Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores hunting in the Lower Tchiri Valley as an arena in which African and white hunting interests as well as conservation policies precipitated insurgence and accommodation, collaboration and conflict. Precolonial Magololo hunters, having supplanted Mang’anja hunting as a result of the superiority of their hunting technology by 1861, found themselves in competition with white sport hunters over game animals. Unequal power relations between the Magololo hunters and the white hunters, who formed part of the colonial administration in Nyasaland from the 1890s, saw the introduction of game laws that led to wild animals and their sanctuaries becoming contested terrains. Colonial officials and some whites enjoyed privileges in hunting game whose declining populations were blamed on Africans in general and the Magololo in particular. Some Africans and certain whites devised hunting strategies that brought them into conflict with the colonial state. In the Lower Tchiri Valley, the tsetse-game controversy led to game being slaughtered on an unprecedented scale in the Elephant Marsh region. The Game Ordinance of 1926, intended to prevent such wanton destruction, was protested by settlers, planters, white hunters and even missionaries who claimed to represent the interests of the “natives”. The colonial state and the Colonial Office in London quelled the protests, proclaiming Lengwe and Tangadzi as game reserves. As the state was consolidating the game preservation economy and establishing the game reserves from the 1930s to 1960, opposition continued. The implementation of international conservation trends locally, particularly after 1945, served to entrench illicit hunting and the position among some white settlers that game should be exterminated as it was incompatible with agricultural “progress.” The Nyasaland Game Department increased its efforts to ensure that killing game for crop protection was confined to Game Guards, one of whom, an African named Biton Balandow, became a local “hero”. Despite this, by 1960 game populations in the Lower Tchiri Valley reserves were still declining. Together with oral testimonies collected in the communities neighbouring the reserves (or former hunting grounds), the fresh perspectives rendered in this thesis derived from a systematic use of reports, original research papers, colonial administrative correspondence and autobiographical works of big-game hunters-turned preservationists. Specific material for the Lower Tchiri Valley hunting economies from these primary sources allowed this thesis to transcend the often generalised analyses necessitated by macrooverviews in Malawian historiography, and offer a more nuanced study of local contestations between state and subject, between competing individuals, between groups, races and generations and, enduringly, between human and animal. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek jagaktiwiteite in die Laer Tchiri-vallei van Malawi as ‘n gebied waar swart en wit jagtersbelange, asook bewaringsbeleid, teenstand en aanvaarding, sowel as samewerking en konflik ontketen het. Pre-koloniale Magololo-jagters, wat Mang’anja-jagters teen 1861 as gevolg van hulle superieure jagtegnologie verdring het, het toe met wit sportjagters om wild begin kompeteer. Ongelyke magsverhoudinge tussen die Magololo- en wit jagters, wat sedert die 1890’s deel uitgemaak het van die koloniale administrasie in Nyassaland, het tot die daarstelling van wildwetgewing gelei. Op sý beurt het die wildwetgewing en wildbewaringsgebiede betwiste terreine geword. Koloniale amptenare en sekere blankes het jagvoorregte geniet waarvoor die daarmee gepaardgaande blaam vir dalende wildpopulasies op swartes in die algemeen en die Magololo in die besonder geplaas is. Sommige swartes en wittes het jagstrategieë ontwikkel wat hulle in konflik met die koloniale staat gebring het. In die Laer Tchiri-vallei het die tseste-wild-twispunt daartoe gelei dat wild op ‘n ongekende skaal in die Olifant-moerasgebied uitgeroei is. Wit setlaars, boere en jagters, selfs sendelinge wat daarop aanspraak gemaak het dat hulle die belange van die “naturelle” verteenwoordig het, het egter beswaar gemaak teen die Wild Ordonnansie van 1926, wat veronderstel was om sulke ongebreidelde vernietiging te voorkom. Die koloniale staat en die Colonial Office in Londen het die besware onderdruk deur Lengwe en Tangadzi as wildreservate te proklameer. Van die 1930’s tot 1960, toe die staat besig was om die wildbewaringsekonomie te konsolideer en wildreservate te vestig, het teenstand daarteen voortgeduur. Die plaaslike implementering van internasionale bewaringstendense, veral ná 1945, het egter daartoe bygedra om onwettige jagaktiwiteite te verskans. Dit