Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This dissertation attempts to explain why cross-national variation exists in government approaches to dealing with illegal drugs. As other scholars have shown, several domestic and international political factors do account for some of this variance. However less is known of the effect that bureaucratic dominance and political institutions may have on drug policy. This research argues that bureaucrats define problems in ways that make their services the best possible solution to policymakers. Mediating the ability of bureaucrats to influence drug policy outcomes are political institutions. Certain institutional structures foster a competitive policymaking environment while others foster a more cooperative policymaking environment. In the former of these, law enforcement approaches to the drug problem are often retained as the status quo because competition between policy actors prevents consideration of alternatives. In the latter environment however, prevention, treatment, and harm reduction approaches to the drug problem are developed because cooperation between policymakers allows other actors. namely public health bureaucrats.to influence drug policy decision making. To test this argument, I constructed an original dataset that includes over 4,000 observations of drug policy in 101 democracies. Institutional data on intergovernmental relations, regime type, political bargaining, electoral design, and cameralism were regressed on 6 different drug policy indices: law enforcement, deterrence-based prevention, abstinence-based treatment, educationbased prevention, substitution-based treatment, and harm reduction. While controlling for government resource capacity, severity of the drug problem, international pressure, and political ideology, I found that institutions explain a portion of the variance in drug policy outcomes. Providing in-depth information about these phenomena is a large amount of field data I collected while interviewing 155 politicians, bureaucrats, interest group leaders, and service providers. Respondents from all four of the case countries examined in this research.including United States, Canada, Austria, and Netherlands.report that bureaucrats play a major role in the formation of drug policy. Which bureaucrats have the most influence on policymakers is largely a function of domestic political conditions, international political factors, and political institutions.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The intent of the thesis is to ascertain whether mitigation of political risk to the IT industry in Panama can be of value to the country by improving the economy and standard of living.

The thesis is focused on the question of how responsibilities for the performance of public functions are assigned to levels or spheres of government. The term "public function" refers to the activities performed by governments in order to satisfy identified community needs. There is a paucity of validated knowledge concerning the particular phenomenon, and the purpose of the study is to make a research based contribution in this connection. Because of the exploratory nature of the study particular attention is paid to the orientation of the research in Public Administration terms, as well as to research design. A study of the assignment of responsibilities in a selection of foreign countries was undertaken, and the findings are recorded and evaluated. The conclusion reached is that in none of the countries studied a clear, comprehensive demarcation of governmental responsibilities has been achieved. Regarding South Africa, the thesis encompasses a historical overview, followed by separate analytical examinations of the arrangements set in place by the 1993 ("interim") and the 1996 ("final") Constitutions. In the pre-democratic era (1910 to 1994), ideological considerations patently played a prominent role. The treatment of the assignment question by the 1993 Constitution is found to have had substantial shortcomings, especially with regard to conceptual and technical aspects, the realisation of assignment principles, and the substance of assigned responsibilities. In the author's opinion a satisfactory deployment of responsibilities was not achieved. The 1996 Constitution improved the assignment scheme, notably through the better realisation of assignment principles, the introduction of exclusive powers for the provinces, and in dealing with the municipal domain. However, the 1996 Constitution also did not achieve a credible and clear-cut assignment of responsibilities. In assessing the degree to which a scientific approach to the assignment question is in evidence, the finding is that such an approach has not been established. A theoretical assignment model, following a Public Administration approach, is then presented. The model covers language, classification, assignment principles, and methodology. The thesis concludes with a reflection on the research, as well as on the practicalities of achieving improvement in the assignment of responsibilities. / Public Administration and Management / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

The historic year of 1994 marked the demise of the apartheid government and its replacement with a new era of participative democracy in South Africa. Government in the new South Africa adopted a decentralised structure underpinned by chapter three of the Constitution (1996). Consequently, there are three spheres of government, which are, national, provincial and local levels. These spheres are obliged and mandated to mutually cooperate and support each other through peaceful interactions termed intergovernmental relations (IGR) which are aimed at achieving a cooperative system of government. IGR is institutionalised through forums which cut-across all spheres of government and such structures are established by the Intergovernmental Relations framework Act (No. 13 of 2005). Sustained intergovernmental cooperation can lead to an integrated and coordinated system of government, which can, deliver services effectively while meeting the needs of the citizens and ultimately promoting sustainable socio-economic development in South Africa.The aim of this empirical study was to assess the role played by cooperativegovernment and intergovernmental relations in promoting effective delivery of services in the Amathole District Municipality (ADM). Local government is the ‘grassroots’ government and it is where the actual rendering of services is situated which was reason behind the choice of the study area by the researcher. The study adopted amixed-method research paradigm in which both the quantitative and qualitative research paradigms were triangulated to ensure that the validity and reliability of the research findings is improved. Data in the study was gathered from a representative sample of seventy (70) respondents carefully selected using non-random sampling designs, viz, judgmental and snowball sampling. The study used both primary (questionnaires and interviews) and secondary (documentary analysis) sources of data to achieve the research objectives as validly as possible. Respondents in the study comprised of municipal officials, IGR practitioners, representatives from Community Based Organisations and the residents of ADM. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) software and the mains findings of the study were that; ADM has got IGR forums in existence although some of these are dormant and dysfunctional, only three out of the seven local municipalities in ADM are cooperative in IGR, there is general lack of political will on the side of politicians in terms of support of IGR initiatives, political factionism and interferences is crippling IGR and cooperation, the legal framework for IGR needs revision and revamping, there are still communities without access to basic services in ADM, public sector planning cycles are fragmented and need synergisation and IGR is not being monitored and evaluated. The study therefore recommended that; the relevant stakeholders in IGR should be fully dedicated towards cooperation, planning cycles for public entities need to be synergised, the National Planning Commission (NPC) should take an oversight role in the entire planning process, the legislation should be enacted which has a clause for punitive action being taken against those who fail to cooperate in IGR and the national, provincial and local governments should prioritise access to basic services in communities cooperatively.

