Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-25T15:45:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Antônio Costa Arantes - 2015.pdf: 5243498 bytes, checksum: 85643aafc3a6a4e6090981926b875c7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-05-25T15:48:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Antônio Costa Arantes - 2015.pdf: 5243498 bytes, checksum: 85643aafc3a6a4e6090981926b875c7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-25T15:48:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Diego Antônio Costa Arantes - 2015.pdf: 5243498 bytes, checksum: 85643aafc3a6a4e6090981926b875c7f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-02 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) are immunosuppressive cytokines which promote failure of the local anti-tumor immune response and, therefore, influence the proliferation and prognosis of malignant neoplasms. The aim of this study was to investigate the tissue and salivary expression of TGF-β and IL-10 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare it with that of healthy subjects (Control). The association of these cytokines with clinical parameters of prognosis (staging, metastasis and survival) and histological grade of malignancy (WHO grading) was also investigated. Cytokines in the tissue (OSCC, n = 65; Control, n = 30) were identified using the immunohistochemistry technique (IHC) and in the saliva (OSCC, n = 22; Control, n = 23) the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used. The tissue expression of TGF-β and IL-10 in metastatic lymph nodes (n = 23) of OSCC patients was investigated. The expression of TGF-β and IL-10 in the tissue was measured using a semi-quantitative method in conjunction with staining intensity. Our findings demonstrated a high tissue expression of IL-10 and TGF-β2, and a low or absent expression of TGF-β1, in the majority of OSCC samples when compared to the group with clinically healthy oral mucosa (Control) (p < 0.05 for IL-10 and TGF-β2). The salivary concentration of IL-10 was also high, and distinguished the OSCC patients from their healthy counterparts (p = 0.04), while the salivary concentration of TGF-β1 was similar for both the OSCC and control groups (p = 0.97). The relationship between the cytokine expression and clinical and microscopic prognostic factors showed that the expression of IL-10 and TGF-β2 in neoplastic cells of the primary tumor was maintained by the metastatic neoplastic cells in the cervical lymph nodes. The expression of TGF-β1 remained low or absent in the metastatic lymph nodes. It was shown that there was an association between the high expression of IL-10 by tumor cells and the advanced clinical stages (T3-T4) of patients (p = 0.02). Although not statistically significant, the expression of TGF-β2 was higher in tumors at more advanced stages (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that OSCC provides an immunosuppressive environment conducive to tumor proliferation, with high expression of IL-10 and TGF-β2, which contributes to a worse clinical prognosis. In addition, of the immunosuppressive cytokines investigated, IL-10 has greater potential for becoming salivary biomarker when associated with an unfavorable clinical prognosis of OSCC patients. / Fator de crescimento transformador β (TGF-β) e interleucina 10 (IL-10) são citocinas imunossupressoras que propiciam a falha da resposta imune anti-tumoral local e influenciam, assim, na progressão e prognóstico de neoplasias malignas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a expressão tecidual e salivar de TGF-β e IL-10 em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cavidade oral (CECO) e comparar essa expressão com aquela dos indivíduos saudáveis (Controle). A associação dessas citocinas com parâmetros clínicos de prognóstico (estadiamento, metástase e sobrevida) e grau histológico de malignidade (segundo a OMS) também foi investigado. A identificação das citocinas no tecido (CECO - n= 65 e Controle - n=30) foi feita pela técnica de imunohistoquímica (IHC) e na saliva (CECO - n=22 e Controle - n=23) pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). A expressão tecidual de TGF-β e IL-10 em linfonodos metastáticos (n= 23) de pacientes com CECO foi investigada. No tecido, a expressão de TGF-β e IL-10 foi mensurada por método semi-quantitativo associada à intensidade de marcação. Nossos achados demonstraram uma alta expressão tecidual de IL-10 e TGF- β2 e, baixa ou ausente expressão de TGF-β1, na maioria das amostras de CECO se comparada ao grupo de mucosa oral clinicamente saudável (Controle) (P<0,05 para IL-10 e TGF-β2). A concentração salivar de IL-10 também foi elevada e distinguiu o paciente com CECO dos indivíduos saudáveis (P= 0,04). Já a concentração salivar de TGF-β1 foi similar entre o grupo de paciente com CECO e o controle (P= 0,97). A relação da expressão das citocinas com fatores clínicos e microscópicos de prognóstico revelou que a expressão de IL-10 e TGF-β2 nas células neoplásicas do tumor primário foi mantida pelas células neoplásicas metastáticas nos linfonodos cervicais. A expressão de TGF-β1 se manteve baixa ou ausente em linfonodos mestastáticos. Associação entre alta expressão de IL-10 pelas células neoplásicas e o estadiamento clínico avançado (T3-T4) dos pacientes foi evidenciada (P=0,02). Embora sem diferença estatística, a expressão de TGF-β2 foi maior nos tumores em estágios mais avançados (P>0,05). Esses achados demonstram que o CCEO possui um ambiente imunossupressor propício para progressão tumoral, com elevada expressão de IL-10 e TGF-β2, o qual contribui para um pior prognóstico clínico dos pacientes. Além disso, das citocinas imunosupressoras investigadas, a IL-10 apresenta maior potencial para se tornar um biomarcador salivar associado ao prognóstico clínico desfavorável do paciente com CECO.

