The diploma thesis deals with the possibilities of using application virtualization in the Windows environment. The theoretical part describes the operating principle of application virtualization. Furthermore, there are specified the individual characteristics and the reasons for the move to application virtualization. The author provides the basic overview and comparison of the specific ways of virtualization. The appropriate solution of the practical part was based on the Saaty method. In the practical part, the author describes in detail how to implement and use the chosen technology. Based on practical experience, he assesses functioning of the solution. The final part of the thesis includes both general and specific recommendations for the use of application virtualization.

This study sought to examine how the prototypical male athletic form and the prototypical female athletic form are discursively constructed when a sports magazine has full control of what material to produce and publish. What makes up the ‘athletic form’ involves all the various traits and characteristics that are attached to the notion of what it means to be an athlete and what it means to have an athletic figure. The theoretical foundation was built on theories about gender in the media with a strong focus on objectification and (hyper)sexualisation, and previous research on gender in sports reporting has shown evidence of a strong gender bias where women athletes are both objectified and sexualised while women’s sports in general is portrayed as significantly less interesting and valuable compared to men’s sports. In order to study the discursive construction of the athletic form, the material – the 2017 edition of ESPN Magazine’s The Body Issue – was analysed through the method of Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis. While there were several features and traits that were universal to both genders, such as toughness and strength, there were also differences of significant importance. There was a distinct clash between the notion of being athletic and being feminine as athleticism was not deemed a feminine trait, and efforts were even made to show how the women athletes are still “normal women” despite being athletes. Plus, a male athlete’s body was depicted as being purely about function with its appearance not a matter of concern. A female athlete’s body, on the other hand, was likewise about function but large emphasis was also focused on the notion of attractiveness and beauty, and that women athletes are not only tough and strong but also beautiful. Overall, the construction of the female athletic form contained a sexual aura that was forever present.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-17T16:28:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1331420 bytes, checksum: 4a305f8d501884ab03ac497c23df29d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T16:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1331420 bytes, checksum: 4a305f8d501884ab03ac497c23df29d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / In the present work we investigate topics of the theory of multi-ideals and hyperideals, introduced by Botelho and Torres. We also investigate the connection between the concept of hyper-ideals and the notion of coherence of multi-ideals. / No presente trabalho estudaremos t opicos da teoria de multi-ideais e da recente teoria de hiper-ideais, introduzida por Botelho e Torres. Estudaremos ainda a rela c~ao entre o conceito de hiper-ideais e a no c~ao de coer^encia de multi-ideais.

Submitted by Fernando Souza (fernandoafsou@gmail.com) on 2017-09-20T13:22:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6673725 bytes, checksum: 5a6f8ff251599fe900848838a3d9ced8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T13:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6673725 bytes, checksum: 5a6f8ff251599fe900848838a3d9ced8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-07 / This study has the purpose presenting the result of a research on unconventional segmentations of words performed with children of the second year of elementary school. Because it is a work developed with children in the process of literacy and thinking about the contribution to a more significant study, we decided to use parlendas, as well as working through children's popular games, it greatly facilitates the study of nonconventional segmentation: hyper segmentation and hypo segmentation because parlendas are attractive texts and have small verses, easy to memorize. We observed that, in the literacy process, students have a lot of difficulty in segmenting words, and therefore end up joining or separating words differently from the ones proposed by the standard, precisely because they transpose the knowledge of orality into writing without any or few teacher's intervention. The separation between the words of a sentence can cause doubts in students who are beginning to have contact with the written language, therefore, are difficulties that once