Submitted by Martina Bergues (martina.bergues@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-15T00:10:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_CMAPG_Martina Bergues_13.04.pdf: 1613618 bytes, checksum: 01896c216cea4636378a9dab215f51c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-04-17T12:17:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_CMAPG_Martina Bergues_13.04.pdf: 1613618 bytes, checksum: 01896c216cea4636378a9dab215f51c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T12:38:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_CMAPG_Martina Bergues_13.04.pdf: 1613618 bytes, checksum: 01896c216cea4636378a9dab215f51c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-08 / The purpose of this research is to understand the dynamics of intergovernmental relations in the process of implementing a federal program at a local level, for a closer look at the day to day shared management of policies which involve more than one level of government. Although intergovernmental relations refer to a series of public actors, this analysis focuses on the roles and responsibilities of state bureaucrats in intergovernmental management, paying attention to its activities, attitudes and perceptions in the interaction process established with the federal government. In this work we will study this dynamic in the management of the Program My Home My Life (Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida - PMCMV) in the State of Sao Paulo, based on a partnership created between the federal and state governments for the implementation of PMCMV on State land. Accordingly, we shall study the process which led the Sao Paulo State Government to contribute its own financial resources to supplement the federal subsidy thereby rendering the PMCMV project feasible on São Paulo. Furthermore, we shall examine the negotiations related to alterations in the original design of the program, such as an increase in the size of the housing units. The role played by the Paulista Social Housing Agency (Agência Paulista de Habitação Social - Casa Paulista) is essential in this process, taking the form of the organizational structure which negotiated the partnership with the federal government. Based on interviews with managers of the Paulista Social Housing Agency in charge of running the program, we shall attempt to understand the dynamic of intergovernmental relations in the implementation process, based on two elements: (i) the negotiating process undertaken, especially with a view to strategies mobilized for gearing the program to local interests; and (ii) the way in which managers perceive the interactions and the types of links established with federal bureaucracies in this process. We shall study how bureaucrats perceive pre-defined federal programs, particularly if they understand federal programs as an opportunity to negotiate adjustments for the local level. Generally speaking, this dissertation is based on the idea that institutional arrangement in the area of housing and specific PMCMV regulations provide the general framework within which interactive links develop between sub-national bureaucracies and their federal counterparts. It is understood, therefore, that PMCMV regulations and legacies within the area of housing affect the way in which bureaucracies act and perceive established intergovernmental links. Special attention shall be given in this discussion to the relationship which the PMCMV established with the remaining housing policies, becoming the policy drawn up and executed outside the rationale of the Social National Housing System. This particularity of the PMCMV suggests that negotiations and agreements throughout the Program’s shared management may have taken place, to a large degree, outside the institutional parameters of a system, forming more informal patterns of interaction between bureaucracies. / Esta pesquisa busca compreender a dinâmica das relações intergovernamentais no processo de implementação de um programa federal executado localmente, através de uma aproximação com o cotidiano da gestão compartilhada de políticas que envolvem mais de um nível de governo. Embora as relações intergovernamentais se refiram a uma série de atores públicos, a análise aqui elaborada centraliza os papéis e responsabilidades das burocracias estaduais na gestão intergovernamental, atentando-se para suas atividades, atitudes e percepções sobre o processo de interação estabelecido com o governo federal. Neste trabalho estudaremos essa dinâmica na gestão do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) no Estado de São Paulo, a partir da parceria realizada entre o governo federal e o governo estadual para implementar o PMCMV no território paulista. Nesta direção, estudaremos o processo que levou o Governo do Estado de São Paulo a aportar recursos financeiros próprios para complementar o subsídio federal e, dessa forma, viabilizar o PMCMV. Ademais, investigaremos as negociações que dizem respeito a alterações nas especificações originais das unidades habitacionais, tal como o aumento do seu tamanho. A figura da Agência Paulista de Habitação Social – Casa Paulista foi essencial neste processo, configurando-se como a estrutura organizacional que negociou a parceria com o governo federal. Partindo de entrevistas com os gestores encarregados do programa na Agência Casa Paulista, buscaremos compreender a dinâmica das relações intergovernamentais no processo de implementação, levando em conta dois elementos: (i) o processo de negociação empreendido, especialmente olhando as estratégias mobilizadas para ajustar o programa