A ulceração aftosa recorrente (UAR) é considerada a doença ulcerativa mais frequente da cavidade bucal. Sua etiopatogenia ainda não está plenamente esclarecida, embora inúmeros fatores locais e sistêmicos já tenham sido a ela associados. Recentemente, a resposta imune anormal do tipo celular tem sido considerada a responsável pela lesão bucal na UAR, favorecendo uma resposta imunológica pró-inflamatória do tipo Th1, em conjunto com alterações em linfócitos T regulatórios. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar análise da expressão gênica da FOXP3, MIP-3? e Interleucinas 2, 10 e 35 em pacientes com ulceração aftosa recorrente, por meio de estudo caso-controle. Os pacientes do grupo caso apresentavam quadros frequentes de UAR com pelo menos um ano de manifestação de surtos ulcerativos e história negativa de condições sistêmicas ou locais interferentes com a expressão das UAR. Estes foram submetidos a biópsia de lesão ulcerativa recente para a análise molecular. Os pacientes do grupo controle apresentavam história negativa de UAR, mucosa clinicamente saudável, e doaram voluntariamente fragmento de mucosa saudável para análise molecular, quando submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos como exodontia de terceiros molares ou biópsias ósseas. Todos os pacientes foram incluídos no grupo de pesquisa apenas após anuência com termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Submeteram-se a exame clínico, realizaram exames complementares para controle da saúde geral e suporte diagnóstico. Onze pacientes UAR e três controles voluntários compuseram a casuística estudada, sendo submetidos a biópsia de lesões de UAR ou de mucosa de revestimento sadia. As amostras de tecido bucal foram submetidas aos procedimentos laboratoriais de extração do RNA e análise da expressão gênica da FOXP3, MIP-3? e Interleucinas 2, 10 e 35 por meio da técnica de RT-PCR em tempo real. Não houve diferença significativa na expressão dos genes estudados entre as amostras de portadores de UAR e controles sadios. Concluímos que os genes aqui avaliados não parecem desempenhar papel distintivo na fase ulcerativa inicial das UAR, entretanto estudos adicionais são recomendados a fim de se verificar a real participação desses agentes da inflamação na expressão da doença. / Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) is the most common ulcerative disease of the oral cavity. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood yet, although numerous local and systemic factors have been associated with it. Recently, abnormal immune response of cellular type has been considered responsible for the RAU oral lesions, promoting a pro-inflammatory immune response Th1-type, in conjunction with changes in regulatory T cells. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the gene expression of FOXP3, MIP-3? and interleukins 2, 10 and 35 in patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration through a case-control study. The case group of patients presented frequent RAU bouts with at least one year of manifestation of ulcerative outbreaks and negative history of local or systemic conditions interfering with the RAU expression. These patients were submitted to a biopsy procedure of a recent ulcerative lesion for molecular analysis. Patients in the control group presented no history of RAU, and agreed with a donation of a healthy mucosa fragment for molecular analysis when undergoing surgical procedures such as extraction of third molars or bone biopsies. All patients were included in the research group only after agreement with an informed consent. All subjects underwent clinical examination and were submitted to additional lab tests to check overall health and support diagnosis. Eleven RAU patients and three control volunteers composed the sample size and undergone biopsy of RAU lesions or healthy mucosal lining. The oral tissue samples were submitted to the laboratory procedures of RNA extraction and analysis of gene expression of FOXP3, MIP-3? and interleukins 2, 10, 35 by real time RT-PCR. There was no significant difference in gene expression between the studied samples of patients with RAU and healthy controls. It was concluded that the genes evaluated do not seem to play distinctive role in the initial ulcerative phase of RAU, however further studies are recommended in order to verify the actual participation of these inflammation agents in RAU expression.

INTRODUÇÃO: O ozônio (O3) é encontrado na natureza e também pode ser produzido no corpo humano através da ativação de anticorpos. Seus efeitos anti-bactericidas são descritos na literatura, mas esses dados são controversos quanto a um potencial efeito benéfico da ozonioterapia no tratamento de certos tipos de infecção. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da aplicação intraperitoneal (i.p.) de uma mistura gasosa de ozônio em um modelo de ligadura e punção de ceco (LPC) em ratos, através da dosagem de interleucinas (IL)-6, IL-10 e da quimiocina CINC-1 (cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant), da lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA) e da análise das taxas de sobrevida. MÉTODO: Quatro grupos de ratos Wistar foram utilizados para análise de cada objetivo (CTR, LPC, LPC+O2 e LPC+O3). Os animais do grupo CTR foram submetidos somente a laparotomia. O grupo LPC foi submetido aos procedimentos de LPC. Os outros grupos foram submetidos à LPC e receberam injeção (i.p.) da mistura gasosa correspondente, administrada a cada 12 horas durante o período de observação. Os níveis séricos de IL-6, CINC-1 e IL-10 foram determinados por imuno- ensaio (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay- ELISA). A LPA foi avaliada através da histologia pulmonar e quantificada através do método do extravasamento pulmonar do Azul de Evans. Os animais da análise de sobrevivência foram observados por cinco dias. Os valores obtidos foramexpressos como médias ± erro-padrão da média (EP) ou medianas mais percentis 25 e 75(P25; P75), de acordo com a distribuição dos dados. Considerou-se significante p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Os ratos do grupo CTR exibiram os menores níveis de CINC-1 (p<0,01). O grupo LPC+O3 teve níveis menores de CINC-1 comparado a LPC+O2 e LPC (p<0,05). Os níveis de IL-10 do grupo CTR foram menores do que nos outros 3 grupos(p=0,02) . Não houve diferenças entre os outros 3 grupos (p=0,85). IL-6 foi significativamente menor para o grupo CTR (30,8± 4,8) quando comparado a todos os outros grupos (p<0,001). LPC+O3 e LPC+O2 exibiram níveis menores quando comparados ao grupo LPC (p<0,01). Não houve diferença entre os grupos LPC+O3 e LPC+O2 (p=0,54). O escore de histologia pulmonar foi menor para CTR (p=0,02). Os outros grupos não apresentaram diferenças significantes intergrupos (p=0,3). Os valores dos coeficientes de extravasamento pulmonar do Azul de Evans foram menores para LPC+O3 quando comparado aos grupos LPC+O2 e LPC (p=0,02), porém não houve diferença na comparação com CTR O grupo CTR teve o maior tempo de sobrevida (110±10h) comparado com os outros grupos, ou seja, LPC (57,3± 10,4h), LPC+O2 (71 ± 12,9h) e LPC+O3 (52,1 ± 8), os quais não apresentaram diferenças entre si quanto à sobrevida (p=0,4). CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo experimental em ratos, a ozonioterapia teve um benefício potencial na modulação da resposta inflamatória e na LPA, mas não influenciou as taxas de sobrevida dos animais. / INTRODUCTION: Ozone (O3) is found in nature and also can be produced in the human body through activation of antibodies. Its antibacterial effect has been described in the literature, but these data are controversial regardi ng a benefic role of O3 therapy in the treatment of certain types of infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of intraperitoneal (i.p.) application of an O3 gas mixture in a rat model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), by analyzing interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1 levels, acute lung injury (ALI) and survival rates. METHOD: Four animal groups were used (SHAM, CLP, CLP+O2 and CLP+O3). SHAM animals were submitted solely to laparotomy. CLP group was submitted to cecal ligation and puncture. The other groups were submitted to CLP and received injections (i.p.) of the corresponding gas mixture every 12 hours during the observation period. The serum concentrations of IL-6, CINC-1 and IL-10 were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ALI was evaluated with pulmonary histology and quantitated by means of the Evans blue dye (EBD) lung leakage method. For survival analysis, animals were observed for 5 days. Values were expressed as means ± SEM or medians (P25; P75), according to the data distribution. A p<0,05 was considered significant.RESULTS: SHAM rats had the lowest levels of CINC-1 compared to all other groups (p<0,01). CLP+O3 group had lower levels of CINC-1 compared to CLP+O2 and CLP (p<0,05). SHAM IL-10 levels were the lowest compared to the 3 other groups (p=0,02). There were no differences between the other 3 groups (p=0,85). IL-6 was significantly lower for SHAM compared to all groups (p<0,001). CLP+O3 and CLP+O2 had lower levels when compared to CLP (p<0,01). Comparison between groups CLP+O3 and CLP+O2 showed no significant difference (p=0,54). Pulmonary histology score was lower for SHAM (p=0,02). The other groups presented no statistical difference when compared to each other (p=0,3). EBD lung leakage values were lower to CLP+O3 compared to CLP+O2 and CLP (p=0,02). SHAM group had the longest survival time (110±10h) compared to all other groups (p=0,002). CLP (57,3± 10,4h), CLP+O2 (71 ± 12,9h) and CLP+O3 (52,1 ± 8h), which did not show difference on survival compared to each other (p=0,4). CONCLUSION: In this rat model of sepsis, ozone therapy had a potential benefit in the modulation of inflammatory response and ALI, but no improvement on survival rates was observed.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans está associado à periodontite agressiva e produz CDT. Visando contribuir no entendimento do papel da CDT na regulação da resposta imune, foi determinada sua atividade sobre macrófagos e a resposta humoral contra a toxina. CDT inibiu a proliferação de células epiteliais OBA-9 e macrófagos Raw 264.7 e também a produção de NO por células Raw 264.7 e macrófagos peritoneais de camundongos C3H/HePas e C3H/HeJ, mas estimulou a produção de IL-12. Na imunidade humoral, 75% dos soros de indivíduos com PAgL e 81,8% dos PAgG foram reativos para A. actinomycetemcomitans. Não houve diferença na resposta contra CDTA e CDTB entre o soro de pacientes com diferentes condições periodontais. Todos os pacientes PAgG foram soropositivos para a CDTC, porém apenas 8,3% dos indivíduos com PAgL, nenhum dos PC e 25% dos saudáveis foram positivos. CDT tem atividade imunomodulatória e a resposta humoral difere entre indivíduos infectados pela bactéria. / Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is associated with aggressive periodontitis and produces CDT. Aiming to contribute in the understanding the CDT activity in the immune response regulation, its action on macrophages was determined and the response against the toxin analyzed. CDT inhibited the proliferation of OBA-9 epithelial cells and Raw 264.7 macrophages and also inhibited the NO production by Raw 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages of C3H/HePas and C3H/HeJ mice, however, stimulated the IL-12 production. In the humoral immunity, 75% of sera from LAgP subjects and 81.8% were reactive to A. actinomycetemcomitans. There was not difference in the response against CDTA and CDTB among sera of patients with different periodontal conditions. All GAgP subjects were sera-reactivity to CDTC, however only 8.3% LAgP subjects, none in CP and 25% of healthy subjects were positive. CDT has immunomodulatory activity and the humoral response differ among bacteria infected subjects.