unresolved in the base, in the initial years, can be dragged into the later school years. We understand, based on Kleiman (1996); Soares (2009); Ferreiro (1999; 2011); PCN (1997), that exploits the reading and writing through playful activities, directed to the initial years, helps the students' learning, since it allows the adequate contact with the textual diversity since the first steps in the work with writing. And, in fact, we could verify that of the total of 10 children who participated in our practice, 06 understood the formalization of the segmentation in writing after the sequence of activities applied. / Este estudo tem como propósito apresentar o resultado de uma pesquisa sobre segmentações não convencionais de palavras realizadas com crianças do 2º ano do ensino fundamental. Por ser um trabalho desenvolvido com crianças no processo de alfabetização e pensando em contribuir com um estudo mais significativo, resolvemos utilizar o gênero parlenda, pois além de trabalhar a linguagem através das brincadeiras populares infantis, facilita bastante o estudo da segmentação não convencional: hipersegmentação e hipossegmentação, já que as parlendas são textos atrativos e que possuem versos pequenos, fáceis de memorizar. Observamos que, no processo de alfabetização, os alunos apresentam muita dificuldade de segmentação de palavras, e, por isso, terminam juntando ou separando as palavras de forma distinta do proposto pelo padrão, justamente porque transpõem os conhecimentos da oralidade para escrita sem nenhuma ou pouca intervenção do professor. A separação entre as palavras de uma frase pode causar dúvidas nos alunos que estão começando a ter contato com a língua escrita, portanto, são dificuldades que uma vez não solucionadas na base, nos anos iniciais, poderão ser arrastadas para as os anos escolares posteriores. Entendemos, com base em Kleiman (1996); Soares (2009); Ferreiro (1999; 2011); PCN (1997), que explorar a leitura e a prática da escrita por meio de atividades lúdicas, voltadas aos anos iniciais, auxilia a aprendizagem dos alunos, uma vez que possibilita o adequado contato com a diversidade textual desde os primeiros passos no trabalho com a escrita. E, de fato, pudemos comprovar que do total de 10 crianças que participaram da nossa prática, 06 conseguiram compreender melhor a formalização da segmentação na escrita após a sequência de atividades aplicadas em sala.

Meltdown and Spectre are two vulnerabilities discovered in 2017. These vulnerabilities allow unauthorized users to extract confidential information from systems. Security patches have been developed to resolve these vulnerabilities, but with a potental performance loss. This report investigates how PHP is affected by Microsofts web server IIS, with the security patch developed by Microsoft to protect systems against Meltdown and Spectre applied. In a practical laboratory experiment, the JMeter tool has been used to create a simulated load on the web server system, where PHPts CPU usage is monitored and noted for further analysis. The result shows that there has been a 13.74% performance loss with Microsofts security patch applied. This opens up for discussion about what Microsofts security patch actually does in a system, and if there is a suffciently large degradation to consider a transition to another solution.

Nesta tese apresentamos uma extensão da técnica de espalhamento hiper-Rayleigh (HRS) e sua aplicação para o estudo dos mecanismos que interferem na primeira hiperpolarizabilidade molecular (). Utilizamos um laser Nd:YAG, Q-switched e mode-locked como bombeio para excitar as amostras. Este laser emite pulsos de 100 ps modulados por uma envoltória de Q-switch. A saída é uma seqüência de pulsos com intensidades que acompanham a forma da envoltória. Usamos este trem de pulsos para excitar as amostras na medida de espalhamento hiper-Rayleigh, e um sistema de detecção com resolução temporal suficiente para resolver cada pulso independentemente. Esta modalidade de bombeio permitiu eliminar o controle mecânico da intensidade, o que reduziu o tempo necessário para a medida e melhorou a estabilidade nas condições experimentais. O método com trem de pulsos proporciona meios de identificar contribuições luminescentes e evitar valores superestimados para a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade. Realizamos testes medindo a molécula de paranitroanilina em vários solventes e verificamos muito boa reprodutibilidade dos valores da literatura. Comparamos os resultados medidos com valores calculados a partir do método de Hartree-Fock e corrigimos o engrandecimento por ressonância utilizando um modelo de dois níveis. A comparação entre valores teóricos e experimentais teve uma diferença média de 15%. Um estudo análogo para a molécula de dianilina não reproduziu os valores experimentais e atribuímos a falha à inaplicabilidade do modelo de dois níveis para medidas no regime ressonante. Também estudamos a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade nas porfirinas TDMImP e