het ook die standpuntinname van sommige wit setlaars, dat wild uitgeroei moes word omdat dit onversoenbaar met landbou “vooruitgang” was, versterk. Die Nyassaland Departement van Fauna het pogings verskerp om te verseker dat die doodmaak van wild, ter wille van oesbeskerming, tot wildbewaarders beperk bly. Een van hulle, ‘n swartman genaamd Biton Bandalow, het ‘n plaaslike “held” geword. Maar ten spyte van hierdie maatreëls was die wildpopulasies in die Laer Tchiri-vallei wildreservate teen 1960 steeds aan die afneem. Hierdie proefskrif bring nuwe insigte aangaande jagaktiwiteite en wildbewaring in die Laer Tchiri-vallei na vore. Die bronne daarvoor is mondelinge getuienis wat in die gemeenskappe aangrensend aan die wildreservate (of voormalige jaggebiede) versamel is. Daarby is verslae, oorspronklike argivale dokumente, koloniale administratiewe korrespondensie en outo-biografiese werke van grootwildjagters wat wildbewaarders geword het, ook sistematies nagevors. Deur middel van spesifieke inligting aangaande die Laer Tchiri-vallei jagtersekonomie wat uit die primêre bronne verkry is, bring hierdie proefskrif nuwe perspektiewe na vore wat in teenstelling staan tot die dikwels geykte analises wat in makro-historiese oorsigte van Malawiese historiografie voorkom. Derhalwe is die proefskrif ‘n meer genuanseerde studie oor plaaslike wedywerings tussen staat en onderdaan, tussen wedywerende indiwidue, tussen groepe, rasse en generasies en op ‘n blywende basis ook tussen mens en dier.

Shaped in part by diverse landscapes, game profiles, and ruling personalities, hunting in the Indian princely states in the colonial period was heterogeneous to a previously unrecognized extent. At the same time, significant underlying political, social, and cultural continuities unified states and their rulers’ approaches to sport. Focusing on the Rajput realms of Mewar, Orchha, and Bikaner, I show how princes of different ranks negotiated their states’ divergent landscapes in pursuit of dissimilar game, and how they trusted in superior hunting grounds, wildlife, and shooting methods to advance their personal standings and sovereign powers. I also investigate how these rulers used hunting to maintain connections with their state and lineage histories, to exemplify local Rajput ideals and identities, and to manage relationships with various audiences, including their subjects, state nobles, other princes, and British officials. This study is concerned as much with princely perceptions of game and shooting grounds as with “real” landscapes or environmental changes. I examine how the princes conceptually linked natural abundance with favorable political conditions and degradation with lost power and compromised dignity. I consider what it meant to pursue tigers, wildfowl, antelope, and wild boar in dense jungles, wetlands, arid plains, and imposing hills. In addition, I look at the ways princes attempted to employ and also to modify those meanings to suit their own purposes. I did the research for this dissertation at government and private archives in India and the United Kingdom. Because my primary goal was to discover princely views, I relied as far as possible on sources produced by elite Indians or by those in their service. Among the materials I used were state government records, personal correspondence, speeches, game diaries, hunting memoirs, photographs, and miniature paintings. Much of the documentation was in English, with the major exception of records relating to Mewar State and its subordinate noble estates. The language of those papers ranged from Hindi through Rajasthani (Mewari). To understand British responses better, I consulted Government of India records. Published memoirs and travelogues written by Europeans who visited and hunted in the regions under consideration also proved useful. / text

This thesis project examines the history, provenance, and contemporary treatment of a rare Imperial Edition of Frederick Sander’s print collection Reichenbachia, Orchids Illustrated and Described, a high-quality orchid compendium dating to the late-nineteenth century. A local philanthropist loaned the Imperial Edition Reichenbachia, number 86 of 100 to Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden in 2011 on a long-term basis as a promised donation. Research into the origins of this collection involves several disparate historical topics, including the Victorian period of “orchid mania,” imperialist business practices, and chromolithographic printmaking. Discussion of the transition of this collection into a museum art collection covers its consequent registration, conservation, and exhibition. Finally, this thesis project considers the advantages and disadvantages of managing an art collection at a botanical garden.