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-02-03T13:11:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 caiocesardesouzaalves.pdf: 1872262 bytes, checksum: f03fadd9407262d508f6744a7f73820f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-02-03T13:14:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 caiocesardesouzaalves.pdf: 1872262 bytes, checksum: f03fadd9407262d508f6744a7f73820f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-03T13:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 caiocesardesouzaalves.pdf: 1872262 bytes, checksum: f03fadd9407262d508f6744a7f73820f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-30 / A Paracoccidioidomicose é uma micose sistêmica humana causada pelo fungo dimórfico, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, que acomete, principalmente, indivíduos adultos do sexo masculino. O presente estudo propôs a padronização do modelo de infecção com P. brasiliensis pela via intratorácica em camundongos BALB/c. Este estudo foi monitorado pela detecção do P. brasiliensis através da contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia e pela presença de DNA do fungo nos pulmões dos animais infectados em diferentes pontos pósinfecção (2o, 7o, 15o, 30o, 45o, 60o e 90o dias) e a taxa de sobrevida dos camundongos. Além disto, foram avaliados alguns parâmetros imunológicos como a produção de óxido nítrico, TNF-alpha, IFN-gama, e IL-10 por células presentes no lavado intratorácico, contagem total e diferencial do número de células do lavado intratorácico, o estudo histopatológico dos pulmões e a detecção de anticorpos específicos anti-P. brasiliensis nos pulmões e no soro. Os resultados mostram um aumento gradual do número de colônias e de DNA de P. brasiliensis nos pulmões. Até o 15o dia após a infecção pode ser observado um aumento na produção de óxido nítrico e IFN-gama pelas células do lavado intratorácico, bem como um aumento do número total de células e da porcentagem de leucócitos mononucleares. A partir do 30o dia após a infecção observa-se um aumento de anticorpos específicos (IgG1) no soro e no pulmão, um aumento da produção de IL-10 e TNF-alpha pelas células do lavado intratorácico e conseqüente diminuição da produção de IFN-gama e óxido nítrico. Além disso, observa-se um aumento da porcentagem de células polimorfonucleares no lavado. No estudo histopatológico pode ser constatado um aumento gradual no tamanho e complexidade dos granulomas presentes nos cortes histológicos. Os camundongos utilizados no estudo de sobrevida começaram a morrer no 60o dia após a infecção. Os resultados mostram uma resposta inicial do hospedeiro com um perfil Th1 mudando durante a infecção para uma resposta Th2 que leva ao óbito dos camundongos BALB/c. / Paracoccidioidomycosis or South American blastomycosis, is a chronic granulomatous human male infection caused by the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. The present study it considered the standardization of the model of infection with P. brasiliensis for the intrathoracic route in BALB/c mice. This study was monitored by the detection of the P. brasiliensis through the counting of colony forming units and by the presence of DNA of fungi in the lungs of the infected animals in different points (2, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days) and the survival rate of the mice. Moreover, some immune parameters had been evaluated as the nitric oxide production, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 for cells in the intrathoracic washed, total and distinguishing counting of cells of the intrathoracic washed, the lung histopathology and the detection of specific antibodies anti-P. brasiliensis in the lungs and serum. The results show a gradual increase of the number of colonies and P. brasiliensis DNA in the lungs. Until 15 day after the infection can be observed an increase in the nitric oxide production and IFN-gamma for the cells of the washed, as well as an increase of the total number of cells and the percentage of mononuclear. From 30 day after the infection observes an increase of specific antibodies (IgG1) in the serum and the lung, an increase of the production of IL-10 and TNF-alpha for the cells of the washed and consequent reduction of the IFN-gamma production and nitric oxide. Moreover, observed an increase of the percentage of cells polimorphonuclear in the washed. In the histopathology it can be evidenced a gradual increase in the size and complexity of granulomas in the cuts. The mice used in the survival study had started to die in 60 day after the infection. The results show an initial reply of the host with a Th1 profile moving during the infection for a Th2 reply that leads to the death of the BALB/c mice.

