This dissertation tests the theories put forth by Mr. E.P. Thompson (The Making of the English Working Class) where he points to 18th century hunger riots as examples of incipient class formation. Using untapped local source documents, the dissertation examines the hunger riots of 1766 one by one and also in regional contexts. The dissertation concludes that issues of class have very little to do with explaining the origins of the hunger riots. Instead, what was involved was an unexpected European-wide failure of the wheat crop following an unusual weather pattern which interrupted the westerly movement of weather masses. The sudden demand for wheat was picked up by English corn merchants and they quickly acted to export large amounts of wheat to reap windfall profits. The English river and canal system, the turnpike roads and the English coastline made rapid export both possible and expedient. Large populations of rural textile workers in East Anglia, the Upper Thames Valley and the West Country were faced with vanishing supplies of bread which they relied upon. The crowds made use of common law concepts and Tudor statutes restricting sale and resale of wheat and establishing the “assize of bread”. The functioning of the central government is closely examined. The episode caught the establishment entirely off guard. Troops were sent, the riots were quashed, the rioters were quickly tried and either hung, deported to North America or merely chastised. The riots show how the industrialization of Britain led to wholly unexpected events and social situations. E.P. Thompson’s thesis was not directly supported by the evidence adduced in this study. In 1776 Adam Smith used the hunger riots of 1766 to show how the private act of hoarding grain for profitable resale could serve the public purpose of avoiding dearth and starvation. The hunger riots of 1766 are therefore what might justly be deemed the “proximate cause” of the free market economy

This thesis aimed to analyze how men and masculinity were portrayed in The Hunger Games. I intended to investigate the most salient masculine characters. I also wanted to analyse the one-on-one interactions between men as well as their group interactions. I sought to investigate if one could see any power relations between the male characters and if they were traditionally masculine or not in this interaction, and also if this book could be used for discussions in the work with the core values of the Swedish national curriculum. The questions used in the thesis were: ”How are the men portrayed, and how do they act, compared against a traditional masculinity norm?”, ”What happens in the homosocial interaction between the men?”, and ”How do the men treat Katniss, seen from a masculinity perspective?” The theories used in the analysis were found within the field of masculinity studies. Hegemonic masculinity theory was the first one, and the second theory was the theoretical framework of traditional masculinity ideologies by Mahalik et al., specifically the measurement tool of CMNI – Conformity to Masculinity Norm Inventory. The method used to collect the data for the analysis was Close Reading. In the analysis I compared the men to a set of masculinity norms. The measurement tool was the norm inventory of CMNI. The results of the analysis found that at all the men in the study lived in accordance with at least some of the traditional masculinity norms. Out of the four men analysed, three of them had a gender equal relationship with the female lead character. Some men in the book were shown to act based on a patriarchal power structure. It was found that the men who acted in accordance with this structure were conforming more to the traditional masculity norms in their interaction with other men than in their interaction with women.

