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Dans cette étude nous cherchons à explorer le lien entre haschich et humour par l'analyse du corpus des récits arabes contenus dans la Rāḥat al-arwāḥ fī l-ḥašīš wa-l-rāḥ (“Le repos des âmes dans le haschich et le vin”) de Badr al-Dīn Abū l-Tuqā al-Badrī (847-894/1443-1489). L'originalité de cette anthologie qui existe en quatre manuscrits dont seulement deux étaient connus à la critique, découle du fait qu'elle est le plus ancien recueil en langue arabe de textes en prose et en vers inspirés du haschich. Dans la première partie, nous abordons le haschich d'un point de vue historique, médicale et juridico-religieux. Longtemps utilisé en médicine et pour la fabrication de cordes et tissus, on ignore quand le cannabis (qinnab) est passé de médicament à substance enivrante et récréative. Cependant l’utilisation de cette herbe était devenue un problème social, si entre le VIIe/XIIIe et le VIIIe/XIVe siècle plusieurs oulémas y consacrèrent des écrits, tant qu'ils l'incluront dans la liste des munkarāt, (les choses blâmables, défendues), à côté du vin (ḫamr), de la fornication (zinā) et de l’homosexualité (liwāṭ). Parallèlement, la littérature n’a pas manqué de représenter l’expérience de psychotropes. Et c'est autour des enjeux littéraires soulevés par cette substance que nous centrons la deuxième partie de notre travail. Par l'étude d'un certain nombre de motifs nous montrons que le personnage du ḥaššāš fonctionne comme un «catalyseur thématique» des motifs littéraires auparavant associés aux ivrognes, aux stupides ou aux fous. L’ordre que nous avons suivi est: la méprise, la stupidité et folie, le rapport au rêve et à l’imaginaire et l'avidité. Nous concluons sur le fait que le passage à la littérature du motif du mangeur de haschich représente le processus de cristallisation d’une figure narrative à potentiel fortement humoristique, née dans la première époque post-abbasside et dérivée d’une série de matériaux narratifs attribués auparavant à d’autres figures littéraires. / In this study we explore the link between hashish and humor through the analysis of Arabic stories contained in the Rāḥat al-arwāḥ fī l-ḥašīš wa-l-rāḥ (“The delight of the souls on hashish and wine”), written by Badr al-Dīn Abū l-Tuqā al-Badrī (847-894/1443-1489), that exists in four manuscripts of which only two were known until now. This work, of which no complete edition has been established yet, seems to be the oldest and most comprehensive Arabic anthology containing poetry and anecdotes inspired by hashish. In the first part we discuss hashish from a historical, medical, legal and religious perspective. Early on, hashish was used in medical treatments and for the manufacture of ropes and fabrics but it is not clear when cannabis (qinnab) has changed from a remedy into an intoxicating and a recreational substance. However, the use of this herb had become a social problem, since between the VIIth/XIIIth and the VIIIth/XIVth centuries several ʿulamā’ wrote about it and the consumption of hashish was considered among the munkarāt (forbidden or reprehensible actions), as well as wine (ḫamr), fornication (zinā) and homosexuality (liwāṭ). Literature quickly represented the psychotropic experiences. Thus the aesthetics of hashish consumption is the main issue of the second part of our study. There, we focus on some comic motifs that appear in a number of anecdotes and we prove that the ḥaššāš character acts as a «thematic catalyst» of literary motifs which were associated in classical Arabic literature with drunkenness, insanity and foolishness. Thus, the order of our presentation is: the mistake; hashish, insanity and foolishness; dream and imagination and finally food and avidity. We infer from this, that the hashish eater as literary motif represents the process of crystallization of a humorous narrative character that took shape during the first part of the post-abbasid period and developed from a series of narrative materials earlier attributed to other literary figures.

Dans cette étude nous cherchons à explorer le lien entre haschich et humour par l'analyse du corpus des récits arabes contenus dans la Rāḥat al-arwāḥ fī l-ḥašīš wa-l-rāḥ (“Le repos des âmes dans le haschich et le vin”) de Badr al-Dīn Abū l-Tuqā al-Badrī (847-894/1443-1489). L'originalité de cette anthologie qui existe en quatre manuscrits dont seulement deux étaient connus à la critique, découle du fait qu'elle est le plus ancien recueil en langue arabe de textes en prose et en vers inspirés du haschich. Dans la première partie, nous abordons le haschich d'un point de vue historique, médicale et juridico-religieux. Longtemps utilisé en médicine et pour la fabrication de cordes et tissus, on ignore quand le cannabis (qinnab) est passé de médicament à substance enivrante et récréative. Cependant l’utilisation de cette herbe était devenue un problème social, si entre le VIIe/XIIIe et le VIIIe/XIVe siècle plusieurs oulémas y consacrèrent des écrits, tant qu'ils l'incluront dans la liste des munkarāt, (les choses blâmables, défendues), à côté du vin (ḫamr), de la fornication (zinā) et de l’homosexualité (liwāṭ). Parallèlement, la littérature n’a pas manqué de représenter l’expérience de psychotropes. Et c'est autour des enjeux littéraires soulevés par cette substance que nous centrons la deuxième partie de notre travail. Par l'étude d'un certain nombre de motifs nous montrons que le personnage du ḥaššāš fonctionne comme un «catalyseur thématique» des motifs littéraires auparavant associés aux ivrognes, aux stupides ou aux fous. L’ordre que nous avons suivi est: la méprise, la stupidité et folie, le rapport au rêve et à l’imaginaire et l'avidité. Nous concluons sur le fait que le passage à la littérature du motif du mangeur de haschich représente le processus de cristallisation d’une figure narrative à potentiel fortement humoristique, née dans la première époque post-abbasside et dérivée d’une série de matériaux narratifs attribués auparavant à d’autres figures littéraires. / In this study we explore the link between hashish and humor through the analysis of Arabic stories contained in the Rāḥat al-arwāḥ fī l-ḥašīš wa-l-rāḥ (“The delight of the souls on hashish and wine”), written by Badr al-Dīn Abū l-Tuqā al-Badrī (847-894/1443-1489), that