aos interesses locais; e (ii) a percepção que os gestores possuem sobre as interações e sobre os tipos de vínculos estabelecidos com as burocracias federais neste processo. Em especial, estudaremos de que forma, na percepção e atuação de tais burocratas, a adesão a um programa federal com normativas já definidas se configura como uma oportunidade para realizar ajustes por meio de negociações federativas. De forma geral, parte-se da ideia de que os arranjos institucionais da área da habitação e as regras específicas do PMCMV fornecem o quadro geral dentro do qual se desenvolvem os vínculos de interação entre as burocracias subnacionais e suas contrapartes federais no caso estudado. Entende-se, então, que as regras do PMCMV e os legados da área da habitação afetam a forma com que as burocracias atuam e percebem os vínculos intergovernamentais estabelecidos. Dentro desta discussão, especial atenção será dada à relação que o PMCMV estabeleceu com o restante das políticas de habitação, conformando-se como uma política elaborada e executada fora da lógica do Sistema Nacional de Habitação de Interesse Social. Esta singularidade do PMCMV sugere que as negociações e pactuações existentes ao longo da gestão compartilhada do programa podem ter se dado, em grande parte, fora da institucionalidade de um sistema, configurando padrões mais informais de relação entre as burocracias.

In 1994, South Africa adopted intergovernmental relations (IGR) to facilitate service delivery. Sections 40-41 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, link service delivery with normative aspects of IGR, which include cooperation, transparency, accountability, mutual support, and coherence. A coherent implementation of IGR was subsequently emphasised by the Intergovernmental Relations Framework Act 13 of 2005. However, South Africa continues to experience service delivery challenges, especially in marginalised and poor communities in the current and former informal settlements. The selected Diepsloot was established as an informal settlement in 1995 and has been under an in situ upgrade programme. The study’s focus was on the provision of potable water in the City of Johannesburg with specific reference to Diepsloot. A case study approach was used to assess lived experiences among the actors within the intergovernmental context of cooperative government. A qualitative methodology was utilised to source data about intergovernmental interactions among actors from the public institutions by means of semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis. Lastly, a focus group was utilised for members of the ward committees in Diepsloot. The study concluded that IGR system is not used adequately to support Diepsloot to access potable water in accordance with an established standard. In essence, the IGR system lacks an integrated approach to reverse a legacy of informality. To facilitate an IGR improvement, the study’s recommendations were three-fold: (i) provision of integrated support to the City of Johannesburg for Diepsloot despite erroneous assumption that metropolitan municipalities are self-sufficient, (ii) standardisation of potable water provision in Diepsloot by means of integrating IGR institutional responses, and (iii) institutionalisation of IGR engagements with other cities. To this end, the study proposed a model of integrated intergovernmental support to improve potable water provision and, by extension, other related services in Diepsloot. / Public Administration / D.P.L. (Public Administration)

This research is an examination of the practical application of intergovernmental relations (IGR) and co-operative government at the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM)’s Department of Housing and Human Settlements. By use of questionnaire and direct interviews, the research extracted responses from methodically selected employees and officials at the Department of Housing and Human Settlements in the CTMM. Literature study was combined with document analysis and a part of participant observation to gather data and information that has been examined and analysed in the study that has established the need for training and skilling for officials and employees in financial and project management. The need for the rolling back of political interference, regular review of legislation to keep abreast with the changing environment and international standards and improved institutional communication are but some of the observations and arguments that the research has established from a careful reading of data gathered. The enabling policies, laws and regulations that are in place remain largely good on paper, but still limited in their practical application. It is argued in this research that housing and human settlements are a provision that is central in the democratic and development life of the Republic of South Africa, and that the provision of sustainable human settlements enriches the livelihoods of communities in so far as other services such as education, recreation, health care, electricity, economic opportunities, safety, transport and communication are also dependent on the availability of sustainable human settlements and the amenities that comes with it. It is the recommendation of the present research that if the policies, regulations, laws and goals that govern the IGR towards the delivery of sustainable human settlements are to achieve maximum fruition, there is a need for vigorous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms that will ensure that budgets are efficiently used, that standing decisions are implemented and that partisan politics and corruption and opportunistic tendencies are eliminated as these hinder performance and delivery. / Public Administration and Management / MPA