Les syndromes septiques restent à ce jour un problème majeur de santé publique. Une importante immunodépression est observée lors des syndromes septiques, affectant notamment les lymphocytes T, acteurs majeurs de la réponse immunitaire. En effet, après avoir subi une apoptose massive ils présentent d'importantes altérations fonctionnelles et phénotypiques, associées à un mauvais pronostic. Cependant les mécanismes impliqués dans le développement de ces altérations lymphocytaires induites par le sepsis (ALIS) sont encore mal connus. Le but de ce travail était d'étudier ces mécanismes à travers la mise au point de modèles ex-vivo. Nous avons optimisé un test de mesure de la réponse proliférative des lymphocytes T, utilisable pour le diagnostic des immunodéficiences primaires, comme pour l'étude expérimentale et clinique des ALIS. Nous avons développé un premier modèle ex vivo, reposant sur l'incubation de cellules mononuclées du sang périphérique (PBMC) en présence de LPS, suivie d'une stimulation spécifique des lymphocytes T via leur TCR. Ce modèle récapitule des mécanismes indirects potentiellement impliqués dans l'induction des ALIS, impliquant les monocytes. Puis, nous avons mis au point un modèle qui repose sur l'incubation de PBMC en présence d.IL-10, suivie d'une stimulation des lymphocytes T par des anticorps anti-CD2/CD3/CD28. Ce modèle pourrait reproduire des mécanismes directs et indirects impliqués dans l'induction des ALIS. Nos résultats nous ont permis d'améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes en jeux dans les ALIS et d'en souligner la complexité. Les modèles ex-vivo présentés pourraient permettre d'évaluer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques / Sepsis remains a major public healthcare issue. During sepsis, an important immunodepression develops, affecting particularly the T lymphocytes, major players of the immune response. Following a massive apoptosis, T lymphocytes display important functional and phenotypical alterations, which are associated with higher risk of secondary infections and higher mortality. Mechanisms involved in the induction of such alterations are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to analyze those mechanisms through the development of ex vivo models. We optimized a test to measure T lymphocytes proliferative response, which can be used for the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies, as well as to clinically and experimentally study sepsis induced T lymphocytes alterations (SILA). First, we set up a model consisting in an incubation of PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) with LPS followed by specific T lymphocytes stimulation via its TCR. This model recapitulates indirect mechanisms likely to participate in SILA induction, mediated by monocytes. Then, we set up a model consisting in PBMC incubation with IL-10 followed by T lymphocytes stimulation with anti-CD2/3/28 antibody coated beads. This model may recapitulate direct and indirect mechanisms involved in SILA induction. Our results allowed us to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in SILA induction and to highlight its complexity. The ex-vivo models that we developed could be used for the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies

L’objectif prioritaire de ce travail était de provoquer un état de tolérance immunologique à des allogreffes cardiaques et cutanées chez des souris injectées avec des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH) transduites avec le gène de l’interleukine 10. Un deuxième but était d’améliorer la survie des greffons cutanés en utilisant des cellules dendritiques immatures tolérogène. Le foie fœtal de souris contient en moyenne 2% de cellules souches capables de se différencier dans toutes les lignées hématolymphoïdes. De plus, leur relativement faible expression des antigènes du CMH fait d’elles un matériel biologique parfois susceptible de s’adapter à un environnement allogénique. L’IL-10 est une cytokine anti-inflamatoires. Produite par les lymphocytes Th2 principalement, elle inhibe la production de cytokines pro-inflamatoires telle l’IL-2. Elle empêche aussi la fonction de présentation des antigènes des CPA. Les cellules dendritiques (DC) dérivent de CSH, elles jouent un rôle central dans l’immunité et sont capables d’interagir avec les cellules du système immunitaire inné et adaptatif. Elles sont essentielles à la mise en place d’une réponse régulatrice ou tolérogène, ceci en fonction des informations fournies par le microenvironnement cellulaire. Les résultats montrent d’une part que les CSH fœtales, de souris C57 BL/6 transduites avec le gène de l’IL-10 et injectées plusieurs fois à des souris allogéniques (BALB/c), induisent une prolongation de survie du greffon cardiaque de même souche. Cette survie est de 86.25+13.8 jours versus 11.5+0.6 jours pour les groupes contrôles. Les DC tolérogènes (tol-DC) de souris DBA1 traitées avec le TNFα sont injectées à des souris allogéniques (BALB/c). Il en résulte une prolongation de survie du greffon cutané de même souche que les tol-DC : 15 jours vs 7.5 jours pour les contrôles. Seuls les animaux transplantés avec des tol-DC présentent un état de tolérance autorisant la prolongation de la survie de greffonsallogéniques / The main objective of this work was to induce a state of immunological tolerance to cardiac and skin allografts in mice injected with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) transduced with the gene for interleukin 10 (IL-10). A second goal was to improve the survival of skin grafts using immature dendritic cells well known for their tolerogenic function. Mouse fetal liver contains 2% of stem cells on average that can differentiate into all blood-lymphoid lineages. In addition, their relatively low antigen expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) makes them a biological material sometimes capable to adapt to an allogeneic environment. IL-10 is a cytokine with anti-inflammatory properties. Mainly produced by Th2 lymphocytes cells, IL-10 inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2. It prevents antigen presenting function of APCs. Dendritic cells (DC) derived from HSCs and play a central role in immunity. They are able to interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. They are essential to the establishment of a regulatory or tolerogenic response, this based on the information provided by the cellular microenvironment. Results firstly show that fetal HSC of C57 BL/6 mice transduced with IL-10 gene and injected several times to allogeneic mice (BALB/c) sublethally irradiated induce a prolongation of heart transplant survival of the same strain. This survival is of 86.25+13.8 days in comparison with 11.5+0.6 days for control groups. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tol-DC) of DBA1 mice treated with TNFα are injected into allogeneic mice (BALB/c) sublethally irradiated. This results in a prolongation of skin graft survival of same strain as tol-DC: 15 days compared to 7.5 days for the control groups. Only tol-DC transplanted animals have a tolerance state allowing prolonged survival of allogeneic skin grafts