TPPS4, sob a forma base livre e formando complexos com Zn2+, Fe3+ e Mn3+. Para a TPPS4 estendemos o estudo para observar os efeitos da protonação na base livre e da formação de oxo dímeros na FeTPPS4 e as alterações causadas pela presença de micelas de CTAB. A comparação direta entre os resultados é dificultada em muitos casos pela diferença no engrandecimento por ressonância. Foi possível verificar que a presença de micelas tem o efeito de diminuir o valor de na H2TPPS4 pH 7. As medidas de HRS em ambiente ácido (pH 4) corroboram com a literatura, indicando que a ocorre desprotonação na presença de micelas. Um estudo teórico e experimental dos três isômeros do aminofenol permitiu analisar os efeitos da posição relativa dos grupos radicais e do comprimento da conjugação sobre a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade. Verificamos que a alteração no caráter doador/aceitador para diferentes posições dos grupos radicais tem influência maior no valor de do que o comprimento da conjugação. Utilizamos compostos com o ligante salen, com grupos laterais etano e DR1 e com ligantes H2, Cu2+, Ni2+ e VO2+, para estudar como os diferentes grupos e complexos refletem diferenças no valor de . Foi possível verificar que diferentemente da absorção linear e da seção de choque para dois fótons, o ligante com grupos radicais DR1 causam um aumento na primeira hiperpolarizabilidade que é muito maior do que a soma das contribuições individuais. Os complexos têm primeiras hiperpolarizabilidades maiores do que o ligante com H2 e a comparação entre os dois grupos com diferentes radicais mostra que existe uma correlação entre os aumentos causados por diferentes complexos. / This thesis reports an extension of the Hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique (HRS) and its application to study the mechanisms that contribute to the molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (). We use a Nd:YAG laser, Q-switched and mode-locked, as pumping beam to excite the samples. The laser delivers 100 ps pulses modulated by a Q-switch envelope, and the output is a pulse sequence which intensities follow the shape of the envelope. This pulse train is used to excite the samples in a Hyper-Rayleigh scattering experiment and the signal for each mode-lock pulse is detected independently. This modality of pumping allows the removal of the mechanical intensity control, therefore reducing measurement time and improved experimental stability. The method with pulse train also provides means to identify luminescent contributions and avoid overestimated values for the first hyperpolarizability. We performed test measurements with para-nitroaniline in several solvents and verified very good reproducibility of literature values. We also compared the measured and calculated values, obtained with the Hartree-Fock method and corrected for resonance enhancement with a two level model. The comparison between theoretical and experimental values results in an average difference of 15%. Similar studies for the dianiline molecule failed to reproduce experimental values and we attributed the failure to the inadequacy of the of the two-level model to correct resonance enhancement. We also studied the first hyperpolarizability of the TDMImP and TPPS4 porphyrins, in the free-base form and in complex with Zn2+, Fe3+ and Mn3+. For TPPS4 we extended the study to observe the protonação effects in the free-base and the formation of oxo dimmers in FeTPPS4 complexes. The comparison between results from different compounds is hindered in most cases by different contributions from resonance enhancement. However, it was possible to verify that the presence of micelles has the effect of reducing the value of on H2TPPS4 pH 7. The HRS measurements in acid environment (pH 4) corroborates with the literature, indicating that desprotonation occurs in the presence of CTAB micelles. A theoretical and experimental study of three aminofenol isomers allowed to verify the effects of the relative positions of radical groups and the conjugation length on the first hyperpolarizability. The results show that in this case the change in the donor/acceptor character for different positions of the radical groups is more important than the increase in one unit in the conjugation length. We also studied compounds with the salen ligant, observing the effects of different lateral groups (ethane and DR1) and different complexes (H2, Cu2+, Ni2+ and VO2+) on the value of . It was possible to verify that, differently than the linear absorption the two-photon cross section, the compounds with DR1 shows an increase in the first hyperpolarizability that is much larger than the sum of the individual contributions of DR1 groups. The metal complexes have larger first hyperpolarizabilities than the ligant and the enhancement produced by different complexes follows the same pattern for both radical groups. Even after the strong increase in produced by the DR1 group, the much weaker effect of the complexes is preserved and measurable.

