Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Caneparo dos Anjos.pdf: 760239 bytes, checksum: 5ee46b05e649692d78bf61e3f9b3099c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-21 / This research aims to study the main cases of human rights violations involving the Brazilian state, driven to within the American system of protection of human rights. Ultimately, this study intended to investigate the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on these issues. For the correct understanding of the issue, it was discussed the need to analyze some institutes of International Law, specifically international organizations and human rights. Accordingly, with respect to international organizations, the study examined its main points, covering its development history, its concept, its modifications according to the claims of society and, finally, its correlation to the protection and realization of human rights. Regarding the latter, the research needed to elaborate on their exponential issues involving its historical development, its conceptual determinations, the need for international protection and, in agreement with this, their systems of protection, both universal (present within the United Nations Organization) and regional (European, African, Arab and inter- American). Because of the main points of the study, the protection system of greater value was the inter-American system, enshrined in the Organization of American States, specifically in their Commission and Inter-American Court of Human Rights. The jurisdictionalization of this system is embodied in his Court, and, for a case of violation come to its attention, the Commission needs to understand that the Court s decision is essential. Thus, according to the survey, it was considered Brazil has a crucial role in the development of inter-American system, but, paradoxically, it is a major violator of human rights. The Brazilian state, in this sense, was sued by five times in the Inter-American Court - Damião Ximenes Lopes (Case 12237); Gilson Nogueira de Carvalho (Case 12058); Arley Joseph Escher and others (Case 12353), Garibaldi (Case 12478), and Julia Gomes Lund and others (Case 11552). Just in case of Gilson Nogueira de Carvalho it has not demonstrated that Brazil violated human rights.The conclusion was that Brazil was not a strong supporter and protector of human rights in the internalization and enforcement of these sentences. Brazil has only fulfilled part of the sentences. Finally, the study concluded that the inter-American system needs to enhance, despite its character of extreme importance in the protection of human rights. In the Brazilian case, it should treat their sentences more seriously to become a committed state not only to inter-American system, but also to the protection and realization of human rights of its citizens / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo dos principais casos de violações de direitos humanos, envolvendo o Estado brasileiro, levados ao âmbito do sistema interamericano de proteção de direitos humanos. Em última análise, destina-se esse estudo à investigação das decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos nas referidas questões. Para a correta compreensão do tema, debateu-se sobre a necessidade do exame de alguns institutos de Direito Internacional, especificamente das organizações internacionais e dos direitos humanos. Nesse sentido, no que tange às organizações internacionais, examinou-se seus principais pontos, englobando seu desenrolar histórico, seu conceito, suas modificações de acordo com os reclames da sociedade e, por fim, sua correlação para com a proteção e efetivação dos direitos humanos. No que tange a esses últimos, viu-se a necessidade de discorrer sobre suas exponenciais questões, envolvendo seu desenvolvimento histórico, suas determinações conceituais, a necessidade de uma proteção a nível internacional e, em concordância com essa, seus sistemas de proteção, tanto universais (presente no quadro das Organizações das Nações Unidas), como regionais (sistema europeu, africano, árabe e interamericano). Por ali se encontrarem as questões cruciais do estudo, o sistema de proteção de maior valia fora o interamericano, consagrado na Organização dos Estados Americanos, mais especificamente em sua Comissão e Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. A jurisdicionalização do referido sistema encontra-se materializada em sua Corte, sendo que, para que um caso de violação chegue ao seu conhecimento, necessário se faz o crivo anterior da Comissão. Assim, de acordo com a pesquisa, entendeu-se ter o Brasil um papel crucial no desenvolvimento do sistema interamericano, mas, paradoxalmente, constitui-se como um grande violador dos direitos humanos. O Estado brasileiro, nesse sentido, fora demandado por cinco vezes na Corte Interamericana nos casos Damião Ximenes Lopes (Caso 12.237); Gilson Nogueira de Carvalho (Caso 12.058); Arley José Escher e Outros (Caso 12.353); Sétimo Garibaldi (Caso 12.478); e Julia Gomes Lund e Outros (Caso 11.552) -, tendo sido condenado em todos eles, à exceção do caso Gilson Nogueira de Carvalho. Chegou-se à conclusão que, na internalização e cumprimento das referidas sentenças, o Brasil não se demonstrou um fervoroso defensor e protetor dos direitos humanos, pois veio cumprir apenas parte dos dispositivos das referidas sentenças. Finalmente, pôde-se concluir, com esse trabalho, que o sistema interamericano, obstante seu caráter de extrema importância na proteção dos direitos humanos, necessita aprimorar-se para que a efetivação se torne uma realidade nos Estados que dele fazem parte e, no caso brasileiro, deverá o Brasil tratar suas condenações com mais seriedade para que, de fato, venha a ser um Estado comprometido não apenas ao sistema interamericano, mas igualmente à proteção e efetivação dos direitos humanos de seus cidadãos