Ce travail est fondé sur l’analyse de 28 000 restes osseux, provenant de deux sites inédits, Archontiko Giannitson et Angelochori Imathias (Macédoine, Grèce) et les résultats obtenus intégrés à une synthèse de la documentation publiée à l’échelle de l’ensemble de la Grèce septentrionale sur toute la période de l’âge du Bronze. Les proportions entre les espèces exploitées indiquent que l’économie vivrière était largement centrée sur le petit bétail avec toutefois un taux d’espèces sauvages relativement important. Les activités pastorales étaient dominées par l’exploitation des caprinés et du porc et mettent en évidence la recherche d’une rentabilité maximale dans la gestion des cheptels ainsi qu’une généralisation de l’utilisation des produits secondaires : lait, laine, force de travail etc. Les pratiques de chasse étaient très variées comme en témoigne la diversité des taxons déterminés. La capture d’oiseaux, de poissons, de mollusques, de grands et de petits mammifères démontre l’intérêt des populations pour la faune sauvage. En diachronie, une nette évolution est observable à travers une diversification des spectres fauniques et des productions. Au Bronze Récent, l’économie animale se caractérise par une nouvelle augmentation de la diversité et par une concentration des activités pastorales sur le petit bétail. Enfin, ces adaptations aux nouvelles demandes des populations ont également conduit à l’apparition d’innovations techniques comme le charriot et la charrue qui coïncident avec l’arrivée des premiers équidés domestiques dans le monde égéen. / This work is based on the analysis of 28 000 bones from two sites : Archontiko Giannitson and Angelochori Imathias (Makedonia, Greece). The results have been included to a synthesis of the documentation of the Bronze Age in Northern Greece. Species proportions indicate that the supplying was largely focused on small animals with a relatively high rate of wild fauna. Pastoral activities were dominated by the use of sheep/goat and pig and highlights the search for maximum efficiency in the management of livestock as well as an increased use of « secondary products » : milk, wool, labor etc. Hunting practices were varied as shown by the diversity of taxa identified. The capture of birds, fishes, shellfishes, large and small mammals demonstrate the interest of societies for these faunas. A clear trend is seen in diachrony through a diversification of wild fauna’s spectra and productions. In the Late Bronze Age, the animal economy is characterized by a further increase in the diversification and a concentration of pastoral activities on small cattle. Finally, the adaptation to new demands have also led to the development of technical innovations such as the plow and the cart, coinciding with the appearance of domestic horses in the Aegean world.

No description available.

Ce travail de recherche se propose d’aborder la question des pointes au Paléolithique moyen en Europe occidentale par l’étude de ces objets en se servant de trois outils de recherche mis en confrontation : la tracéologie lithique, la technologie lithique et l’étude morphologique. Le problème de l’utilisation de ces outils comme armes de chasse est au coeur du questionnement. Nous tentons d’y répondre par la constitution d’un corpus expérimental spécifique, la mise en place d’une méthodologie adaptée et l’étude complète des pointes de 3 séries archéologiques représentatives : le site de plein air de Therdonne (Oise), celui de Beauvais (Oise) et le site de la grotte de Spy (Belgique). / This research aims to address the question of lithics points in the Middle Paleolithic in Western Europe through the study of these objects using three research tools in confrontation : traceology, lithic technology and morphological study . The question of using these tools as hunting weapons is central to the inquiry. We try to respond by the formation of a specific experimental corpus, the establishment of an appropriate methodology and full study of points of three representative archaeological series : the open-air site of Therdonne (Oise), the Beauvais one (Oise) and the site of the cave of Spy (Belgium).

