Recentemente os sistemas de transferência de energia sem fio WPT (do inglês Wireless Power Transfer) têm sido amplamente estudados com o propósito de alimentar eficientemente diversos tipos de cargas através de técnicas específicas, dentre elas destaca-se a transferência capacitiva de potência CPT (do inglês Capacitive Power Transfer) e a transferência indutiva de potência IPT (do inglês Inductive Power Transfer), sendo esta última objeto deste estudo. Em um sistema de transferência indutiva de potência a carga é alimentada através de um transformador fracamente acoplado. Em função do elevado espaçamento entre as bobinas primária e secundária, da ausência de núcleo magnético, ou o emprego do núcleos divididos e separados por um grande entreferro, o transformador apresenta alta reatância de dispersão e baixa reatância de magnetização, o que resulta em elevadas correntes, baixa eficiência e regulação da tensão ruim quando houver variação da carga. Com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência e melhorar a regulação de tensão (ou corrente) são aplicadas compensações capacitivas em ambos os lados do transformador, elevando o número de elementos reativos, o que dificulta a compreensão do seu comportamento. Adicionalmente, as diversas configurações geométricas possíveis para a construção das bobinas dificultam a otimização do projeto de transferência indutiva de potência. Esta dissertação analisa e compara as estratégias de compensação série-série (SS) e série-paralela (SP) sob diversos pontos de vista, identificando pontos de operação relevantes nos quais o sistema atua como uma fonte de corrente ou de tensão em malha aberta, modela os elementos que constituem um sistema de transferência indutiva de potência para alcançar à eficiência requisitada. Adicionalmente este trabalho lista os impactos na fonte e na carga quando do desvio das condições nominais de operação e dá diretrizes que permitem escolher os elementos de um sistema IPT. Na sequência esta dissertação propõe as diretrizes para a construção do transformador com valores predefinidos de fator de qualidade, indutâncias próprias e fator de acoplamento. Por fim, o presente trabalho dimensiona e confecciona alguns sistemas IPT a partir de uma lista de especificações, usando uma metodologia de projeto baseada em fórmulas aproximadas e a valida experimentalmente. / Recently Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is widely studied in order to efficiently feed many different kinds of loads using specific techniques, such as Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) and Inductive Power Transfer (IPT). IPT system relies on large air gap and loosely coupled transformer which will be studied in this work. Due to the large separation between the primary and secondary coils, the absence of a magnetic core, or the presence of split cores the transformer presents large leakage inductances, resulting in poor voltage regulation against load variation. Moreover, the low magnetizing inductance results in high magnetizing currents, reducing the overall efficiency. In order to improve the WPT performance, capacitive compensation techniques are applied in both sides of the transformer. Series compensation is commonly used at the primary side of the WPT transformer while Series or Parallel compensation is eligible to the secondary side. In addition, the loosely coupled transformer must be designed, in spite of the complex relationship between the various electrical and geometrical parameters of the coils that complicates the transformer construction and its optimization. This work compares Series-Series and Series-Parallel compensation strategies based on a simple approach, comprehensively highlighting the pro and cons of each one. Also the open loop operation in voltage source and current source modes, and the effect of the gap length for both compensation strategies are discussed. Moreover, the elements that constitute an inductive power transfer system are modeled in order to achieve the required efficiency. This research also proposes some guidance to build the transformer with high figure-of-merit and coupling. Finally, the present work designs and builds few IPT systems that satisfies a set of specifications, based on a simplified design procedure. The proposed design methodology is experimentally validated.