The world has seen gradual evolution of regional human rights arrangements. The adoption by the UN General Assembly of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948, was followed by the creation of numerous regional instruments that address concerns of particular importance in the regional context. Three world regions, Africa, the Americas and Europe, have established their respective regional instruments together with the supervisory mechanism, such as commissions and courts. The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, with its emphasis on group rights and individual duties challenges the Western liberal account of rights, as expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The cultural differences brought to the fore not only the tension between individual and group rights but also the question as to whether of the universalism of human rights is possible. The study advocates for a moderate universalism of human rights, which can only be achieved through a dialogue among different cultural approaches to the notion of human rights. This study examines the content and substance of human rights norms of the African system with a view to recommending the possible strategies for their reform. Its central thesis is, the system is rather weak and therefore needs to be reformed. Toward this end, the study analyses the provisions of the African Charter. Thereafter, it explores its weaknesses and proposes strategies for their reform. The African human rights mechanisms face a number of common and particular challenges. Prospectively, Africa is going through a tremendous and interesting phase. These challenges are not insurmountable. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Within the Latin American state Constitutions, is the establishment of prior consultation for theindigenous peoples legitimate? Does it represent away of imposition of the minority rights in front ofthe majority rights? Does it implies a power of vetoover the state decisions?In this article, the author answers the aforementioned questions, as he assays an ethical and legal foundation for the establishment of the mechanism of free, prior and informed consultation, one that goes beyond its national and international recognition. / Dentro de las Constituciones de América Latina,¿es legítimo el establecimiento de la consulta previa a los pueblos indígenas? ¿Supone una imposición de los derechos de las minorías frente a losderechos de las mayorías? ¿Implica un poder de veto de las decisiones estatales?En este artículo, el autor responde a estas inte- rrogantes mientras ensaya un fundamento jurídico y ético para el establecimiento del mecanismo de la consulta previa, libre e informada, que vaya más allá de su reconocimiento nacional e internacional.

"The purpose of this study is to interrogate the doctrine of margin of appreciation as applied in the European Court of Human Rights and establish amenable lessos to the African human rights system. As such, the author will be able to draw appropriate and informed recommendations on the prospects of the doctrine in African context. In other words, the study proceeds from the approach that 'diversity' alone is not enough to guarantee application of margin of appreciation. Rather, a variety of factors come into consideration while weighing whether margin of appreciation should be granted to states. Indeed, such benchmarks will inform the discourse of this study, while at the same time acknowledging that a comparative study between European and African systems cannot be possible. The premise for disqualifying a comparison assumes that margin of appreciation presupposes a democratic society. Thus, while the member states of the ECHR have attained high levels of human rights records, some of their counterparts in Africa are still marred by embarrassing human rights records." -- Preamble. "Chapter one introduces the study and the context in which it is set. It highlights the basis and structure of the study. Chapter two makes reference to the connotation, origin and development of the doctrine of margin of appreciation. It discusses also contours and varying degrees of the doctrine's application with particular regard to respect of the rule of law. In addition, difficulties linked to the doctrine are highlighted. Chapter three highlights policy grounds underlying margin of appreciation in the European Court of Human Rights. It starts from most decisive policy grounds and moves to weaker ones. Chapter four examines the legal basis for application of the doctrine of margin of appreciation under the African Charter. It further notes the attitude of African states through their submissions claiming margin. The Prince case as the first of its kind to invoke margin of appreciation is discussed. Chapter five attempts to identify the defensibility and indefensibility of the doctrine in [the] African human rights system. Chapter six consists of a summary of the presentation and the conclusions drawn from the entire study." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Gilles Cistac at the Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mocambique / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