Imagining the English landscape as an assemblage entangling deer and people throughout history, this thesis explores how changes in deer population connect to the ways deer have been valued from 1800 to the present day. Its methods are mixed, its sources are conversations – human voices in the ongoing historical negotiations of the multispecies body politic, the moot of people, animals, plants and things which shapes and orders the landscape assemblage. These conversations include interviews with people whose lives revolve around deer, correspondence with the organisations that hold sway over deer lives, analysis of modern media discourse around deer issues and exchanges with the history books. It finds that a non-linear increase in deer populations over the time period has been accompanied by multiple changes in the way deer are valued as part of the English landscape. Ending with a reflection on how this history of value fits in to wider debates about the proper representation of animals, the nature of non-human agency, and trajectories of the Anthropocene, this thesis seeks to open up new ways of exploring questions about human-animal relationships in environmental history.

Transferências Condicionadas de Renda (TCR), como o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) no Brasil, são cada vez mais adotadas no mundo para romper com o ciclo de transmissão da pobreza, por meio de transferências monetárias a famílias pobres, condicionadas a investimentos em capital humano. Como cerca de 76% da população pobre do mundo vive em áreas rurais, e a incidência de pobreza é maior em localidades remotas florestadas, os TCR são frequentemente implementados junto a populações semiautárquicas de países em desenvolvimento. Assim, essas transferências têm aumentado a disponibilidade de recursos monetários junto a essas populações, como certos povos indígenas. Nesses contextos, evidências prévias mostram que a monetarização das economias locais pode ter efeitos positivos, negativos ou nulos na dedicação de tempo às atividades de subsistência e no consumo de recursos naturais. Porém, existem duas lacunas nesse conhecimento. Primeiro, estudos prévios avaliaram os efeitos conjuntos de diversas fontes de renda, muito embora estas variem nos investimentos de tempo necessários, de nulos (e.g., TCR e aposentadorias) a altos (e.g., salários e comércio de artesanato). Segundo, a maior parte da literatura assume, ainda que implicitamente, que as decisões na base das escolhas humanas são racionais e motivadas, sobretudo, por maximizar a renda ou, eventualmente, minimizar os riscos. Porém, evidências empíricas e avanços teóricos indicam que as decisões nem sempre são racionais, tanto por limitações cognitivas que levam a outros processos decisórios (e.g., heurísticas), como porque são motivadas por outros fatores (e.g., prazer, emoção, normas sociais). Portanto, esta dissertação teve por objetivo investigar se o aumento da renda monetária de transferências do PBF estava associado a diferenças no investimento de tempo em atividades de subsistência (agricultura, caça, pesca e coleta) e no consumo de produtos derivados ou não dessas atividades pelo povo indígena Kisêdjê da Amazônia brasileira. Além disso, investigou se o hedonismo e a contabilidade mental seriam motivadores dessas decisões. Três hipóteses foram testadas. Primeira, diferentes fontes de renda monetária devem produzir efeitos diversos sobre o tempo dedicado pelos Kisêdjê a atividades de subsistência. Segunda, os efeitos do PBF devem variar de acordo com o quanto as pessoas apreciam cada atividade de subsistência, i.e., o hedonismo é importante para prever investimentos de tempo nessas atividades. Terceira, os Kisêdjê realizam contabilidade mental, i.e., separam o dinheiro em diferentes contas mentais e, portanto, fontes alternativas de renda monetária devem produzir padrões de consumo distintos e fontes de renda de baixo esforço, como o PBF, devem privilegiar o consumo de alimentos ou de bens supérfluos. Para tal, o estudo adotou um delineamento observacional em painel, compreendendo todos (242) os indivíduos adultos (>=16 anos) de 2 comunidades. Os dados foram coletados em dois períodos em 2016 e 2017, por meio de survey por entrevistas estruturadas e experimento em contabilidade mental, e observação direta de alocação de tempo (random-interval instantaneous sampling), sendo analisados por técnicas de estatística descritiva e modelos mistos de regressão. Os resultados mostraram, primeiro, que as transferências do PBF não tiveram efeitos no tempo dedicado às atividades de subsistência, embora outras rendas monetárias (e.g., trabalho regular, aposentadoria) tenham ora aumentado, ora reduzido a