<p>Many organizations today work in projects, a method of organizing work to provide a clearer focus on goals and more control of every aspect of the assignment. A project is, simply put, a plan to achieve a specific result. In turn, project management means to use various tools and methods to facilitate and streamline the effort towards achieving the goal with the project.</p><p>Risk management is the activity that refers to finding, identifying and quantify different types of risks and take appropriate action towards reducing or eliminating these risks to the extent possible. With increased use of projects as a method of working the demands for managing risks better become stronger. The question that this thesis tried to answer was: “What kind of risks does the IT industry think are linked to their projects and in what way does these companies manage these risks?”</p><p>Among the project leaders interviewed, the authors could see a great variation in lines of thought and values regarding the importance of risk management and how risk management should be handled. Some interesting observations were made and certain important areas have been brought into the spotlight.</p><p>The authors saw that risk management among the IT companies was handled very differently from each other. The variation can be due to the sizes in projects or due to the size of the companies. What the authors have observed shows that most of the companies have a common attitude towards the importance of risk management and are usually very structured in their work with risk management. The authors believes this to be a sign that risk management in IT projects is being taken more seriously now than before and believe that this trend will continue towards more well planned and well structured risk management in the IT industry.</p> / <p>Idag arbetar många organisationer i projektform, en arbetsmetod som medför tydligare inriktning mot resultat och större kontroll över alla delar av arbetet. Ett projekt är enklast beskrivet som en plan för att uppnå ett specifikt resultat. Projektledning innebär i sin tur att man använder sig utav olika metoder och verktyg för att underlätta och effektivisera arbete mot målet inom projekt.</p><p>Riskhantering är den verksamhet som syftar till att lokalisera, identifiera och kvantifiera risker av olika slag samt vidta lämpliga åtgärder för att i möjligaste mån reducera eller eliminera dessa risker. Med den ökande användningen av projekt som arbetsmetod ökar också kravet att hantera risker mot projekt bättre. Frågan som denna uppsats sökte svar på var: "Vad anser företag inom IT-branschen att det finns för risker kopplade till deras projekt och på vilket sätt hanterar företagen dessa risker?"</p><p>Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med representanter från fyra företag inom IT-branschen. De fyra företagen verkar inom olika områden och med detta ville författarna få en mer nyanserad bild av hur riskhantering sköts inom branschen. Löpande kontakt hölls med en representant från Öhrlings Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) avdelning för riskhanteringstjänster (RMS). Denna kontakt fungerade som informationskälla. Urvalsmetoden för denna studie var ett omdömesurval. Författarna har efter egna kriterier valt ut och kontaktat projektledare på IT-företag. Kriterierna var att samtliga respondenter skulle ha ansvar för IT-projekt.</p><p>Författarna kunde se att det bland projektledarna varierade mycket i tankesätt och värderingar kring vikten av riskhantering och på vilket sätt riskhantering ska skötas. Vissa intressanta iakttagelser har gjorts och det finns viktiga områden som har kommit fram i ljuset genom denna uppsats.</p><p>Författarna kom fram till att riskhanteringen hos IT-företag sker på väldigt olika sätt på de företag som undersöktes. Variationen beror troligen både på storleken på projekten och på företagens storlek. Det författarna har sett visar dock på att företagen för det mesta är ganska strukturerade i sitt arbete kring riskhanteringen. Detta tror författarna tyder på att riskhantering i IT-projekt tas på större allvar nu än tidigare och de tror på en fortsatt trend med välstrukturerad och planerad riskhantering inom IT-branschen.</p>