[pt] A presente pesquisa tem por escopo analisar os crescentes fluxos migratórios na América Latina e no Caribe relacionados às mudanças climáticas. Pretende-se identificar as novas tendências de deslocamentos forçados transfronteiriços no continente americano e examinar o quadro normativo protetivo disponível na região para a tutela dos novos deslocados no cenário de crise climática, especialmente ante a ausência de uma norma internacional própria de proteção. Para isso, é necessário confrontar o atual Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, além de outras normativas como os Princípios Reitores Relativos aos Deslocados Internos de 1998 e documentos afetos à proteção na seara migratória, no que dizem respeito às atuais demandas e hipóteses de mobilizações forçadas e migrações provocadas por catástrofes e fenômenos climáticos extremos. Tem-se por objetivo, por fim, verificar as capacidades e potencialidades do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos (SIDH) para a proteção adequada das pessoas deslocadas forçadas por razões climáticas e ambientais. Considerase, sobretudo, a possibilidade de aplicação efetiva das normas de direitos humanos e dos padrões protetivos desenvolvidos no âmbito regional, tanto em questões ambientais quanto em questões de mobilidade humana, como resposta diante da anomia. Especial atenção é dada ao trabalho de interpretação empreendido pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos (Corte IDH) e suas contribuições que se coadunam e impulsionam a humanização do Direito Internacional, como sustentado por Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade. / [en] The scope of this research is to analyze the growing migratory flows in Latin America and the Caribbean related to climate change. The aim is to identify new trends in cross-border forced displacement on the American continent and examine the protective regulatory framework available in the region to protect new displaced people in the climate crisis scenario, especially given the absence of a specific international protection standard, which implies confronting the current International Refugee Law, in addition to other regulations such as the 1998 Guiding Principles Relating to Internally Displaced Persons and documents related to protection in the area of migration, with regard to the current demands and hypotheses of forced mobilizations and migrations caused by catastrophes and extreme weather phenomena. The objective is, finally, to verify the capabilities and potential of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) for the adequate protection of people forced to be displaced for climate and environmental reasons. Above all, the possibility of effective application of human rights standards and protective standards developed, both in environmental issues and human mobility issues, at the regional level is considered as a response to anomie. Special attention is given to the interpretation work undertaken by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IDH Court) and its contributions that are in line with and promote the humanization of International Law, as supported by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.

The law governing children’s rights is part of international human rights law and therefore plays an important role in the protection of human rights. However, the effectiveness of the protection of children’s rights depends on a State’s compliance with children’s rights instruments and the implementation mechanisms within a given State. There are implementation mechanisms for the protection of children’s rights at the national, regional and international levels. The protection of children’s rights at these three levels is provided for by children’s rights instruments. The monitoring of particular implementation mechanisms with regard to children’s rights is effected by reporting processes through State Parties to domestic institutions, regional, and international organisations. The reports provided by States Parties must contain relevant information with regard to measures that States Parties have taken to implement children’s rights instruments. Inadequate implementation mechanisms for the protection of children’s rights have emerged as the greatest threat to the realisation of children’s rights. This means that the adoption of children’s rights instruments may yield results only when effective implementation steps are taken by the respective States Parties. There are four “cornerstone” principles that underpin the protection of children’s rights.1 These are: non-discrimination; the best interest of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the views of the child.2 This study will evaluate the right to education and the best interests of the child principle as covered in children’s rights instruments at regional and international levels.Education is a powerful tool in ensuring the protection and enjoyment of children’s rights. Therefore, ineffective implementation of the right to education may have adverse consequences for society. The best interest of the child principle is the guiding principle in all matters concerning children’s rights.3 Therefore, the application and effectiveness of the best interests of the child principle will ensure adequate protection