probabilidade de investimento de tempo. Segundo, o hedonismo foi mais importante que as fontes de renda monetária para explicar o esforço alocado na atividade de caça para os homens. Por fim, não foram observadas evidências de contabilidade mental, ou seja: (i) o padrão de consumo não diferiu segundo a fonte de renda, mas somente entre homens e mulheres; (ii) com fontes de renda de baixo (e.g. PBF) ou alto esforço, os Kisêdjê estiveram menos propensos a consumir bens supérfluos. Os resultados parecem sugerir que os efeitos do PBF nas atividades de subsistência e no consumo dos Kisêdjê são baixos, muito embora a cobertura ampla tenha dificultado a avaliação. Quanto aos motivadores, os resultados apontam para a importância de investigar outros determinantes além da renda. / Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs), such as the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) in Brazil, have increasingly been adopted worldwide to break the cycle of poverty transmission, by transferring cash to poor families, conditional on investments in human capital. As about 76% of the worlds poor live in rural areas, and poverty incidence is higher in remote forested localities, CCTs are frequently implemented in semi-autarkic communities of developing countries. Thus, these transfers have increased the availability of cash income resources to semi-autarkic populations, such as certain indigenous peoples. In this context, prior evidence shows the monetization of local economies has been associated with positive, negative, or null effects on the time allocated to subsistence activities and consumption of natural resources. However, there are two knowledge gaps. First, previous studies evaluated the combined effects of several income sources, although these sources vary on the necessary time investments, from null (e.g., CCTs) to high (e.g., wages and handicrafts trade). Second, most previous studies assume, although implicitly, that decisions which base peoples choices are rational and motivated, above all, on income maximization or, occasionally, risk minimization. However, empirical evidence and theoretical advances indicate that decisions are often not always, either because of cognitive limitations that lead to other decision-making processes (e.g., heuristics), or because they are motivated by other factors (e.g., pleasure, emotion, social norms). Therefore, this dissertation aimed to investigate whether increased levels of cash income from the BFP transfers were associated with differences in time investments in subsistence activities (agriculture, hunting, fishing and gathering) and in the consumption of Kisêdjê indigenous people from the Brazilian Amazon. Additionally, we investigated if hedonism and mental accounting were the motivators behind these decisions. Three hypotheses were tested. First, alternative income sources should produce different effects on the time allocated by the Kisêdjê to subsistence activities. Second, the effects of BFP should vary, depending on how much people appreciated each subsistence activity, i.e. hedonism is important to predict time investments. Third, Kisêdjê do mental accounting and, therefore, different cash income sources should distinct consumption patterns and low-effort activities such as BFP should increase the likelihood of consuming superfluous food or goods. To do that, we adopted an observational panel design, including all (242) adult individuals (>= 16 years) in 2 communities. Data were gathered in two periods in 2016 and 2017, through a survey based on face-to-face interviews and experiment in mental accounting, direct observations of time allocation by random-interval instantaneous sampling, and were analysed by descriptive statistical techniques and mixed-effects regressions. The results indicated that, first, BFP cash transfers had no effect on the time spent on subsistence activities, although other income sources (e.g., wages, pensions) in certain cases increased, while in others decreased the likelihood of time investments. Second, hedonism was important than cash income sources in explaining the effort allocated to hunting for men. Finally, we did not observe evidences of mental accounting, i.e.: (i) consumption patterns did not differ across income sources, but only between men and women; (ii) with low-effort (e.g., BFP) or high-effort income sources, the Kisêdjê were less likely to consume superfluous goods. Our results suggest that the effects of BFP transfers on subsistence activities and consumption are low, although the high rate of coverage has impaired our analyses. As regards motivations, the results point to the importance of investigating determinants other than income.