Recentemente os sistemas de transferência de energia sem fio WPT (do inglês Wireless Power Transfer) têm sido amplamente estudados com o propósito de alimentar eficientemente diversos tipos de cargas através de técnicas específicas, dentre elas destaca-se a transferência capacitiva de potência CPT (do inglês Capacitive Power Transfer) e a transferência indutiva de potência IPT (do inglês Inductive Power Transfer), sendo esta última objeto deste estudo. Em um sistema de transferência indutiva de potência a carga é alimentada através de um transformador fracamente acoplado. Em função do elevado espaçamento entre as bobinas primária e secundária, da ausência de núcleo magnético, ou o emprego do núcleos divididos e separados por um grande entreferro, o transformador apresenta alta reatância de dispersão e baixa reatância de magnetização, o que resulta em elevadas correntes, baixa eficiência e regulação da tensão ruim quando houver variação da carga. Com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência e melhorar a regulação de tensão (ou corrente) são aplicadas compensações capacitivas em ambos os lados do transformador, elevando o número de elementos reativos, o que dificulta a compreensão do seu comportamento. Adicionalmente, as diversas configurações geométricas possíveis para a construção das bobinas dificultam a otimização do projeto de transferência indutiva de potência. Esta dissertação analisa e compara as estratégias de compensação série-série (SS) e série-paralela (SP) sob diversos pontos de vista, identificando pontos de operação relevantes nos quais o sistema atua como uma fonte de corrente ou de tensão em malha aberta, modela os elementos que constituem um sistema de transferência indutiva de potência para alcançar à eficiência requisitada. Adicionalmente este trabalho lista os impactos na fonte e na carga quando do desvio das condições nominais de operação e dá diretrizes que permitem escolher os elementos de um sistema IPT. Na sequência esta dissertação propõe as diretrizes para a construção do transformador com valores predefinidos de fator de qualidade, indutâncias próprias e fator de acoplamento. Por fim, o presente trabalho dimensiona e confecciona alguns sistemas IPT a partir de uma lista de especificações, usando uma metodologia de projeto baseada em fórmulas aproximadas e a valida experimentalmente. / Recently Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is widely studied in order to efficiently feed many different kinds of loads using specific techniques, such as Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) and Inductive Power Transfer (IPT). IPT system relies on large air gap and loosely coupled transformer which will be studied in this work. Due to the large separation between the primary and secondary coils, the absence of a magnetic core, or the presence of split cores the transformer presents large leakage inductances, resulting in poor voltage regulation against load variation. Moreover, the low magnetizing inductance results in high magnetizing currents, reducing the overall efficiency. In order to improve the WPT performance, capacitive compensation techniques are applied in both sides of the transformer. Series compensation is commonly used at the primary side of the WPT transformer while Series or Parallel compensation is eligible to the secondary side. In addition, the loosely coupled transformer must be designed, in spite of the complex relationship between the various electrical and geometrical parameters of the coils that complicates the transformer construction and its optimization. This work compares Series-Series and Series-Parallel compensation strategies based on a simple approach, comprehensively highlighting the pro and cons of each one. Also the open loop operation in voltage source and current source modes, and the effect of the gap length for both compensation strategies are discussed. Moreover, the elements that constitute an inductive power transfer system are modeled in order to achieve the required efficiency. This research also proposes some guidance to build the transformer with high figure-of-merit and coupling. Finally, the present work designs and builds few IPT systems that satisfies a set of specifications, based on a simplified design procedure. The proposed design methodology is experimentally validated.