Além das células T reguladoras clássicas (Treg), fenotipicamente definidas como CD4+CD25highCD127-FOXP3+, outros subtipos celulares que expressam moléculas reguladoras e produzem IL-10 podem desempenhar papel imunomodulador na malária humana. Caracterizamos subpopulações celulares que expressam marcadores de ativação celular e de atividade reguladora em indivíduos infectados por P. falciparum, P. vivax ou co-infectados com ambas as espécies, bem como em controles saudáveis de uma área endêmica de malária na Amazônia Brasileira. Mostramos que a malária induz duas subpopulações principais de células T reguladoras, uma expressando CTLA-4 (uma molécula de superfície que inibe a ativação de células T) e outra expressando OX40, uma molécula co-estimulatória que pode suprimir a atividade supressora da Treg. Mostramos que diferentes populações de PBMCs, provenientes de pacientes com malária e controles saudáveis, produzem IL-10 após a estimulação ex vivo com phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) e ionomicina em comparação com o estímulo com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). / Besides classical regulatory T cells (Treg), which are phenotypically defined as CD4+CD25highCD127-FOXP3+, other cell subtypes expressing regulatory molecules and producing IL-10 may play an immunomodulatory role in human malaria. We characterized cell subpopulations that express markers of cell activation and regulatory activity in individuals infected with P. falciparum, P. vivax, or co-infected with both species, as well as in healthy controls from a malária-endemic area in the Brazilian Amazon. We show that malaria induces two major subpopulations of regulatory T cells, expressing CTLA-4 (a surface molecule that inhibits the activation of T cells) and another expressing OX40 (a co-stimulatory molecule that can suppress the suppressive activity of Treg). We showed that different populations of PBMCs from malaria patients and healthy controls, produce IL-10 after ex-vivo stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, compared to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Le virus d’Epstein-Barr (EBV) est le premier virus transformant à avoir été identifié chez l’Homme. Il infecte plus de 90% de la population adulte mondiale, persistant sous forme épisomale dans le compartiment B mémoire tout au long de la vie de l’hôte. Lors de la primo-infection et lors de phases de réactivation du virus, les cellules B immortalisées sont en programme de latence III, aussi appelée phase de prolifération, où l’ensemble des protéines de latence sont exprimées. Lorsque les hôtes sont immunocompétents, un équilibre entre hôte et virus s’établit et la plupart des cellules B infectées sont éliminées par le système immunitaire de l’hôte, principalement par les lymphocytes T cytotoxiques. En cas de déficit immunitaire, il peut y avoir émergence de lymphomes, tels que les désordres lymphoprolifératifs des patients immunodéprimés (PTLDs), les lymphomes non-Hodgkiniens (LNH) et Hodgkiniens (LH). Les travaux antérieurs du laboratoire ont permis de révéler que l’immuno-inhibiteur PD-L1/B7-H1/CD274 est surexprimé à la surface des lymphocytes B en latence III de l’EBV. L’interleukine-10 (IL-10) est également sécrétée par ces cellules. Ces caractéristiques sont communes aux cellules B régulatrices (Bregs). Le but de ma thèse était d’interroger les caractéristiques immuno-modulatrices des cellules B en latence III de l’EBV, dans le cadre des propriétés des Bregs. Nous montrons que les cellules B en latence III de l’EBV possèdent les déterminants antigéniques communs aux Bregs immatures (CD24High CD38High PD-L1High), associée à une surexpression des cytokines immunosuppressives cardinales des Bregs (IL-10, TGF-β1 et IL-35). Nous montrons que les cellules B en latence III de l’EBV peuvent conduire à la mort des cellules T CD4 autologues, ainsi qu’à l’inhibition de la prolifération des lymphocytes T CD4 et CD8, au profit de l’expansion de lymphocytes T régulateurs (Tregs). Nous avons trouvé que cette expansion est médiée par l’axe PD-1/PD-L1. Ces travaux mettent en évidence un nouveau mécanisme de l’EBV concernant le détournement du système immunitaire de l’hôte, augmentant ses capacités oncogéniques. / The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first transforming virus discovered in humans. It infects more than 90% of the global adult population, persisting in an episomal form in the memory B-cell compartment throughout the life of the host. During primo-infection and during phases of viral reactivation, immortalized B-cells are in latency III, also called the proliferation program, in which the full range of latency proteins are expressed. In immunocompetent subjects, a balance between virus and host is established, and most infected B-cells are eliminated by the host’s immune system, mainly by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Deficit of the immune system may lead to lymphomagenesis, such as post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs), non-Hodgkin’s (NHL) or Hodgkin’s lymphomas (HL). Previous studies in the lab revealed that the immuno-inhibitor PD-L1/B7-H1/CD274 was overexpressed on the surface of EBV latency III B-cells. Interleukin-10 (IL-10was also secreted by these cells. These features are shared with regulatory B-cells (Bregs). Our objective was to examine the immunomodulatory features of EBV latency III B-cells, in the frame of Bregproperties. We found that EBV latency III B-cells possessed the antigenic determinants common to immature Bregs (CD24High CD38High PD-L1High), associated with overexpression of Breg immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1 and IL-35). EBV latency III B-cells led to death of autologous CD4 T-cells, as well as inhibition of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte proliferation, favoring regulatory T-cell (Treg) expansion. We found that this expansion was mediated by the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. This study highlights a new mechanism of EBV for t diversion of the host immune system thereby increasing its oncogenic properties.