exists in four manuscripts of which only two were known until now. This work, of which no complete edition has been established yet, seems to be the oldest and most comprehensive Arabic anthology containing poetry and anecdotes inspired by hashish. In the first part we discuss hashish from a historical, medical, legal and religious perspective. Early on, hashish was used in medical treatments and for the manufacture of ropes and fabrics but it is not clear when cannabis (qinnab) has changed from a remedy into an intoxicating and a recreational substance. However, the use of this herb had become a social problem, since between the VIIth/XIIIth and the VIIIth/XIVth centuries several ʿulamā’ wrote about it and the consumption of hashish was considered among the munkarāt (forbidden or reprehensible actions), as well as wine (ḫamr), fornication (zinā) and homosexuality (liwāṭ). Literature quickly represented the psychotropic experiences. Thus the aesthetics of hashish consumption is the main issue of the second part of our study. There, we focus on some comic motifs that appear in a number of anecdotes and we prove that the ḥaššāš character acts as a «thematic catalyst» of literary motifs which were associated in classical Arabic literature with drunkenness, insanity and foolishness. Thus, the order of our presentation is: the mistake; hashish, insanity and foolishness; dream and imagination and finally food and avidity. We infer from this, that the hashish eater as literary motif represents the process of crystallization of a humorous narrative character that took shape during the first part of the post-abbasid period and developed from a series of narrative materials earlier attributed to other literary figures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Venetia Durando Braga Rios.pdf: 1547121 bytes, checksum: e83605abfe41c76b346e8e33d569ea4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In June 24, 1874, the city of Salvador woke up with an important commitment it was the day of the opening of the Asylum of St. John of God . For many years, the situation was at a standstill. After all, why all that interest in it? What did that spot, that place, mean for Tomé de Sousa's city? The aim of this text is to understand that moment in the life of the city. What did that space of medical power, of control of the deviates and degenerates, mean for the administration of urban daily life? It is our endeavour to understand that process through men and their histories, found in the street, in the School of Medicine, in the churches, in the warehouses, alleys and slopes. This work has the commitment to discussing the concept of "medicalization", so evidenced by many, from the theories developed in Europe, the autochthonous medical texts, the practices implemented in the asylum, the progress and the mistakes made. Stories lived in the heat of the moment, in the sultriness of the slow days of 19th century Salvador / Em 24 de junho de 1874, a cidade do Salvador acordou com um compromisso importante. Era o dia da inauguração do Asylo de São João de Deos . Muitos anos se gastaram em marchas e contra marchas. Afinal, por que tanto empenho por ele, o que significava para a cidade de Tomé de Sousa esse espaço, esse lugar? O texto tem como objetivo a compreensão desse momento na vida da cidade. O que significou para a administração do cotidiano urbano esse espaço de poder médico, de controle dos desviantes, dos degenerados? Foi nosso empenho entender esse processo através dos homens e suas histórias, encontrados nas ruas, na Escola de Medicina, nas igrejas, nos trapiches, becos e ladeiras. O trabalho tem o compromisso de discutir o conceito de medicalização tão evidenciado por muitos, a partir das teorias desenvolvidas na Europa, dos textos dos médicos da terra, da prática asilar empreendida, dos avanços e dos tropeços. Histórias vividas no calor da hora, no mormaço dos dias lentos da Salvador do século XIX

This study critically explores the numerous strains of “madness” that Zimbabwean authors represent in their postcolonial literature. My focus is on their reflection of “madness” as either an individual state of being, or as symptomatic of the socio-political and economic condition in the country. I have adopted insights from an existential psychoanalytic framework in my literary analysis in order to bring in an innovative dimension to this investigation of the phenomenon. I consider this an appropriate stance for this study as it has enriched my reading of the literary texts under study, as well as played a crucial role in providing me with effective conceptual tools for understanding the manifestations of “madness” in the texts. The literary works that I critique are Shimmer Chinodya’s Chairman of Fools (2009), Mashingaidze Gomo’s A Fine Madness (2010), Brian Chikwava’s Harare North, Petina Gappah’s An Elegy for Easterly (2009), Tsitsi Dangarembga’s The Book of Not (2006) and Yvonne Vera’s Without a Name (1994) and Butterfly Burning (1998). These selected texts offer me an opportunity to analyse the gender dynamics and discourses of “madness”, which I do from a peculiarly indigenous and feminist perspective. My study reveals that these authors’ representations are located in and shaped by very specific temporal and spatial contexts, which, in turn, shed light on the characters’ existential reality, revealing aspects of their relationship with the world around them. It demonstrates that their notions of “madness” denote different markers of identity, such as race, class, gender, and religion, amongst others. Significantly, my literary analysis illustrates the varied permutations of “madness” by exposing how these authors characterise the phenomenon as trauma, as alienation, as depression, as insanity, as subversion, as freedom, and even as a sign of the state of affairs in Zimbabwe. This investigation also reveals that because “madness” in these authors’ fiction is intricately linked to the question of identity, it manifests in situations where the characters’ sense of ontological security is compromised in some way. What emerges is that “madness” can either signify a grapple with identity, a loss of it, or a struggle for its redefinition / English Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (English)