Neste trabalho, estudamos as propriedade ópticas da tetrapiridilporfirina (TPyP), usando clorofórmio como sol vente. Para a caracterização óptica linear foram medidos os espectros de fluorescência e absorbância, tendo este último nos permitido determinar a seção de choque para o estado fundamental com radiação incidente em 532 nm. Usamos a técnica de varredura Z com trem de pulsos (VZTP) para medirmos a absorção não linear da TPyP, em 532 nm, e determinamos, através de um modelo fenomenológico de cinco níveis, vários parâmetros espectroscópicos tais como seções de choques e tempos de vida dos estados. Além disso, com a utilização da técnica de espalhamento hiperRayleigh (HRS) medimos a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade da TPyP, dissolvida em clorofórmio em 1064 nm usando, como material de referência, a p-nitroanilina (PN A), diluída em metanol. / This work reports on the optical properties of the tetrakis(pyridil)porphyrin (TPyP). In order to perform the linear optical characterization, fluorescence and absorbance spectra were obtained, where the latter allowed the determination of the cross-section for the ground state with incident radiation at À = 532 nm. We used the Zscan tecnique with pulse trains (ZSPT) to measure the nonlinear absorption of TPyP, at 532 nm, and we managed to determine, through a phenomenological five levels model, several spectroscopic parameters such as cross-sections and lifetime of the states. Moreover, we measured the first hyperpolarizability of TPyP dissolved in chloroform, at À = 1064 nm, using the Hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) technique. The reference material used for HRS measurements was p-nitroaniline (PNA) dissolved in methanol.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-22T13:03:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Idney Resplandes Brandão Leite - 2014.pdf: 1973206 bytes, checksum: 4d3a96660c36dd1cef5779f1835a09e8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2014-12-23T13:22:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Idney Resplandes Brandão Leite - 2014.pdf: 1973206 bytes, checksum: 4d3a96660c36dd1cef5779f1835a09e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-23T13:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Idney Resplandes Brandão Leite - 2014.pdf: 1973206 bytes, checksum: 4d3a96660c36dd1cef5779f1835a09e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-10 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Using Hartree-Fock (HF) and the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) methods with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set, we have determined the dipole moment (𝜇), static linear polarizability ( 𝛼) and first hyperpolarizability (𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 and 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆) of the following linear chains : (HCN)𝑁, (HNC)𝑁, (LiCN)𝑁′ and (LiNC)𝑁′ (for 𝑁=1-10 and 𝑁′ = 1−15). The asymptotic MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) values of 𝜇, 𝛼, 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 and 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆 per unit ( 𝜇, 𝛼, 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 and 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆) of the chains of HCN, HNC and LiNC have been estimated. For the chains of LiCN, at the same calculation level, we have estimated only the polymeric values (infinite chain values) of 𝜇 and 𝛼. For the chains of HCN and HNC, the obtained results shows that the effect of the structural isomerization on the polymeric values of 𝜇, 𝛼, 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 and 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆 is significant, principally for these two latter properties. In the case of chains of LiCN and LiNC, the isomeric change practically does not affect the asymptotic values of 𝜇 and 𝛼. In the polymeric limit, the presented results also show that the effect of substitution of hydrogen atoms in linear chains of HCN and HNC for lithium atoms is an expressive increase of 𝜇 and 𝛼 and a substantial reduction of 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 and 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆. / Utilizando os métodos ab initio de Hartree-Fock (HF) e de Møller-Plesset em segunda ordem (MP2) com o conjunto de funções-base 6-311++G(2d,2p), determinamos o momento de dipolo (𝜇), a polarizabilidade linear ( 𝛼) e a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade estática (𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 e 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆) das seguintes cadeias lineares: (HCN)𝑁, (HNC)𝑁, (LiCN)𝑁′ e (LiNC)𝑁′ (para 𝑁=1-10 e 𝑁′ = 1−15). Os valores assintóticos MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) de 𝜇, 𝛼, 