Der Systemische Lupus Erythematodes (SLE) ist eine meist schwer verlaufende Autoimmunerkrankung, die jedes Organ betreffen kann. Trotz zahlreicher und intensiver Anstrengungen die Pathophysiologie des SLE aufzuklären, wird sie aktuell nur in ihren Grundzügen verstanden. Eine Vielzahl zellulärer und molekularer Auffälligkeiten wurden in verschiedenen Immunzellen von Patienten mit SLE beschrieben, wobei die gesteigerte Aktivierung von T und B Zellen ist ein Schlüsselmerkmal ist. Verschiedene Auffälligkeiten der T Zell Funktion wurden in den vergangenen Jahren berichtet, unter anderem die gesteigerte Expression und Aktivierung verschiedener Transkriptionsfaktoren, darunter cAMP Responsive Element Modulator (CREM)α und Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat)3. Eine Rolle von CREMα bei der Entstehung von Effektor T Zell Phänotypen bei Patienten mit SLE wurde in Studien belegt. Die gesteigerte Expression von CREMα ist (zumindest teilweise) für die gesteigerte Expression von IL-17A und die reduzierte Expression von IL-2 verantwortlich, welche für die Pathogenese und die Entstehung von Gewebeschäden mitverantwortlich sind. Neben gut charakterisierten CD4+ Effektor T Zellen, spielen TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8-, sogenannte „doppelt negative“ (DN) T Zellen, eine Rolle in der Pathophysiologie des SLE. Die Zahl DN T Zellen ist im peripheren Blut von SLE Patienten gesteigert. DN T Zellen infiltrieren entzündete Gewebe, insbesondere die Nieren, wo sie IL-17A exprimieren und zu Gewebeschäden beitragen können. Da DN T Zellen durch den Verlust der Oberflächenexpression des CD8 Co-Rezeptors aus CD8+ T Lymphozyten hervorgehen können, stellte wir die Frage, ob CREMα an diesem Prozess beteiligt ist. In den vorliegenden Studien konnten wir zeigen, dass CREMα an hochkonservierte nichtkodierende Sequenzen des CD8 Gen Clusters bindet und den CD8B Promoter trans-reprimiert. CREMα stellt damit den ersten berichteten Transkriptionsfaktor dar, der zu trans-Repression von CD8 führt. Zudem co-rekrutiert CREMα die DNA Methyltransferase DNMT3a und die Histon Methyltransferase G9a an hochkonservierte nichtkodierende Elemente des CD8 Gen Clusters in CD8+ T Zellen. Hierdurch trägt CREMα zur Chromatinkondensation, folglich reduzierter CD8 Expression und letztendlich der Generierung von DN T Zellen bei. Da die Expression von CREMα sowohl in T Zellen von SLE Patienten als auch in T Zellen von MRL.lrp Mäusen gesteigert ist, könnten die beschriebenen Effekte auf die CD8 Expression eine Rolle für eine Reihe von Autoimmunerkrankungen spielen, die mit einer erhöhten Zahl von DN T Zellen einhergehen (z.B. Patienten mit Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome; ALPS). Proteine der Stat Transkriptionsfaktor Familie spielen eine Rolle während der Differenzierung und Aktivierung von Effektor T Zellen. Speziell die Transkriptionsfaktoren Stat3 und Stat5 scheinen für das Gleichgewicht zwischen Th17 Effektor Phänotypen (Stat3) und regulatorischen T Zellen (Stat5) von Bedeutung zu sein. Stat3 spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Differenzierung von IL-17A produzierenden CD4+ Th17 Helferzellen, welche eine pathophysiologische Rolle beim SLE spielen. Durch die Aktivierung der Expression weiterer Zytokine (z.B. IL-6, IL-10, und IL-21) in verschiedenen T Lymphozytenpopulationen, sind die Effekte von Stat3 nicht auf die genannten T Helferzellpopulationen beschränkt. Interleukin-10 ist ein immunregulatorisches Zytokin, welches neben seinen anti-inflammatorischen Effekten auch zur Aktivierung von B Lymphozyten und Antikörperproduktion beiträgt. Eine mögliche Pathophysiologische Rolle von IL-10 beim SLE ergibt sich aus gesteigerten IL-10 Serumspiegeln in SLE Patienten und nicht zuletzt aus einer kleinen Kohorte von SLE Patienten, die klinische Besserung nach therapeutischer Blockade von IL-10 erfahren hatte. Wie IL17A, wird auch IL10 durch Transkriptionsfaktoren der Stat Familie kontrolliert. Da die Expression und Aktivierung von Stat3 in T Zellen von SLE Patienten gesteigert ist, untersuchten wir am Beispiel des IL10 Gens Effekte von fehlregulierter Stat Aktivierung. Wir konnten zeigen, dass Stat3 und Stat5 das IL10 Gen durch trans-Aktivierung und die Induktion von epigenetischen Remodeling durch die Co-Rekrutierung von p300 regulieren. Der transkriptionelle Co-Aktivator p300 besitzt Histon Azetyltransferase Aktivität und induziert die „Öffnung“ des IL10 Gens. In T Zellen von SLE Patienten ist die Rekrutierung von Stat3 durch reduzierte DNA Methylierung am proximalen Promoter und einem intronischen Enhancer (I-SRE) erleichtert. Zudem verdrängt Stat3 den Transkriptionsfaktor Stat5 von einem Bindungselement im 4. Intron (I-SRE) des IL10 Gens. Zusammen führen diese Ereignisse zu gesteigerter Expression von IL-10 in T Zellen von SLE Patienten. Da die Aktivierung von Stat3 zu gesteigerter Expression einer Reihe von Zytokinen beträgt und die Stat3 Aktivierung sowohl beim SLE als auch bei anderen Autoimmunerkrankungen gesteigert ist, könnten die beschriebenen Effekte nicht nur auf die Expression von IL-10 in T Zellen von SLE Patienten beschränkt sein. Unsere Beobachtungen unterstreichen das Potenzial fehregulierte Transkriptionsfaktoren, speziell CREMα und Stat3, als Biomarker und/oder therapeutische Ziele beim SLE zu nutzen. Es bleibt jedoch an dieser Stelle noch zu klären, ob CREMα und/oder Stat3 auch Chromatin Remodeling während der physiologischen Generierung von DN oder CD4+ T Helfer Zellen kontrollieren oder ob sie ausschließlich oder