of children’s rights. Further, the study will examine the right to education and the best interest of the child in order to demonstrate how the United Nations (UN) and regional human rights instruments have provided for their implementation. Ratification of children’s rights instruments is a symbolic gesture on the part of States Parties to the recognition and significance of protection of children’s rights. The compliance with children rights instruments or treaty obligations is crucial to ensure adequate protection of children’s rights. Thus, non-compliance with treaty obligations will have a negative impact on the protection of children’s rights. The evaluation of the right to education and the best interests of the child principle will be undertaken against the backdrop of children’s rights instruments. The children’s rights instruments are provided for by the United Nations (UN) and regional human rights systems. The dissertation will evaluate the right to education and the best interests of the child principle within three regional systems, namely, the European Union (EU), the Organisation of American States (OAS), and the African Union (AU). It will also examine pertinent case law within the three regional systems. Finally, the efficacy of implementation mechanisms for the enforcement of children’s rights will be assessed. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LLM

Cette thèse porte sur deux espaces juridiques différents : celui des droits de l’homme et celui des investissements étrangers. Le centre de gravité de notre recherche étant défini géographiquement en Amérique latine, le but est d’analyser l’articulation de ces deux espaces juridiques en identifiant et étudiant la circulation normative dans sa dimension horizontale, c'est-à-dire reposant sur le cadre normatif international. L’interaction entre le droit international des investissements et les droits de l’homme est une problématique récente, qui a commencé à attirer l’attention de la communauté internationale et a mis en évidence les avantages et les limites de leur articulation. En effet, les États sont tenus de protéger, respecter et garantir tous les droits de l’homme indépendamment des classifications dont ils font l’objet. Concomitamment, les Etats doivent aussi suivre les obligations relatives aux investissements étrangers déduites des accords en la matière. Le respect de ces deux types d’obligations peut opérer sans poser de problèmes de coordination, ou, au contraire, dans certaines hypothèses, une concurrence de ces deux types d’engagements peut apparaître. De ce fait, l’identification de leurs points de rencontre ainsi que de leurs points d’achoppement devra être menée pour atteindre l’objectif principal de notre analyse défini par l’articulation de ces deux domaines du droit international. La pratique témoigne des implications que les activités d’investissements ont de temps en temps vis-à-vis des droits de la personne, ce qui invite à analyser l’interaction entre ces deux régimes juridiques. C’est ainsi que quelques nouveaux modèles de traités d’investissements commencent à mentionner expressément la protection des droits de l’homme. De la même manière, l’arbitrage international est de plus en plus occupé par des questions concernant les points de rencontre et d’achoppement entre les deux régimes. Ainsi, la jurisprudence arbitrale traite la question, mais souvent de façon timide et hétérogène, et la plupart du temps par le biais d’interprétations privilégiant la protection des droits de l’investisseur sur toute autre question relevant des droits des différentes personnes affectées par l’investissement. La lecture de cette même situation dans l’enceinte contentieuse des droits de l’homme du système interaméricain est souvent divergente, car ceux-ci sont appliqués et interprétés en concordance avec des principes spécifiques et privilégiant l’essence humaniste qui distingue la matière. Ces divergences d’interprétation risquent de s’approfondir du fait de la spécificité des structures régionales participant à la création et au développement du droit international des investissements et des droits de l’homme. En Amérique latine, région reconnue pour ses contrastes, des approches régionales particulières se sont développées autour de la question du traitement et de la protection des étrangers par le biais des doctrines Calvo et Drago, ainsi que de l’interprétation régionale de plusieurs droits dans le cadre du système interaméricain de protection des droits de l’homme. Ces approches particulières ont bâti des traditions juridiques latino-américaines, dans les matières respectives, qui ont évolué dans le temps et se confrontent avec le cadre juridique international de l’investissement étranger. Cette situation de possible fragmentation juridique se nourrit de la création des nouveaux centres de décision et d’institutions régionaux comme l’UNASUR, l’ALBA et plus récemment la CELAC. De ce fait, elle nous invite à approfondir la question de l’articulation des régimes juridiques en l’étudiant sous le prisme de la tradition juridique latino-américaine. / This thesis addresses two different legal areas: Human Rights and foreign investment protection. The focal point of our research is Latin America, and the objective is to analyze the articulation of the above-mentioned legal areas, while identifying and studying the circulation of legal norms in their horizontal dimension, in other words, in the framework of