A Serra de Paranapiacaba tem o maior remanescente florestal contínuo de Mata Atlântica do Brasil. Poucos estudos sobre caça de animais silvestres foram realizados nesse bioma até o momento. Não existem dados a respeito de pressão de caça de mamíferos e eficiência na fiscalização em unidades de conservação no contínuo de Mata Atlântica do sudeste de São Paulo. Este estudo foi realizado em três áreas na Serra de Paranapiacaba: duas áreas no Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho - PECB (Sede e Base Turvinho) e uma na Reserva Particular Parque do Zizo - RPPZ. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a freqüência de caça e de ocorrência de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, e avaliar as diferenças nas freqüências dos mamíferos nas áreas com diferentes intensidades de pressão de caça e fiscalização. A freqüência das atividades de caça nas áreas foi analisada com base em observações diretas e vestígios de caçadores, além de entrevistas com moradores do entorno das áreas e dados da fiscalização do PECB. Para registrar a freqüência de uso das áreas por mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte foi utilizado o método de parcelas de areia. Para as espécies arborícolas utilizou-se o método de transectos lineares para obtenção da taxa de avistamento das espécies e indivíduos nas áreas. Durante sete meses de estudo foram observados 17 registros de atividades de caça em duas das áreas estudadas, sendo seis no Zizo e 11 no Turvinho. Segundo os dados da fiscalização não ocorreram evidências de caça na Sede, e também no Zizo foram registradas menos evidências que no Turvinho. Cumpre destacar que ocorreram mais visitas da fiscalização no Turvinho que no Zizo. A pressão de caça foi considerada moderada nas áreas onde a atividade foi registrada. Nas áreas de estudo foram registradas 20 espécies, sendo 15 por meio de parcelas de areia e cinco por avistamentos. Com um esforço amostral de 2700 parcelas monitoradas foram obtidos 426 registros de presença na parcela nas três áreas estudadas. Foi registrada maior freqüência de ocorrência nas parcelas e taxas de avistamento, tanto de espécies como de indivíduos na área da Sede, seguida do Turvinho e Zizo. Os onívoros foram mais freqüentes na Sede, com destaque para freqüente utilização das trilhas pelo (Cerdocyon thous) cachorro-do-mato, com 51,8% do total de registros nas parcelas. Os herbívoros e as espécies cinegéticas foram mais registrados no Turvinho e os carnívoros no Zizo. A diversidade de espécies foi semelhante nas áreas estudadas, Sede e Turvinho (n=11) e Zizo (n=10). O maior número de registros nas parcelas foi obtido na estação seca. Estes resultados, associado ao atual contexto de pressões antrópicas na região, demonstram que áreas com uma menor freqüência de ocorrência de mamíferos de médio e grande porte, apresentam menor intensidade de fiscalização e maior pressão. Conclui-se que a eficiência da fiscalização pode ser importante na conservação de médios e grandes mamíferos na região, visto que mesmo nas áreas com pressão de caça moderada a presença da fiscalização contribui para uma maior freqüência de animais. / The Paranapiacaba mountain range has the greatest continuous remaining stretch of Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil. Few studies about hunting of wild animals in this ecosystem have been reported until this moment. There are no data regarding to hunting of mammals and fiscalization in preserved areas in the State of Sao Paulo southeastern continuous stretch of Atlantic Rainforest. This study has been developed in three areas in the Paranapiacaba mountain range: two areas in the Carlos Botelho State Park - PECB (Sede and Turvinho Base) and one in Zizo’s Park Particular Reserve - RPPZ. The objective of this study was to quantify the frequency of hunting and of occurrence from mammals of medium and big size, as well as to evaluate the differences in the frequency of the mammals between areas with different intensities of hunting pressure and fiscalization. The hunting frequency in the areas in question was analyzed based in direct observations and vestiges of hunters, as well as interviews with residents of the areas boundaries and data of the PECB fiscalization. To register the frequency of the medium and large size terrestrial mammals it was