This thesis concerns the history of humanitarian nutrition and its political implications. Drawing on aid agency archives and other historical sources, it examines how food has been delivered in emergencies, from the First World War to the present day. The approach is ethnographic: this is a study of the micro-level practices of relief, examining the objects distributed, the plans made, the techniques used. It is also historical: examining how such practices have changed over time. This thesis makes five interlocking arguments. First, I make a political point: that humanitarian action is always political, and that it is impossible to adhere to ‘classical’ humanitarian principles such as neutrality, impartiality and independence. Second, I make a sociological argument: that the activities of humanitarian nutrition have been shaped by a number of themes, which include militarism, medicine, modernity, and markets. Third, I make a historical argument: that the main features of humanitarian nutrition were solidified between the 1930s and the 1970s, and were largely in place by the time of the Biafran war. Fourth, I make a sociological argument: that these mid-century changes involved a profound redefinition of hunger and food (with hunger conceived as a biochemical deficiency, and food as a collection of nutrients). Finally, I make a normative argument, suggesting that this redefinition has not necessarily benefited the starving: the provision of food in emergencies, I argue, is often concerned with control and efficiency rather than the suffering individuals themselves.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir a fome numa perspectiva geográfica. A importância do tema se deve ao fato de que a alimentação é fundamental para a manutenção da vida; portanto, essencial à existência. Assim, inferimos a fome como um processo constituído ao longo da nossa história, no caso específico do Brasil, o reflexo vigente de uma formação desigual. Refletir sobre a formação territorial de nosso país, ajuda-nos a apreender a formação sócioespacial brasileira. Essa discussão nos auxilia também a entender como a fome se revela no território usado brasileiro. A Geografia exibe os usos desiguais do território, com a extensão do meio técnico-científico-informacional que chega para alguns e continua a excluir muitos. Acontecimento este que amplia a perversidade decorrente, nesta contemporaneidade, do alijamento da maioria da população do meio referido anteriormente. Discutir a fome geograficamente é discutir também o uso do território não apenas pela produção, mas pelas possibilidades que todos devem ter de produzir alimentos, inclusive discutir a sua distribuição para aqueles que ainda passam fome. O território usado, portanto, se transforma numa poderosa categoria de análise social, importante argumento para a apreensão da fome como processo político, e não como fenômeno. / This paper aims to discuss hunger in a geographical perspective. The topic is important due to the fact that food is essential for the maintenance of life, so, essential to existence. Thus, we infer the hunger as a process consisting throughout our history, in the specific case of Brazil, the reflection effect of unequal formation. Reflecting on the territorial formation of our country, helps us to grasp the Brazilian socio-spatial formation. This discussion also helps us to understand how hunger is revealed in Brazilian territory. Geography displays the unequal uses of the territory, with the extension of the technicalscientific- informational arriving for some and continuing to exclude many. This event extends the resulting perversity, this contemporary, the jettisoning of the majority of the middle mentioned above. To discuss hunger geographically also means to discuss the use of the territory not only for production, but the possibilities that everyone should have to produce food, including discussing their distribution to those who are still hungry. Therefore, the territory which is used becomes a powerful category of social analysis, an important argument for the seizure of hunger as a political process, and not as a phenomenon.