The purpose of this study is to in depth examine how two companies in retail business work with investments in AI and similar technology and to investigate what role these investments had for the two companies. Retail plays an important role in the Swedish economy and accounts for one tenth of Sweden's GDP. The industry has undergone extensive digital development in recent years, which has led to companies being forced to make large investments in new technology such as AI in order to maintain their competitiveness. Through a qualitative interview study, two case companies in the retail business that target clothing are studied. The results show that both companies at different levels work with investments in AI technology. They both find great benefits with these investments mainly in the form of increased value for their customers. They also see that these investments are necessary to maintain their competitiveness in the market. The risks that emerge through the survey are mainly based on an integrity perspective when collecting data and the employees' barriers to change. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att på djupet studera hur två företag inom detaljhandeln arbetar med investeringar i AI och liknande teknik samt undersöka vilken roll dessa investeringar haft för de två företagen. Detaljhandeln fyller en viktig funktion inom den svenska ekonomin och står för en tiondel av Sveriges BNP. Branschen har de senaste åren genomgått en omfattande digital utveckling vilket lett till att företag tvingats genomföra stora investeringar i ny teknik som AI för att bibehålla sin konkurrenskraft. Genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie studeras två fallföretag inom detaljhandeln som riktar sig mot konfektion. Resultatet visar på att båda fallföretagen på olika nivåer arbetar med investeringar i AI-teknik. De finner båda stora fördelar med dessa investeringar främst i form av ökat värde för sina kunder. De ser även att dessa investeringar är nödvändiga för att bibehålla sin konkurrenskraft på marknaden. De risker som framkommer genom undersökningen grundar sig främst i integritetsperspektiv vid insamling av data samt de anställdas förändringsbarriärer.

近年來經濟復甦，資訊科技投資金額和規模有增加趨勢，對於資訊科技投資的報酬、評量、和優先取捨的決策再次成為資訊科技經理人的重要課題。因此，本研究經由文獻探討，定義資訊科技投資和資訊科技資本，並且嘗試發展資訊科技投資與應用的評估構面與指標，讓企業組織評估本身的資訊科技投資。透過深入的個案訪談和大量問卷調查，了解我國資訊電子業與金融服務業之資訊科技投資和應用的現況，提供參考作法，並且比較我國資訊電子業以及金融服務業兩個產業當中，資訊科技如何提昇公司組織的競爭優勢。 研究結論發現，我國資訊電子業的資訊科技投資貢獻主要來自三個方面，首先是策略貢獻度、再者是降低成本貢獻度、其次是流程效率貢獻度；我國金融服務業在資訊科技產出構面，於個案訪談和問卷調查結果同時關心創新重視度、降低成本貢獻度、流程效率貢獻度，同時也注重供應商與客戶關係要求度、供應商與客戶關係貢獻度。因此，資訊科技經理人首要目標則為協助企業以最少的企業資源來掌握關鍵的資訊科技投資績效指標，以提升企業的競爭力。 / In recent years, organizations have invested heavily in information technology to support their work processes. Therefore, how to evaluate and assess the return on IT investment becomes a critical issue for IT managers again. This study strives to develop the dimensions and indicators of IT investment so as to help organizations to assess their IT investment. In addition, through case studies and questionnaire investigations, this study investigates the IT investment status in information electronic and financial service industries that provides reference for other organizations. Finally, this study tries to find out how to increase organizational competitive advantages by IT investment in these two industries. The results suggest that the contribution of IT investment in information electronic industry comes from strategy contribution, reducing cost, and process efficiency. In the meantime, the financial service industry emphasize innovative products and services, reducing cost, process efficiency, and supplier/customer relationship when it comes to the issue about performances of IT investment. As a result, in the situation where the organization resources are limited, the main goal for IT managers is to help organizations become more competitive by controlling the imperative indicators of IT investment.