international law. The interaction of foreign investment law and human rights is recent, and is a subject that has begun to attract the attention of the international community and to display the advantages and limits in their articulation In fact, States have to protect, respect and guarantee Human Rights, regardless of the classification they are subject to. At the same time, States must also comply with their obligations to protect foreign investment in their territories derived from international treaties that they are part of. Compliance with these two types of obligations can take place without implying any coordination problems, but in other cases, it could also cause these obligations to clash. We will aim to identify common points in both regimes, as well as conflict areas in order to determine the articulation between these two areas of international law. In fact, practice reflects the implications that investment activities sometimes have on human rights, and invites to analyze the interactions between these two regimes. This is how some new model agreements promoting and protecting foreign investment have begun to expressly refer the protection of human rights. In the same way, international arbitration has been increasingly dealing with questions concerning the common areas, as well as the diverging points of these two regimes. In effect, arbitral jurisprudence deals with this interaction, but often times in a timid and heterogeneous way, and in the majority of the cases biased by interpretations that privilege the rights of investors over any other question relative to rights of other persons affected by the investment. In light of human rights jurisprudence, this situation often receives a different understanding, due to the fact that human rights are interpreted and applied in accordance with specific principles, and placing greater importance on the humanistic essence that distinguishes the area. These differences in the interpretation may deepen, taking into account the specificity of regional structures that participate in the creation and development of international investment law and international human rights law. Concerning Latin America, bearing in mind the contrasts that depict the region, it has featured particular approaches with regard to the treatment of foreign investors, greatly influenced by the Calvo and Drago doctrines, as well as by regional interpretations within the framework of the Inter-American system of human rights. These interpretations have built Latin American legal traditions in the matter that have evolved over time, and can be evaluated against the international investment juridical framework. This landscape of possible legal fragmentation is nourished by the creations of new decision-making centers and regional institutions such as the UNASUR, ALBA, and more recently the CELAC. This question calls us to deepen the study of the articulation of these two legal regimes, under the prism of the Latin American legal tradition.

The law governing children’s rights is part of international human rights law and therefore plays an important role in the protection of human rights. However, the effectiveness of the protection of children’s rights depends on a State’s compliance with children’s rights instruments and the implementation mechanisms within a given State. There are implementation mechanisms for the protection of children’s rights at the national, regional and international levels. The protection of children’s rights at these three levels is provided for by children’s rights instruments. The monitoring of particular implementation mechanisms with regard to children’s rights is effected by reporting processes through State Parties to domestic institutions, regional, and international organisations. The reports provided by States Parties must contain relevant information with regard to measures that States Parties have taken to implement children’s rights instruments. Inadequate implementation mechanisms for the protection of children’s rights have emerged as the greatest threat to the realisation of children’s rights. This means that the adoption of children’s rights instruments may yield results only when effective implementation steps are taken by the respective States Parties. There are four “cornerstone” principles that underpin the protection of children’s rights.1 These are: non-discrimination; the best interest of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and respect for the views of the child.2 This study will evaluate the right to education and the best interests of the child principle as covered in children’s rights instruments at regional and international levels.Education is a powerful tool in ensuring the protection and enjoyment of children’s rights. Therefore, ineffective implementation of the right to education may have adverse consequences for society. The best interest of the child principle is the guiding principle in all matters concerning children’s rights.3 Therefore, the application and effectiveness of the best interests of the child principle will ensure adequate protection of children’s rights. Further, the study will examine the right to education and the best interest of the child in order to demonstrate how the United Nations (UN) and regional human rights instruments have provided for their implementation. Ratification of children’s rights instruments is a symbolic gesture on the part of States Parties to