This study assessed implementation status of collaborative TB/HIV services in Addis Ababa City Administration aiming to promote better implementation strategies. The study employed mixed research methods and was descriptive. The study design used both quantitative and qualitative data using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides, respectively. The study population for the quantitative design included 1,683 TB/HIV patients from 10 conveniently selected health facilities: Zewditu and Menelik Hospitals, health centres of Lideta, Yeka, Kazanchis, NifaSilk-Lafto-No1, Woreda-7, Kality, Bole and Gulele. All the patients who were on their follow-up cares during the data collection period were interviewed. Participants for qualitative design were 1,650 TB/HIV patients for short answered questions; 8 FGDs among patients; interview of 10 TB/HIV care facility coordinators/health workers and one regional TB/HIV care coordinator, all purposively selected. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS 15.0, while qualitative data were thematically analysed manually. Majority of HIV patients (92.8%) self-reported that they had been screened for TB; of which, 11.2% were diagnosed for active TB during their follow-up cares. Whereas, 87.1% of TB patients had been offered for HIV test; 79.8% tested; 20.2% tested positive. Knowledge on TB and HIV diseases, transmission and prevention was found to be low. However, participants appreciated the support of the healthcare delivery system in improving their health. Collaborative TB/HIV activities brought additional on-the-job training for healthcare workers; improved flow of logistics and re-arrangement of infrastructures of facilities. The study revealed that, implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities in Addis Ababa need boosting. The study recommends the need for coordinated efforts of all stakeholders for improving implementation of collaborative TB/HIV care services, as identified by this study. The contribution of this study developed pocket-guide for healthcare workers on collaborative TB/HIV care services, which provides guidance in promoting better TB/HIV care / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Collaborative TB/HIV management is essential to prevent and treat TB among HIV-positive TB patients, and to ensure that HIV-positive TB patients are detected and treated appropriately. This quantitative, descriptive, contextual study identified problems encountered during the implementation of TB case detection among HIV-positive individuals in one Ethiopian hospital. During December 2012, 300 checklists were completed about HIV-positive patients’ TB/HIV collaborative management, as reflected in their files. Only 60.2% of HIV-positive patients, who should have received Isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), were placed on this treatment. X-rays and laboratory examinations of sputum samples were not done according to the Ethiopian guidelines. Most TB patients’ initial screening was done by nurses, not doctors, and included only symptom screening without CD4 count considerations. Managers and healthcare personnel should improve IPT, especially for those with early HIV infection and timely effective treatment for those suffering from TB, before complications arise / Health Studies / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

During years a number of satellites have been developed to remotely sense Earth geophysical parameters for weather forecasting and other climate studies. In recent years the use of reflected Global Navigation Satellite System Signals (GNSS-R) has shown its potential to retrieve geophysical parameters over the ocean, mainly altimetry and sea state, and over land, mainly soil moisture. It is known that sea roughness has an impact on L-band radiometric measurements, and therefore on the retrieved sea surface salinity (SSS). GNSS-R is an interesting tool to help improving the sea state effect correction to reduce the final SSS retrieval error. To demonstrate this idea the Passive Advanced Unit (PAU) project was proposed to the European Scienc Foundation (ESF) under the EURYI 2004 call. The main objective was the study of the direct relationship between the radiometric brightness temperatures and some GNSS-R observables to perform the state correction without using emission/scattering models. Once this goal was successfully addressed, the PAU objectives were broaden including the development of new GNSS-R instruments and techniques, and the study of retrieving geophysical parameters from different surfaces. The present Ph.D. dissertation describes one of the research lines of the the PAU project, undertaken between February 2007 and December 2011, within the Passive Remote Sensing Group of the Remote Sensing Lab, at the Department of Signal Theory and Communications of the Universitat Politènica de Catalunya. The present Ph.D. dissertation focuses on GNSS-R techniques applied to the observation of different types of scattering surfaces (land surfaces: bare soils, vegetation-covered soils, snow-covered soils; inland-water surfaces and ocean surfaces) and the retrieval of different geophysical parameters. Two main GNSS-R techniques have been studied and applied to real data obtained during seven field experiments, the Delay-Doppler Map (DDM) processing technique and the Interference-Pattern Technique (IPT), selecting the one most appropriate to the observed surface. Furthermore, in the context of this Ph.D dissertation a new type of GNSS-R instrument has been developed, being the main tool for the application of the IPT and the retrieval of several geophysical parameters over land and inland-water surfaces. After an introduction on GNSS-R and the PAU-project, the methodology, the instruments and the techniques used to retrieve soil moisture, vegetation height and topography in agricultural areas, snow thickness, water level in reservoirs, and wind speed in ocean surfaces, are described. These retrievals show the potential that these opportunity signals have for monitoring a broad kind of effects. After that, some studies related to space-borne GNSS-R techniques are summarized. Finally a summary of the work performed in this Ph. D. dissertation, the main conclusions and the future work lines are presented. The presented results contribute to promote the use of the GNSS opportunity signals for monitoring geophysical parameters to increase the understanding of the Earth¿s water cycle, and position these techniques as suitable tools that enhance water resources management.