現今的社會，由於企業經營環境的高度全球化，及資訊科技進化的速度愈來愈快，企業所面臨的挑戰是日漸提升的，也因而對資訊科技/資訊系統的仰賴程度大幅提高。更甚者，企業不僅僅是運用所謂的資訊科技/資訊系統來應付大環境的挑戰，同時也希望能運用資訊科技/資訊系統來提高自身的競爭優勢。就在這樣的背景下，對於企業來說，如何去定義一項IT/IS 的真正價值，及如何運用有限的資源並投資在正確的 IT/IS 上成了一個很重要的議題。為了滿足企業對於這樣的需求，本研究旨在運用 IT 投資組合理論，彙整過去學者及研究的結果，並予之修改，提出一套藉由三項衡量指標： IT alignment, Business Value, 及 E-readiness 來決策 IT/IS 投資優先順序的方法論。最後，我們將我們提出的方法論實際導入並運用在一個挑選的個案中，藉此來驗證本方法論的實用性及可行性。我們相信本研究的結果可以供未來的企業在評估IT/IS 投資計畫時使用，同時也可幫助後續欲研究 IT 投資組合的學者，在我們所提出的架構上繼續建構。 / Nowadays, as firms operate in a much more competitive environment due to the rapid speed of globalization and evolving technologies, firms rely on IT/IS much heavier than before. They use IT not just to cope with the environment, but also to gain competitive advantages. Therefore, it is important for firms to justify the real value of an IT/IS and to invest on the right while also critical IT/IS with limited resources. To fulfill this need, this research aims at developing an IT portfolio method to evaluate and determine the priorities of each IT/IS investments based on three criteria: IT alignment, business value, and e-readiness. A case study was applied to verify the reliability and feasibility of our proposed framework in real business practices. We believe the final findings are helpful to (1) practitioners who can use this framework to justify their IT investments; and (2) researchers who can build upon this model to further examine the application of IT portfolio methods.

The main aim of this thesis is to acquaint the reader with the possibilities of economic management of enterprise information technology field by using tools provided by financial controlling and to propose an appropriate metrics for performance measurement of this area. The thesis is logically divided into three comprehensive parts. Firstly, the reader is acquainted with the historical evolution and general principles of controlling management approach, which is then applied to IT field. Along with them are in this section divided and described details of IT costs and IT effects, which are specific for field of enterprise information technology. The second part is dedicated to the application of controlling tools from the perspective of each phases of the IT component life cycle. The methods mentioned in this section include: calculating of Return on Investment, Net Present Value calculation, Life-cycle costing, budgeting or Activity Based Costing, which represents the modern calculation approach. The last part is intended to perform the measuring of enterprise information technology, along with the proposal of metrics and dimensions that might be used with applying business intelligence tools, as appropriate support for controlling the management approach.

This thesis focuses on the decision-making on IT investment. The main aim of this work is to present the comprehensive picture of the efficient investing which is further extended by the analysis of possibility of using the services of consulting company when deciding on investments in enterprise informatics. The reader is acquainted with the main areas of investment decision-making and planning. Attention is devoted to the topic of information strategy, costs and effects of enterprise IT. The thesis further continues with the detailed analysis and evaluation of methods of investment decision-making. Subsequently, the model processes typical for enterprise informatics are introduced. The analytical part presents the possibility of using services of external specialists. The advantages and principles of cooperation between the customer and consulting firm are illustrated on a detailed analysis of the processes of Logio Ltd., which is consulting firm where author of the thesis worked as an intern. Many conclusions can be immediately applied in practice. The work can be beneficial for organizations considering investments in enterprise informatics and especially for those managements of corporations that are contemplating the utilisation of consulting companies.