the recognition and significance of protection of children’s rights. The compliance with children rights instruments or treaty obligations is crucial to ensure adequate protection of children’s rights. Thus, non-compliance with treaty obligations will have a negative impact on the protection of children’s rights. The evaluation of the right to education and the best interests of the child principle will be undertaken against the backdrop of children’s rights instruments. The children’s rights instruments are provided for by the United Nations (UN) and regional human rights systems. The dissertation will evaluate the right to education and the best interests of the child principle within three regional systems, namely, the European Union (EU), the Organisation of American States (OAS), and the African Union (AU). It will also examine pertinent case law within the three regional systems. Finally, the efficacy of implementation mechanisms for the enforcement of children’s rights will be assessed. / Public, Constitutional, and International Law / LLM

This investigative research has been prepared based on the judgment of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of November 24, 2010, issued in the case Gomes Lund. In it, the Inter-American Court finds, unanimously, the international responsibility of the Brazilian State for the enforced disappearance of members of the Guerrilla do Araguaia and violation of multiple human rights of the direct victims of disappearance, their families and Brazilian society as a whole. One of the central aspects of the judgment is it statement toward the ineffectiveness of the Amnesty Law (1979), thus eliminating the main obstacle that prevents the search for justice in domestic courts. However, in the Brazilian domestic level, the Supreme Federal Court reached a majority agreement within the framework of a constitutional action (complaint action of non-compliance of fundamental n°153, 2010), by which it declared that the Brazilian Amnesty Law is not subject to review, that it legal status is a quasi-law (law-measure) under which lacks the ability to be interpreted by a court of law. Notwithstanding which, the judgment of the majority in a new, mistaken and falsely way extended its scope until making match the Amnesty Law with the source from which emanates the legitimacy of the Brazilian constituent (1988). In other words, Brazilian democracy – this say by the highest authority of the judiciary of this country – is founded and based on impunity for serious violations of human rights and crimes against humanity committed during the state terrorism that hit Brazil in its recent past. In order to reaffirm the juridical unsustainability of the decision of the Brazilian Supreme Court already mentioned, this research is based on the hypothesis that the violation of human rights inevitably implies a violation of constitutional order, national and international. And this is so because the contemporary notes of human rights and the institutionalization of universal jurisdictions with a mandate to protect and promote them converge with regulatory and internal jurisdictions in the structural space of law. For this, through three chapters, is develop first, the conception of human rights that traces this investigative perspective and its housing in the core of universal institutional processes: culture and democracy. Second, this perspective is confronted with the practice of the organs of the Inter-American System of Human Rights, which is approached from the angle of the contentious jurisdiction of the Commission and Inter-American Court. Finally, the Inter-American patterns or standards are analyzed - inaugural, central and arguably consolidated for decades at the regional level - in the field of forced disappearance of persons, and illustrated its correct juridical incorporation by the judgment of the Supreme Court of Argentina in the cause Simón (2005). The study aims to demonstrate or rather reaffirm that the Federative Republic of Brazil is in possession of the juridical elements that will allow the country to fully comply with the judgment of the Inter-American Court pronounced in the case Gomes Lund and which is still pending compliance. That is, ultimately, this research bet, that Gomes Lund case will have a future; future that will have repercussions on the functioning of Justice, the strengthening of Social Democracy and the rule of law consolidation in Brazil. This research is conducted through the analytical method and the case study method. / O presente trabalho tem sido elaborado com base na sentença da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos de 24 de novembro de 2010, emitida no caso Gomes Lund. Nela, a Corte Interamericana verifica, por unanimidade, a responsabilidade internacional do Estado brasileiro pelo desaparecimento forçado dos membros da Guerrilha do Araguaia e a violação de múltiplos direitos humanos das vítimas diretas de desaparecimento, de seus familiares e da sociedade brasileira como um todo. Um dos aspetos centrais da decisão judicial encontra-se na declaração de ineficácia da Lei de Anistia brasileira (1979), eliminando, assim, o principal obstáculo que impede a busca por justiça na jurisdição interna. No entanto, no âmbito interno brasileiro, o Supremo Tribunal Federal alcançou um acordo por maioria no marco da ação de arguição de descumprimento de preceito fundamental n°153 (2010), pelo qual declarou que a Lei de Anistia