Collaborative TB/HIV management is essential to prevent and treat TB among HIV-positive TB patients, and to ensure that HIV-positive TB patients are detected and treated appropriately. This quantitative, descriptive, contextual study identified problems encountered during the implementation of TB case detection among HIV-positive individuals in one Ethiopian hospital. During December 2012, 300 checklists were completed about HIV-positive patients’ TB/HIV collaborative management, as reflected in their files. Only 60.2% of HIV-positive patients, who should have received Isoniazid preventive treatment (IPT), were placed on this treatment. X-rays and laboratory examinations of sputum samples were not done according to the Ethiopian guidelines. Most TB patients’ initial screening was done by nurses, not doctors, and included only symptom screening without CD4 count considerations. Managers and healthcare personnel should improve IPT, especially for those with early HIV infection and timely effective treatment for those suffering from TB, before complications arise / Health Studies / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

This study assessed implementation status of collaborative TB/HIV services in Addis Ababa City Administration aiming to promote better implementation strategies. The study employed mixed research methods and was descriptive. The study design used both quantitative and qualitative data using structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides, respectively. The study population for the quantitative design included 1,683 TB/HIV patients from 10 conveniently selected health facilities: Zewditu and Menelik Hospitals, health centres of Lideta, Yeka, Kazanchis, NifaSilk-Lafto-No1, Woreda-7, Kality, Bole and Gulele. All the patients who were on their follow-up cares during the data collection period were interviewed. Participants for qualitative design were 1,650 TB/HIV patients for short answered questions; 8 FGDs among patients; interview of 10 TB/HIV care facility coordinators/health workers and one regional TB/HIV care coordinator, all purposively selected. Quantitative data was analysed using SPSS 15.0, while qualitative data were thematically analysed manually. Majority of HIV patients (92.8%) self-reported that they had been screened for TB; of which, 11.2% were diagnosed for active TB during their follow-up cares. Whereas, 87.1% of TB patients had been offered for HIV test; 79.8% tested; 20.2% tested positive. Knowledge on TB and HIV diseases, transmission and prevention was found to be low. However, participants appreciated the support of the healthcare delivery system in improving their health. Collaborative TB/HIV activities brought additional on-the-job training for healthcare workers; improved flow of logistics and re-arrangement of infrastructures of facilities. The study revealed that, implementation of collaborative TB/HIV activities in Addis Ababa need boosting. The study recommends the need for coordinated efforts of all stakeholders for improving implementation of collaborative TB/HIV care services, as identified by this study. The contribution of this study developed pocket-guide for healthcare workers on collaborative TB/HIV care services, which provides guidance in promoting better TB/HIV care / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The current TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) agreement established by the World Trade Organisation (WTO) is a major determinant of accessibility to drugs. In International Relations (IR), the discourse surrounds the role of these intellectual property rights on the global economic order. Pogge argues that the TRIPS agreement is immoral since it creates a global economic order that harms the poor mostly concentrated in the global south, whereas defenders of TRIPS argue that it is the only way to efficiently incentivise innovators whilst maintaining an open market. This thesis has fulfilled two purposes; firstly, to investigate the causal relationship between the TRIPS agreement and access to covid-19 vaccines in India and secondly, to analyse the ethical implications of the TRIPS agreement using International Political Theory (IPT). This thesis couples Pogge’s global justice theory with postcolonial theory and argues that it serves as a good framework to critique the TRIPS agreement. The methodological framework used to address the causal relationship between TRIPS and access to drugs is one of Bayesian process tracing. It was found that factors such as regulatory sabotage, production deficits and American trade law could be larger issues than TRIPS when it came to vaccine accessibility in India.