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivan Domingos Carvalho Santos.pdf: 1614279 bytes, checksum: ece0085979383d8553c8695003ff7dac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study Nutritional Science was approached from another angle, Anthropology, through the theory of memory, the food memories of old people. The focus of this study was, therefore, the alimentary memory analysis of Curitiba s main population groups. The groups analysed were poles, italians and people of African descent. The amazing aspect of this study was the discovery of a new world, of on alimentary reality, full of taste and distaste. A world that still has a lot to be revealed / Ao olhar a Ciência da Nutrição sob uma outra ótica, busquei na Antropologia por meio da teoria da memória as lembranças alimentares de velhos. O foco desse estudo foi, portanto, a análise da memória alimentar dos principais grupos que constituíram Curitiba. Os grupos analisados foram os afro-descendentes, poloneses e italianos. O prazer deste estudo foi a descoberta de um mundo novo, de uma realidade alimentar repleta de sabores e dissabores. Um mundo que ainda tem muito a ser desvendado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivan Domingos Carvalho Santos.pdf: 1614279 bytes, checksum: ece0085979383d8553c8695003ff7dac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this study Nutritional Science was approached from another angle, Anthropology, through the theory of memory, the food memories of old people. The focus of this study was, therefore, the alimentary memory analysis of Curitiba s main population groups. The groups analysed were poles, italians and people of African descent. The amazing aspect of this study was the discovery of a new world, of on alimentary reality, full of taste and distaste. A world that still has a lot to be revealed / Ao olhar a Ciência da Nutrição sob uma outra ótica, busquei na Antropologia por meio da teoria da memória as lembranças alimentares de velhos. O foco desse estudo foi, portanto, a análise da memória alimentar dos principais grupos que constituíram Curitiba. Os grupos analisados foram os afro-descendentes, poloneses e italianos. O prazer deste estudo foi a descoberta de um mundo novo, de uma realidade alimentar repleta de sabores e dissabores. Um mundo que ainda tem muito a ser desvendado

L'existence d'une contre-irritation dyspnée-douleur, c'est-à-dire l'inhibition d'une sensation douloureuse par une sensation de dyspnée, permet d'établie une analogie forte dyspnée - douleur. La dyspnée de type " effort inspiratoire excessif " inhibe le réflexe spinal de flexion, ce qui indique qu'elle est au moins en partie médiée par des fibres C. Cette thèse approfondit les connaissances dans ce domaine. Elle montre que la dyspnée de type soif d'air possède des propriétés analgésiques procédant de mécanismes centraux puisqu'elle interagit avec les potentiels évoqués laser qui sont le reflet des mécanismes corticaux mis en jeu au cours de stimulation douloureuse. Elle évalue l'effet d'un antalgique non opioïde de pallier 1, le nefopam, sur une dyspnée expérimentale de type " effort inspiratoire excessif " sans mettre en évidence d'interaction du nefopam avec la contre-irritation dyspnée douleur. / Dyspnea – pain counter – irritation, namely the inhibition of nociceptive sensation by dyspneic sensation, indicates that dyspnea and pain share some mechanisms. Dyspnea of the work/effort type inhibits the spinal flexion reflex, meaning that it involves C-Fibers. This thesis aims at improving knowledge in this field. It shows that dyspnea of the air hunger type has analgesics properties proceeding from central mechanisms: “air hunger” indeed inhibits laser evoked potentials that depends on the pain-related activation of cortical networks. It also evaluates the effect of a non-opioid first step analgesic, nefopam, on an experimental dyspnea of the “work-effort” type, and shows that although nefopam acts on C-fibers, it does not attenuate dyspnea and does not modify dyspnea-pain counter-irritation as evaluated by laser-evoked potentials. Finally, the thesis brings the first evidence of dyspnea-pain interactions in the clinical setting, by showing that ALS patients treated by non-invasive ventilation exhibit heightened pain sensitivity concomitant to the relief of dyspnea. These data advance the current understanding of dyspnea mechanisms and open new perspectives for treatment evaluation.