brasileira não é suscetível de revisão, que o seu estatuto jurídico é o de uma quase-lei (lei-medida) em virtude do qual carece de possibilidade de ser interpretado por um tribunal de justiça. Não obstante o qual, esse acórdão da maioria estendeu nova, equivocada e falsamente o seu alcance até fazer coincidir a Lei de Anistia com a fonte de onde emana a legitimidade do constituinte brasileiro (1988). Ou seja, a democracia brasileira – segundo a mais alta autoridade do Judiciário desse país – se funda e assenta sobre a impunidade das graves violações dos direitos humanos e crimes contra a humanidade cometidos durante o terrorismo de Estado que assolou o Brasil no seu passado recente. A fim de reafirmar a insustentabilidade jurídica da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal já mencionada, a presente pesquisa baseia-se na hipótese de que a violação dos direitos humanos implica, inevitavelmente, uma violação da ordem jurídica constitucional, nacional e internacional. E que isto é assim porque as notas contemporâneas dos direitos humanos e a institucionalização das jurisdições universais com mandato para proteger e promovê-los convergem com as normativas e as jurisdições internas no espaço estrutural do Direito. Para isso, por meio de três capítulos se desenvolve, primeiro, a conceição de direitos humanos que traça esta perspectiva investigativa e sua habitação no núcleo de processos institucionais universais: cultura e democracia. Em segundo lugar, essa perspectiva é confrontada com a prática dos órgãos do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, que é abordada a partir do ângulo da competência contenciosa da Comissão e Corte Interamericanas. Finalmente, são analisados os padrões interamericanos – inaugurais, centrais e indiscutivelmente consolidados durante décadas no nível regional – em matéria de desaparecimento forçado de pessoas, sendo ilustrada sua correta incorporação jurídica através da sentença da Corte Suprema de Justiça da Nação Argentina na causa Simón (2005). O estudo tem por objetivo demonstrar ou, melhor, reafirmar que a República Federativa do Brasil está na posse dos elementos jurídicos que lhe permitirá cumprir integralmente a sentença da Corte Interamericana pronunciada no caso Gomes Lund e que ainda está pendente de cumprimento. Ou seja, em última análise, esta pesquisa aposta que o caso Gomes Lund terá um porvir; porvir que repercutirá no funcionamento da Justiça, no fortalecimento da Socialdemocracia e na consolidação do Estado de Direito no Brasil. Os métodos com recurso aos quais esta pesquisa é conduzida são o método analítico e do método de estudo de caso.

The purpose of this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare through a critical analysis of the law of obligations, constitutional law and international law framed in the wider focal point of South African medical law. The Constitution only makes provision for the right to access to health care. Conclusively this thesis will have to establish a link between a minimum standard in health care and the Constitution. It is submitted that the most efficacious method of establishing this link is with the duty of care, which is intrinsically linked to the doctor-patient relationship. If a critical analysis of the doctor-patient relationship can establish a clear link between the duty of care and state liability then such a link can successfully be applied to the Constitution. If this link is transposed onto the Constitution, a critical evaluation of the rights in the Bill of Rights will then reveal the most applicable right that can house the right to an adequate standard of health care. Such an analysis is only part of the solution however. In order to make this right effective, the international body of medical laws must be critically analysed and juxtaposed against this adequate standard. This carries the dual purpose of adding normative content as well as determining the current state of South Africa’s obligations under international human rights law, and to what extent those obligations have been discharged. Finally, and most significantly, the right to adequate healthcare, as it was forged in the international legal analysis, will be transposed onto the current South African jurisprudence of socio-economic rights. This practical application will then be reflected onto the new National Health Care Insurance to show conclusively that the current governmental approach of effecting health care is wholly inoperable and will ultimately result in significant harm and extensive human rights violations. This is based on the government only considering access to health care sufficient to discharge its duties and being totally incapable of effectively managing its resources. The core outcome for this thesis is to prove the existence of the right to adequate healthcare. Secondary outcomes are tracing the history of medicine to illustrate the creation and evolution of the doctor-patient relationship, a critical analysis of the application of medical ethics to South African law of obligations, a critical analysis of the Constitution and its fundamentals, an exhaustive evaluation of South Africa’s duties and accomplishments under its international obligations and effectively applying the right to adequate healthcare which is diametrically opposed to the current course South Africa is taking to provide health care. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Public Law / unrestricted