zumindest in gesteigertem Maße an der pathologischen Generierung von Effektor T Zellen bei Autoimmunerkrankungen beteiligt sein. Die translationale Bedeutung unserer Beobachtungen wird durch den neuerdings begonnenen Einsatz von JAK/Stat Inhibitoren in der Therapie verschiedener Autoimmunerkrankungen unterstrichen. / Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a severe autoimmune disease that can affect any organ of the human body. Despite intense efforts towards a better understanding, the pathophysiology of SLE remains largely unknown. A number of cellular and molecular anomalies have been reported in immune cells from patients with SLE, and increased activation of B and T lymphocytes are considered hallmarks of the disease. Several alterations to T cell function and phenotypes have been reported, including the increased expression of the transcription factors cAMP response element modulatorα (CREM α) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). A role of CREMα in the generation of effector T cells has been demonstrated. Enhanced expression of CREMα is (at least partially) responsible for increased expression of IL-17A and reduced expression of IL-2 from effector T cells in SLE patients; and altered cytokine expression contributes to the pathophysiology and tissue damage. In addition to well-characterized effector CD4+ T cells, TCR+CD3+CD4-CD8-, so-called “double negative” (DN) T cells, also play a role in the pathophysiology of SLE. Increased numbers of DN T cells in the peripheral blood of SLE patients invade inflamed tissues, including the kidneys, where they produce IL-17A and contribute to tissue damage. Double negative T cells can derive from CD8+ T cells through the down-regulation of CD8 co-receptor expression. Thus, we asked whether CREMα may be involved in this process. In the studies presented here, we demonstrate that CREMα recruits to highly conserved non-coding sequences of the CD8 gene cluster and trans-represses the CD8B promoter. Thus, CREMα is the first reported transcription factor that negatively regulates CD8 expression. Furthermore, CREMα co-recruits DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)3a and histone methyltransferase G9a to highly conserved regions within the CD8 cluster in CD8+ T cells. Through these interactions, CREMα induces chromatin condensation, reduced CD8 expression, and the generation of DN T cells. Since CREMα expression is greater in T cells from SLE patients and lupus-prone MRL.lpr mice, the reported effects may play a role in several autoimmune disorders that are characterized by increased numbers of DN T cells (such as autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome; ALPS). Stat family transcription factors play a role during the differentiation and activation of T cells. Particularly Stat3 and Stat5 appear to be of central importance to the balance between effector Th17 phenotypes (Stat3) and regulatory T cells (Stat5). Stat3 is involved in the generation of IL-17A producing CD4+ Th17 cells, which contribute to tissue damage. Through the induction of cytokines other than IL-17A (e.g. IL-6, IL-10, IL-21), effects of Stat3 are not limited to individual T helper cell populations. Interleukin-10 is an immune-regulatory cytokine. In addition to anti-inflammatory effects, IL-10 is involved in the activation of B lymphocytes and induces immunoglobulin production. Increased IL-10 serum levels in SLE patients and a cohort of SLE patients that clinically responded to therapeutic blockade of IL-10 suggest a pathophysiological role for IL-10 in the disease. As with IL17A, the IL10 gene is regulated by Stat transcription factors. Since expression and activation of Stat3 are increased in T cells from patients with SLE, we investigated effects of dysbalanced Stat activation on the IL10 gene. In the presented study, we demonstrate that Stat3 and Stat5 trans-activate IL10 and induce epigenetic remodeling through co-recruitment of p300. The transcriptional co-activator p300 functions as histone acetyltransferase and induced epigenetic “opening” of the IL10 gene. In T cells from SLE patients, recruitment of Stat3 is enhanced by reduced levels of DNA methylation of the proximal promoter and an intronic enhancer, harboring a Stat responsive element (I-SRE). Stat3 replaces the transcription factor Stat5 at I-SRE in a potentially competitive manner. Altogether, these effects result in increased expression of IL-10 in T cells from patients with SLE. Activation of Stat3 induces the expression of a number of cytokines. Since Stat3 activation is enhanced in several autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, including SLE, we concluded that Stat3-mediated effects on gene expression are most likely not limited to just IL-10 expression in SLE. The herewith reported observations suggest high potential for the application of dysregulated transcription factor networks, particularly CREMα and Stat3, as biomarkers and/or molecular targets for future therapeutic interventions in SLE. However, it remains to be investigated whether and to what extent CREMα and/or Stat3 are involved in chromatin remodeling during the physiological generation of DN and CD4+ T helper cell subsets, or whether they contribute exclusively to the generation of effector T cell phenotypes in SLE and other autoimmune/inflammatory disorders. The translational importance of our observations is underscored by the recently initiated application of JAK/Stat inhibitors in the treatment of autoimmune/inflammatory conditions.