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 e 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆 por unidade ( 𝜇, 𝛼, 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 e 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆) das cadeias de HCN, HNC e LiNC foram estimados. Para as cadeias de LiCN, neste mesmo nível de cálculo, só foi possível estimar os valores poliméricos (valores para cadeias infinitas) de 𝜇 e 𝛼. Para as cadeias de HCN e HNC, os resultados obtidos mostram que o efeito da isomerização estrutural sobre os valores poliméricos de 𝜇, 𝛼, 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 e 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆 é significativo, principalmente para estas duas últimas propriedades. No caso das cadeias de LiCN e LiNC, a mudança isomérica praticamente não afeta os valores poliméricos de 𝜇 e 𝛼. No limite polimérico, os resultados apresentados também mostram que o efeito da substituição dos átomos de hidrogênio das cadeias de HCN e HNC por átomos de lítio é um aumento expressivo dos valores de 𝜇 e 𝛼 e uma redução substancial de 𝛽𝑡𝑜𝑡 e 𝛽𝐻𝑅𝑆.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T12:47:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ivan Carlo Andrade de Oliveira - 2017.pdf: 13415834 bytes, checksum: 1db91c0a15b7fdde7a73c0691fa18109 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T12:48:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ivan Carlo Andrade de Oliveira - 2017.pdf: 13415834 bytes, checksum: 1db91c0a15b7fdde7a73c0691fa18109 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T12:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Ivan Carlo Andrade de Oliveira - 2017.pdf: 13415834 bytes, checksum: 1db91c0a15b7fdde7a73c0691fa18109 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis discusses Francisco Iwerten case. Born in Curitiba, Iwerten created Capitão Gralha (Captain Jackdaw), the first Brazilian super-hero, and published it in Curitiba at the beginning of 1940s. This entirely fictitious story was created in a text I wrote to Metal Pesado (Heavy Metal) Curitiba magazine in 1997. Despite the text being fictional, many believed that Iwerten and his creation had really existed, going as far as Iwerten winning an Ângelo Agostini prize as Master of National Comics. In September 2014 the story was revealed at a discussion table of II Curitiba Gibicon comics event. The project concerns the analysis of the case and the creative process of the album Capitão Gralha’s Lost Stories, which will be produced as if it was a rescue of Iwerten’s stories and will have my scripts with multiple draughtsmen’s art. The thesis is based on the concepts of simulacrum and hyperreality, especially from the approaches of Umberto Eco and Baudrillard. The aim is to analyze how the boundaries between reality and fiction were gradually fading and how art, literature and comics reflect this process through works that test those limits. Literary and artistic works that used this approach are analyzed, creating a likelihood that, although fictional, have been taken as real. It will also be detailed historical process of creating myths Francisco Iwerten and Captain Crow and analyzed how it has expanded, especially after the popularization of the Internet. Will be analyzed in detail the process of creating the project deals with the case analysis and the album creation process lost stories of Captain Crow, released on April 1, 2016, in Gibiteca of Curitiba. The album, using the concepts of simulacrum and hyperreality, emulates rescue publications with stories in "original" comic Iwerten and his team, introductory texts unraveling the creative designer process and the context of creation of each story, and a detailed biography of Iwerten, which describes in detail the whole trajectory of this imaginary comic artist, from his Jewish ancestry, the trip to the United States within the good-neighbor policy and the publication of stories. The thesis focuses on the intricacies of creating this detail and verisimilitude strategies adopted for the album became hyper-real. It also analyzes other likelihood strategies such as fan-page of Captain Crow, which deals Iwerten as real as to publish even quotes. / Esta tese trata do caso Francisco Iwerten. O curitibano Iwerten seria o criador do personagem Capitão Gralha, o primeiro super-herói brasileiro, publicado em Curitiba no início dos anos 1940. A história, totalmente fictícia, foi criada em um texto de minha autoria publicado na revista Metal Pesado Curitiba, de 1997. Apesar do texto ser ficcional, muitos acreditaram que tanto Iwerten e o Capitão haviam realmente existido, a ponto de Iwerten ganhar o prêmio Ângelo Agostini como Mestre do Quadrinho Nacional e quase ser homenageado por uma escola de samba. Em setembro de 2014 a história foi revelada em mesa redonda na II Curitiba Gibicon. A