Climatério é a fase da vida da mulher em que ocorrem alterações hormonais que culminam em alterações metabólicas peculiares desse período, como por exemplo, diminuição do gasto energético e ganho ponderal. Com isso, os objetivos do presente trabalho foram mensurar o gasto energético e calcular a oxidação de carboidratos e lipídios, nos momentos basal e após uma sobrecarga lipídica, de mulheres pós-menopausadas com excesso de peso, estratificadas de acordo com o nível do estradiol plasmático (E2), bem como analisar peptídeos reguladores da fome e da saciedade nos mesmos momentos. Os grupos de mulheres foram: grupo 1- E2 39 pg/mL, 2- 40 E2 59 pg/mL, e 3- E2 60 pg/mL. As voluntárias receberam uma única refeição de 1100 kcal e 72% de lipídios, a qual caracterizou a sobrecarga lipídica. O gasto energético foi medido por calorimetria indireta por um período de cinco horas, sendo que as mensurações foram realizadas nos momentos 30, 60, 90, 150, 210 e 270 minutos. Os peptídeos reguladores da fome e da saciedade foram analisados no momento basal, após 30 e 270 minutos da sobrecarga lipídica. Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste não paramétrico Kruskal-Wallis, e para a comparação entre os momentos no mesmo grupo, foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear com efeitos mistos, considerando p<0,05(*). Quarenta e quatro mulheres pós-menopausadas foram estudadas, com idade de 55±5 anos (média±desvio padrão), índice de massa corporal de 31±4 kg/m² e tempo de pós-menopausa de 8±7 anos. De uma forma geral, o gasto energético de repouso foi de 1337±194* kcal/dia, aumentando para 1476±295* kcal/dia nos primeiros 30´ pós-prandiais, e para 1513±318* kcal/dia ao final. Entre os grupos, não houve diferença estatística significativa. Em relação à oxidação de carboidratos, o valor basal foi de 151±95 mg/min, diminuindo para 146±95 mg/min nos primeiros 30´, e para 122±44 mg/min ao final (valores convertidos para mg/min para facilitar a leitura). O valor basal da oxidação lipídica foi de 37±30* mg/min, aumentando para 52±24* mg/min nos primeiros 30´ pós-prandiais, e para 63±21* mg/min ao final. Entre os grupos, não houve diferença estatística significativa quanto à oxidação de carboidratos, e quanto aos lipídios, houve diferença apenas entre os grupos 1 (maiores valores, p=0,03) e 2 ao final do experimento , e entre os grupos 1 e 3 (maiores valores, p=0,04) no momento 150´. Quanto aos peptídeos, o valor basal da leptina foi de 47±29 ng/mL, diminuindo para 44±27 ng/mL nos primeiros 30´ pós-prandiais, e para 43±26 ng/mL ao final. O valor basal da grelina foi de 753±522 pg/mL, diminuindo para 705±420 pg/mL nos primeiros 30´, e para 561±343 pg/mL ao final. O valor basal do peptídeo YY foi de 92±40* pg/mL, aumentando para 153±63* pg/mL nos primeiros 30´, e para 214±66* pg/mL ao final. Quanto à colecistocinina, o valor aos 30´ foi de 1,8±2,3 pg/mL, aumentando para 2,2±1,7 pg/mL ao final. Entre os grupos, houve diferença estatística significativa apenas da colecistocinina entre os grupos 2 e 3 (maiores valores, p=0,04) ao final. Sendo assim, houve um aumento significativo e gradual do gasto energético após a sobrecarga lipídica; predomínio da oxidação de carboidratos em relação à de lipídios, havendo uma diminuição em sua oxidação e um aumento da oxidação lipídica após a sobrecarga. Quanto aos grupos, não houve diferença estatística significativa em relação ao gasto energético, bem como à oxidação de carboidratos e lipídios na maior parte do tempo. Os peptídeos leptina e grelina diminuíram após a sobrecarga lipídica, enquanto que o peptídeo YY e a colecistocinina aumentaram, não havendo diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos na maior parte do tempo. Dessa forma, as variáveis estudadas se mostraram independentes do nível de estradiol plasmático. / Climaterium is the phase of women´s life when hormonal alterations occur and lead to peculiar metabolic responses such as a decrease in energy expenditure and weight gain. Thus, the aims of this study were to measure the energy expenditure, calculate carbohydrate and lipid oxidation, at resting and after a lipid overload, of postmenopausal women stratified according to their plasma estradiol value (E2) and evaluate hunger and satiety regulatory peptides in the same moment. Women´s groups were: group 1- E2 39 pg/mL, 2- 40 E2 59 pg/mL, and 3- E2 60 pg/mL. The volunteers received a 1100 kcal and 72% fat meal, which characterized the lipid overload. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry for a period of five hours, and measurements were performed at 30, 60, 90, 150, 210 and 270 minutes. The hunger and satiety regulatory peptides were analyzed in the resting, 30 and 270 minutes after the lipid overload. The groups were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Linear regression model with mixed effects was used to compare the moments of the same group, considering p<0.05(*). Forty-four postmenopausal women were studied. Their age was 55±5 years (mean±standard deviation), body mass index was 31±4 kg/m² and they were in menopause for 8±7 years. In general, the resting energy expenditure was 1337±194* kcal/day, increasing to 1476±295* kcal/d in the first postprandial 30´, and to 1513±318* kcal/d in the end. There was no statistically significant difference between groups. Regarding carbohydrate oxidation, the baseline value was 151±95 mg/min, decreasing to 146±95 mg/min in the first 30´ and to 122±44 mg/min in the end (values were converted to mg/min for readability). The baseline value of lipid oxidation was 37±30* mg/min, increasing to 52±24* mg/min in the first 30´ and to 63±21* mg/min in the end. There was no statistically significant difference in carbohydrate oxidation between groups, and regarding lipids, the only statistically significant difference was between groups 1 (higher values, p=0,03) and 2 at the end of the experiment, and between groups 1 and 3 (higher values, p=0,04) at time 150´. In relation to the peptides, the baseline leptin was 47±29 ng/mL, decreasing to 44±27 ng/mL within the first postprandial 30´ and to 43±26 ng/mL in the end. Baseline ghrelin was 753±522 pg/mL, decreasing to 705±420 pg/mL in the first 30´ and to 561±343 pg/mL in the end. Baseline peptide YY was 92±40* pg/mL, increasing to 153±63* pg/mL in the first 30´ and to 214±66* pg/mL in the end. Referring to cholecystokinin, the value at 30´ was 1.8±2.3 pg/mL, increasing to 2.2±1.7 pg/mL in the end. Among groups, the only statistically significant difference was related to cholecystokinin between groups 2 and 3 (higher values, p=0,04) in the end. So, after the lipid overload, there was a gradual and significant increase on energy expenditure, predominance of carbohydrate oxidation in relation to the lipids with a decrease on its oxidation, and an increase on lipid oxidation. In regard to comparison between groups, there was no statistically significant difference in relation to energy expenditure, as well as to oxidation of carbohydrates and lipids in most of the time. The peptides leptin and ghrelin decreased after the lipid overload, while peptide YY and cholecystokinin increased, with no statistically significant difference between groups for most of the time. Thus, the variables were independent of plasma estradiol levels.

Uppsatsen undersöker två svenska socknar kring nödåret 1867. Syftet är att se de direkta och varierande konsekvenserna av en missväxt. Socknarna är Vilhelmina i Norrland och Döderhult i Småland och den avgränsade tidsperioden är 1865-1870. Undersökningen har gjorts utifrån församlingarnas kyrkoarkiv samt Statistiska Centralbyråns (SCB) befolkningsstatistik. Forskningsläget visar på varierande konsekvenser av nödåren 1867-1869 och ett tydligt samband med en ökad emigration till Nordamerika, men det finns ingen liknande jämförelse på mikronivå som detta arbete kan visa. I uppsatsen finns en översikt över Sverige på 1860-talet, missväxtåren samt en beskrivning över Vilhelmina och Döderhult. Stapeldiagram presenterar de två socknarnas födda, döda, utflyttade, emigrerade samt totala befolkningsmängd. Vad undersökningen kommer fram till är en negativ men icke dramatisk befolkningsutveckling som skiljer sig åt mellan de två socknarna, framförallt vad gäller emigrationerna. / This essay focuses on two swedish parishes before, during and after the famine in Sweden 1867. The purpose is to see the direct and varying impacts by crop failures. The parishes are Vilhelmina in northern Sweden and Döderhult in southern Sweden. The delimited period is 1865-1870. The study was made based on the parishes' church archives and statistics from Statistiska Centralbyrån (SCB). Previous research shows various impacts by the crop failures 1867-1869 and a clear relationship with the following mass emigrations to North America. But there is no previous comparison on a micro level and between these two different geographical areas which this essay has done. The essay gives an overview about the crop failures, Sweden in the 1860's and facts about Vilhelmina and Döderhult. Statistic bars display the number of deceased, born, expatriates, emigrants and total population. The conclusion of the study is a  negative but not dramatic evolvement of the populations, and with differences between the parishes, particularly regarding the emigrations

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.