used the sand parcel method. For the arboreal species was used the method of line transect to obtain the encounter rate of the species and individuals. During a seven months study seventeen registers of hunting activities were observed in two of the studied areas: six in Zizo and eleven in Turvinho. According to fiscalization data, hunting evidences didn’t occurs in the Sede area, in the Zizo also was registered a small number of evidences comparing to Turvinho. The hunting pressure was considered moderate. In the areas studied were registered 20 species were registered in the studied areas: 15 of them by sand parcels and 5 by encounters. In an amostral effort of 2700 parcels monitored, 426 registers of presence in the parcels were registered of the three areas. The frequency registered of species and the encounter rate such as of species as individuals was bigger in the area of the Sede area, followed by Turvinho and Zizo. The omnivores were more frequent in the Sede area, with prominence for the frequent use of the trails by the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) with 51, 8% of the total of the registers. The herbivores and the cinegetic species were more registered in the Turvinho, and the carnivores in the Zizo. The species diversity was similar in the areas, Sede and Turvinho (n=11) and Zizo (n=10). The biggest record number in the parcels was gotten in the dry station. These results, associate to current context of human pressures in the region, demonstrate that the areas with a lesser frequency of mammals, present minor fiscalization intensity and bigger pressure. The conclusions is that efficient fiscalization in the areas can be important in the conservation of medium and large mammals in the region, as it seems that, even in areas with moderate hunting pressure, the presence of fiscalization contributes for a bigger frequency of mammals.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a tessitura e a escrita para trompa observando três modelos que foram utilizados de forma brilhante pelos compositores que conseguiram, apesar das limitações de cada modelo, alçar a trompa da condição de instrumento de caça, nos tempos mais remotos, à categoria de instrumento solista e parte integrante da orquestra. Observamos que a trompa moderna é também utilizada para execução do repertório barroco e clássico, período em que as composições contemplavam a trompa de caça e a trompa natural. Acreditamos que uma visão acerca das funcionalidades da trompa de cada período nos traga subsídios para uma execução apropriada com um instrumento moderno. A trompa, devido a sua grande tessitura, foi desde o período clássico dividida em dois gêneros: trompa grave e trompa aguda. A partir do advento da trompa de válvulas na segunda metade do séc. XIX, as composições passam a requerer de um mesmo trompista igual habilidade em toda tessitura. Observamos que a especialização nos gêneros grave e agudo persiste, pois encontraremos passagens solísticas na tessitura grave ou aguda em que é requerida a especialização do trompista de cada gênero. / This research aims to analyze the range and writing for horn by observing three models that were used brilliantly by composers, who managed, despite the limitations of each model, create the conditions for the primitive hunting horn of ancient times to the level of a solo as well as an orchestral instrument. We will observe that the modern horn is well capacitated to perform Baroque and Classical repertoire, a period in which the compositions contemplated the use of the hunting horn and natural horn. We believe that a vision about the features of each period of the horn\'s development brings to light a proper execution with the modern instrument. Ever since the classical period, because of its extensive range, the horn was divided into two genres: high horn and low horn. After the invention of the valve horn in the second half of the 19th century, the compositions demanded of this new instrument the same ability as of its natural horn predecessor throughout its extensive range. We may note that with the newer 19th century valve horn, the perpetuation of the high and low horn tradition was maintained as may be observed in its extensive high and low range in solo passages, requiring the expertise of both high and low horn players of the time.