Submitted by Iuri Pitta (iuripitta@gmail.com) on 2018-07-07T16:48:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Iuri Pitta - PDF Final 2.pdf: 1480195 bytes, checksum: e120301e40e33e8fa3ae8d04f2f8c55d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2018-07-10T13:37:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Iuri Pitta - PDF Final 2.pdf: 1480195 bytes, checksum: e120301e40e33e8fa3ae8d04f2f8c55d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-07-10T14:39:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Iuri Pitta - PDF Final 2.pdf: 1480195 bytes, checksum: e120301e40e33e8fa3ae8d04f2f8c55d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-10T14:39:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Iuri Pitta - PDF Final 2.pdf: 1480195 bytes, checksum: e120301e40e33e8fa3ae8d04f2f8c55d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-22 / O Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) tornou-se uma das políticas públicas mais estudadas e debatidas no Brasil tanto por seus resultados como carro-chefe da rede de proteção social quanto pelos efeitos políticos a ele atribuídos. Criado por Medida Provisória em outubro de 2003, o Programa tem um desenho institucional singular que envolve uma dinâmica de relações intergovernamentais mais complexa do que a dicotomia centralização versus descentralização, fruto da própria trajetória dos programas de transferência de renda condicionada no país. Ainda que as principais decisões e regulações se concentrem no nível federal, o Bolsa Família prevê aos governos locais papel determinante na gestão dessa política pública. Ademais, a instituição do Índice de Gestão Descentralizada fez surgir um importante instrumento de indução para o bom funcionamento do Programa, reduzindo eventuais práticas clientelísticas ou discricionárias na execução dessa política pública. Nesse contexto federativo e institucional, nosso intuito com esta pesquisa é mostrar como a qualidade da gestão local do Bolsa Família afeta os efeitos do Programa nas eleições municipais, e dessa forma suprir uma lacuna existente na literatura, cuja produção deu maior atenção às disputas presidenciais. Com base em dados relativos aos mandatos entre 2009 e 2012 e à votação ocorrida neste ano e tendo como lentes teóricas o neoinstitucionalismo e a escolha racional na arena político-eleitoral, desenhamos uma pesquisa de métodos mistos, estratégia metodológica que vem ganhando espaço nos campos da ciência política e da administração pública, para investigar as associações entre o desempenho da gestão local do PBF e o sucesso eleitoral dos incumbentes municipais. Diferentemente do observado nas disputas presidenciais, em que candidatos incumbentes tendem a uma melhor performance eleitoral conforme aumenta o número de beneficiados pelo programa de transferência de renda, no nível local esse incremento apresentou efeito negativo. Em contrapartida, a melhoria na qualidade da gestão foi um fator de elevação das chances de sucesso eleitoral dos prefeitos que buscaram um segundo mandato nas eleições municipais de 2012, indicativo de que o Programa Bolsa Família tem sido bem-sucedido também em seu desenho institucional. / Bolsa Família Program has become one of the most studied and debated public policies in Brazil both for its results as the flagship of the social protection network and for the political effects attributed to it. Created by Provisional Measure in October 2003, the Program has a unique institutional design that involves a dynamic of intergovernmental relations more complex than the dichotomy centralization versus decentralization, a consequence of the trajectory of the conditioned income transfer programs in the country. Although the main decisions and regulations are focused at the federal level, Bolsa Familia provides local governments with a decisive role in the management of this public policy. In addition, the institution of the Decentralized Management Index (Índice de Gestão Descentralizada) has created an important induction tool for the proper functioning of the Program, reducing possible clientelist or discretionary practices in the execution of this public policy. In this federative and institutional context, our intention with this research is to show how the quality of the local management of Bolsa Família affects the effects of the Program in municipal elections, and fill a gap in the literature, whose production has given greater attention to presidential elections. Based on data related to the period between 2009 and 2012 and by the theoretical lenses of new institutionalism and rational choice in the politicalelectoral arena, we designed a mixed methods research to investigate the associations between the performance of local management of the Program and the electoral success of municipal incumbents. This is a methodological strategy that has been gaining ground in the fields of political science and public administration. Unlike the presidential elections, in which incumbent candidates tend to perform better as the number of beneficiaries of the income transfer program increases, at the local level such increase had a negative effect. On the other hand, the improvement in the quality of the management was a factor of improvement of the chances of electoral success of mayors who sought a second term in the municipal elections of 2012, an indicative that Bolsa Família Program has also been successful in its institutional design.