Varför misslyckas statliga myndigheter så ofta med sina IT-satsningar och vad kan man göra åt detta? Att IT-investeringar som görs av våra myndigheter inte ger önskade nyttoeffekter i verksamheten, innebär en stor kostnad för samhället. Tidigare forskning visar att det är vanligt att man utvecklar IT-stöd utan att först utreda vad organisationen egentligen vill uppnå med dem. Huvudfrågan i detta examensarbete är hur man kan förbättra myndigheters IT-beställningsprocess. I en seminarieserie delar åtta personer, med sig av sina erfarenheter, genom dialogseminariemetodiken. De är alla involverade i beställningsprocessen, på olika statliga myndigheter. Vi kan, i enlighet med tidigare studier, konstatera att för att kunna grunda sina IT-beställningar på de behov som verksamheten och användarna har, så måste den som är beställare ta reda på vilka dessa behov är, redan i förarbetet till beställningen. Beställare behöver få ett ökat ansvar för att se till att detta blir gjort, och att slutresultatet faktiskt ger den verksamhetsnytta man vill åstadkomma. Ett utpekat ansvar kan ge beställaren både ökad motivation och ett starkare mandat. På myndigheterna är det traditionellt sett IT-leverantören som står för stora delar av kravframtagandet och, i den mån det förekommer, användbarhetsaktiviteter och verksamhetsanalyser. Våra resultat visar att det är svårt att ändra på detta förhållande mellan leverantör och beställare. En anledning är att IT har hög status, vilket gör att leverantören lätt får övertag över beställaren. För att myndigheters IT-satsningar ska kunna ge önskat resultat kan vi konstatera att beställarna måste stärkas i sin roll. I denna studie drar vi slutsatsen att beställarna behöver backas upp av ett tydligare och mer relevant metodstöd, ett område som inte behandlats så ingående i tidigare forskning. Vidare måste beställningsprocessen specificeras mer noggrant och ansvarsfördelningen mellan de olika parterna klargöras. Avgörande för att detta ska ske är att personer i ledande position på myndigheterna kommer till insikt om hur mycket man har att tjäna på att låta verksamhetens behov vara det som styr IT-utvecklingen. / Why do IT investments so often go wrong, and what can we do in order to achieve better results? IT investments in Government authorities are often problematic, and it is common that the resulting product of a procurement does not meet the organization's expectations in the actual usage. It has been shown that IT products are often designed without sufficient investigation of the organisations' business requirements or their users' needs. In this study, through a series of dialogue seminars, eight people from different Swedish Government authorities, who are involved in the procurement process, will share their experiences with us. The main question of this master thesis is how the procurement process at the Government authorities can be improved. If the procurer does not find out the users' and business' needs in the earliest phases of the process, the procurement can not be based on them. Traditionally at Government authorities, which is also confirmed in this study, it is often up to the IT supplier to perform usability activities. In accordance with prior research, our results show that the procurer have to be given more responsibilities for the effects that the end products has on the business. It becomes a problem that the supplier, due to the high status that comes with IT knowledge, have ascendancy over the procurer. To support the procurer in their task of formulating their procurements on basis of the organisation's needs, we can conclude that the procurer has to be given a much better support through customized methodology. A field of research that has not been dealt with so much in earlier scientific studies. And in order to change the relation between supplier and procurer, the results suggest that the authorities must clarify the responsibilities and proceedings of the procurement process.

<p dir="ltr">Historically, CIOs have struggled to realize IT investment values and planning involved. In the IT industry, these issues have become a critical C-level topic (Haffke, 2016). Since the establishment of the position of the State Chief Information Officer (CIO), CIO roles have expanded and evolved tremendously as new modern technologies became a part of organization’s information technology (IT) enterprise infrastructure. Multiple State CIOs struggled with modern IT technologies, but successfully completed projects to meet customer business needs and requirements and furthermore, IT investments involved an arduous effort to prepare, execute, complete, and assess for return on investment (ROI) and value realization (NASCIO, 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, implementation of remote collaboration technology allowed the workforce to perform at remote locations to prevent spread of the virus. Academic research on the topic of State CIO’s involvement in IT strategic planning is limited and yields scarce search results compared to other subject areas. State CIOs’ involvement in IT strategic planning was further researched for enabling remote collaboration for the new remote workforce. Scholarly databases and more than 100 various sources of articles were reviewed for search results that addressed the problem and purpose of this research.<b> </b>Grounded theory research, data triangulation, and Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis software (CAQDAS) were used to analyze the resulting articles. The research deliverables included a document analysis of State CIO involvement in IT strategic planning to enable remote collaboration. There were significant involvements of State CIOs in IT strategic planning to enable remote collaboration during the COVID-19 pandemic across the analyses. This study developed a course of actions (COAs) for State CIOs, and recommendations for future research.</p>