tese tem como base os conceitos de simulacro e hiper-realidade, em especial a partir das abordagens de Umberto Eco e Baudrillard. O objetivo é analisar como os limites entre realidade e ficção foram aos poucos se esvanecendo e como a arte, a literatura e os quadrinhos refletem esse processo através de obras que testam esses limites. São analisadas obras literárias e artísticas que usaram essa abordagem, criando uma verossimilhança que, embora ficcionais, foram tidas como reais. Também será detalhado o processo histórico de criação dos mitos Francisco Iwerten e Capitão Gralha e analisada a forma como o mesmo se ampliou, especialmente após a popularização da internet. O projeto trata da análise do caso e do processo de criação do álbum Histórias perdidas do Capitão Gralha, lançado no dia primeiro de abril de 2016 na Gibiteca de Curitiba. O álbum, usando os conceitos de simulacro e hiper-realidade, emula publicações de resgate, com histórias em quadrinhos “originais” de Iwerten e sua equipe, textos introdutórios destrinchando o processo criativo do desenhista e o contexto de criação de cada história, além de uma detalhada biografia de Iwerten, que descreve em minúcias toda a trajetória desse quadrinista imaginário, desde sua ascendência judaica, a viagem aos EUA dentro da política da boa-vizinhança e a publicação das histórias. A tese se debruça sobre os meandros da criação desse detalhamento e as estratégias de verossimilhança adotadas para que o álbum se tornasse hiper-real. Analisa também outras estratégias de verossimilhança, como a fanpage do Capitão Gralha, que trata Iwerten como real, a ponto de publicar citações do mesmo.

L’altération de la réserve fonctionnelle cardiovasculaire (CV) à l’exercice est un signe précoce d’insuffisance cardiaque (IC). Nous avons étudié l’hypothèse d’une altération de la réserve CV dans deux modèles physiopathologiques : -une étude des pressions de remplissages du ventricule gauche (VG) lors d’un exercice de faible intensité avait pour finalité de démasquer une anomalie cardiaque latente au repos; cette approche a été appliquée à des patients à risque élevé d’IC à fraction d’éjection préservée.-une étude plus approfondie de la réponse CV au cours d’un exercice maximal avait pour double objectif, de démasquer, mais aussi d’analyser en détail les composantes physiopathologiques de l’altération de la fonction cardiaque. Cette approche a été appliquée à l’étude de la drépanocytose, un modèle de cardiopathie à haut débit. Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons montré qu’il était possible de démasquer une altération du remplissage VG dès une faible intensité d’exercice. Ces résultats observés initialement en utilisant des outils non-invasifs ont été confirmés en utilisant le cathétérisme cardiaque comme gold standard. Dans la seconde partie de ce travail, l’évaluation de patients drépanocytaires au cours d’un exercice maximal a permis de mettre en évidence une altération de la réserve fonctionnelle CV liée à un défaut de la réserve chronotrope et de la réserve en pré-charge du VG.Nos travaux constituent une contribution à l’étude de la physiopathologie CV. Les différentes modalités d’exploration qui ont été utilisées, et qui ont pour certaines été mises au point pour la réalisation de cette thèse, pourraient servir à l’étude d’autres cardiopathies. / Despite normal investigations at rest, latent heart failure can be observed in a number of patients during exercise. We investigated the hypothesis of an impairment of cardiovascular reserve in two pathophysiological models: - in patients at high risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, we measured left ventricular filling pressures at low exercise level in order to unmask early stages of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction;- moreover, using combined echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing, a comprehensive study of cardiovascular response to maximal exercise was performed in patients with sickle cell anemia which was chosen as a model of chronic high-output states. We showed that very low exercise level could unmask early stage heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. These results, initially observed using Doppler echocardiography, were confirmed by direct invasive measurement of left ventricular filling pressure during exercise. In patients with sickle cell anemia, we found a decrease of cardiac output response to exercise. This alteration of cardiovascular reserve was characterized by a chronotropic incompetence and a blunted left ventricular preload reserve. The pathophysiological data provided by our studies may help improve and optimize management of patients with heart failure. The stress protocols which have been developed and used in our investigations could be useful to study other models of heart diseases.