recolocação de questões fundamentais abordadas pelos dois corpos teóricos no que se refere aos problemas da comunicação humana e, mais especificamente, musical, favorecem uma reflexão em torno da problemática relativa à criação, interpretação, escuta e ensino musicais (ocidental) na atualidade. / This study proposes to draw an analogy between the Theory of Communication and Schoenberg\'s concept of musical form (including a series of problems involved in this conceptualization). Therefore, we seek to verify the limits of this parallel, as well as investigate new issues that may arise from this union. The text is divided into three parts. In the first one, dedicated to Schoenberg\'s concept of musical form, our strategy consisted initially in analyzing the development of tonal and modal musical systems based on works by Bloch (2005), Rosen (1998), Andrade (1977) and specially Leibowitz (1972). After some biographical notes and comments about the reception of Schoenberg\'s works in the twentieth century, there is a chapter dedicated specifically to the concept of musical form as described by Schoenberg in his writings (chapter 5). The second part is dedicated to the foundations of a new subject: Communication Theory, understood as the application of concepts related to Information Theory in the context of human communication. It comprises a first chapter on human communication in general (chapter 6); a chapter especially dedicated to the instrumental apparatus offered by Information Theory (Chapter 7); and a chapter dedicated to reworking some of its precepts in face of the problems brought about when the human being is regarded as the receiving channel of a communication system (Chapter 8). This part is based essentially on the critical study of texts by Elwin (1971), Epstein (1986, 1990), Moles (1959), Oliveira (1977, 1979) and especially Cherry (1971), among other authors. The last part refers to the analogy between the first two parts, in which we confront the previous reflections among themselves. In this part of the work are important references the works of Eco (2003), Pousseur (2009), Oliveira (1977, 1979, 1998) and De Bonis (2014), besides Schoenberg himself (1975, 1987, 1990, 2001, 2004), among others. It should be pointed out that the revival and reconsideration of such fundamental questions that were addressed by the two theoretical bodies regarding the problems of human communication and, more specifically, musical communication, favor a reflection on problems related to the creation, interpretation, listening and teaching of western music today.