Syftet med detta arbete var att studera hur individer som upplever ensamhet på olika sätt sätter ord på ensamheten. Arbetet genomfördes genom att jag lyssnade på radioprogrammet ”Radiopsykologen” i P1 varifrån avsnitt som handlade om ensamhet valdes ut för analys. Arbetet bygger på totalt 31 stycken avsnitt från radioprogrammet, alla sända mellan 2020-07-27 och 2021-06-11. Insamlad data bearbetades med hjälp av tematisk analys och mynnade ut i följande tre huvudteman; Kontrasternas ensamhet, Övergivenhetens ensamhet och Avskärmningens ensamhet.  Tidigare forskning visar på svårigheter att exakt definiera begreppet ensamhet vilket delvis grundar sig i att ensamhet är en individuell och subjektiv upplevelse. I Kontrasternas ensamhet har denna subjektivitet försökt fångas in och ensamheten som återfinns i detta tema har grund i en slags upplevelse av kontrast som uppstått i deltagarnas liv. Ensamhet med grund i olika sorters upplevda kontraster i livet har varit svårt att påvisa i tidigare forskning. Däremot kan man till viss del knyta dessa kontraster till den ensamhet som uppstår till följd av en upplevelse av diskrepans mellan det individen önskar och det denne faktiskt har i sitt liv, vilket återfinns i tidigare forskning.  Övergivenhetens ensamhet fångar in det som i materialet visade sig vara en av de främsta anledningarna till varför individer upplever eller har upplevt ensamhet. Ofta förklaras denna ensamhet i termer av brister eller svårigheter individen upplevt under barndomen. Denna form av ensamhet går därför att knyta till tidigare forskning genom anknytnings- och evolutionsteori.  I Avskärmningens ensamhet finner vi deltagare som använder sig av avskärmning för att hantera olika livsförhållanden, vilket leder till en upplevelse av ensamhet. I tidigare forskning återfinns bland annat avskärmningsstrategin suppression of emotions, det vill säga användandet av en slags emotionell avskärmning vilket i sin tur kan riskera att leda till ensamhet.  För en kliniskt verksam psykolog är det viktigt att försöka finna orsaken till den upplevda ensamheten hos de patienter man möter. Det är dessutom av stor vikt att psykologen inser att det finns många olika typer av ensamhet. För att förstå en patients upplevda ensamhet kan psykologen behöva undersöka både patientens nuvarande livsförhållanden likväl som patientens uppväxtförhållanden för att finna svar. / The aim of this thesis was to study how individuals who experience loneliness depict loneliness in different ways. The work was carried out by listening to the radio program “Radiopsykologen” at the radio station P1 from which sections dealing with loneliness was selected for analysis. The work is based on 31 episodes from the radio program, all broadcasted between 2020-07-27 and 2021-06-11. The collected data was processed using thematic analysis and resulted in the following three main themes; The loneliness of contrasts, The loneliness of abandonment and The loneliness of social withdrawal.  Previous research has found it difficult to agree on an exact definition of loneliness, which is partly based on the fact that loneliness is an individual and subjective experience. In The loneliness of contrasts, I have attempted to capture this subjectivity and the loneliness you find in this theme is based on a kind of experience of contrast found in the participants’ lives. Loneliness based on different kinds of perceived contrasts in life is hard to find in previous research. On the other hand, to some extent these contrasts can be linked to the loneliness that arises as a result of an experience of discrepancy between what the individual wants and what he actually has in his life, which can be found in previous research.  The loneliness of abandonment tries to capture what was shown in the material to be one of the foremost reasons individuals experience or have experienced loneliness. This was often described in terms of either shortcomings or difficulties that the individual experienced during childhood. This form of loneliness can be linked to previous research through attachment- and evolutionary theory.  In The loneliness of social withdrawal, we find participants who use withdrawal to deal with different life situations, which leads to the experience of loneliness. In previous research, the withdrawal strategy suppression of emotions can be found, i.e. the use of a kind of emotional withdrawal, which in turn can lead to loneliness.  For the clinical psychologist, it is important to try find the reason to the patients perceived feelings of loneliness. Additionally, it is of great importance that the psychologist realizes there is many different types of loneliness. To understand the patients’ experience of loneliness, the psychologist may need to explore both the patients’ present life circumstances as well as their upbringing conditions to find answers.

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