Many organizations today work in projects, a method of organizing work to provide a clearer focus on goals and more control of every aspect of the assignment. A project is, simply put, a plan to achieve a specific result. In turn, project management means to use various tools and methods to facilitate and streamline the effort towards achieving the goal with the project. Risk management is the activity that refers to finding, identifying and quantify different types of risks and take appropriate action towards reducing or eliminating these risks to the extent possible. With increased use of projects as a method of working the demands for managing risks better become stronger. The question that this thesis tried to answer was: “What kind of risks does the IT industry think are linked to their projects and in what way does these companies manage these risks?” Among the project leaders interviewed, the authors could see a great variation in lines of thought and values regarding the importance of risk management and how risk management should be handled. Some interesting observations were made and certain important areas have been brought into the spotlight. The authors saw that risk management among the IT companies was handled very differently from each other. The variation can be due to the sizes in projects or due to the size of the companies. What the authors have observed shows that most of the companies have a common attitude towards the importance of risk management and are usually very structured in their work with risk management. The authors believes this to be a sign that risk management in IT projects is being taken more seriously now than before and believe that this trend will continue towards more well planned and well structured risk management in the IT industry. / Idag arbetar många organisationer i projektform, en arbetsmetod som medför tydligare inriktning mot resultat och större kontroll över alla delar av arbetet. Ett projekt är enklast beskrivet som en plan för att uppnå ett specifikt resultat. Projektledning innebär i sin tur att man använder sig utav olika metoder och verktyg för att underlätta och effektivisera arbete mot målet inom projekt. Riskhantering är den verksamhet som syftar till att lokalisera, identifiera och kvantifiera risker av olika slag samt vidta lämpliga åtgärder för att i möjligaste mån reducera eller eliminera dessa risker. Med den ökande användningen av projekt som arbetsmetod ökar också kravet att hantera risker mot projekt bättre. Frågan som denna uppsats sökte svar på var: "Vad anser företag inom IT-branschen att det finns för risker kopplade till deras projekt och på vilket sätt hanterar företagen dessa risker?" Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med representanter från fyra företag inom IT-branschen. De fyra företagen verkar inom olika områden och med detta ville författarna få en mer nyanserad bild av hur riskhantering sköts inom branschen. Löpande kontakt hölls med en representant från Öhrlings Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) avdelning för riskhanteringstjänster (RMS). Denna kontakt fungerade som informationskälla. Urvalsmetoden för denna studie var ett omdömesurval. Författarna har efter egna kriterier valt ut och kontaktat projektledare på IT-företag. Kriterierna var att samtliga respondenter skulle ha ansvar för IT-projekt. Författarna kunde se att det bland projektledarna varierade mycket i tankesätt och värderingar kring vikten av riskhantering och på vilket sätt riskhantering ska skötas. Vissa intressanta iakttagelser har gjorts och det finns viktiga områden som har kommit fram i ljuset genom denna uppsats. Författarna kom fram till att riskhanteringen hos IT-företag sker på väldigt olika sätt på de företag som undersöktes. Variationen beror troligen både på storleken på projekten och på företagens storlek. Det författarna har sett visar dock på att företagen för det mesta är ganska strukturerade i sitt arbete kring riskhanteringen. Detta tror författarna tyder på att riskhantering i IT-projekt tas på större allvar nu än tidigare och de tror på en fortsatt trend med välstrukturerad och planerad riskhantering inom IT-branschen.

The master’s thesis deals with the use of fuzzy logic for evaluating the quality of suppliers of IT goods and other material for a selected company. The fuzzy model should facilitate decisions when selecting individual suppliers who should deliver goods for the implementation of IT projects. The model created in Microsoft Excel and MathWorks MATLAB should be helpful to the company's management and sales representatives.

En los últimos años, en el Perú el sector retail y la variedad de comercios minoristas han experimentado un crecimiento continuo y desarrollo sostenido de sus negocios, logrando maximizar sus inversiones y superando sus expectativas. Este escenario ha propiciado el ingreso de nuevos actores, tanto nacionales como internacionales, a este gran conglomerado de empresas que buscan sobresalir y aumentar sus cuotas de mercado a través de diferentes estrategias. Las empresas del rubro retail definen y evalúan de forma constante diversas estrategias e iniciativas a fin de afianzar sus operaciones en el Perú y mejorar la experiencia y preferencia de sus clientes, involucrando para ello sus pilares estratégicos personas, procesos y tecnología. El presente proyecto de tesis realiza una propuesta de mejora para el seguimiento y control de entrega de proyectos informáticos a operaciones de TI en el rubro retail, uno de los procesos más importantes de la gestión estratégica dentro de las organizaciones. Dicha propuesta se genera a través de la aplicación de diferentes marcos y prácticas, como el marco de trabajo ZACHMAN, la metodología TOGAF, las prácticas de la guía del PMBOK y técnicas de arquitectura de software. Se realiza un análisis de las diferentes perspectivas de las organizaciones, el análisis del proceso a mejorar y la definición de una solución tecnológica que cubra las necesidades de los involucrados en el proyecto. / In recent years, in Peru the retail sector and the variety of retail businesses have experienced continuous growth and sustained development of their businesses, managing to maximize their investments and exceed their expectations. This scenario has led to the entry of new players, both national and international, to this large conglomerate of companies that seek to excel and increase their market shares through different strategies. The retail company constantly defines and evaluates various strategies and initiatives in order to strengthen their operations in Peru and improve the experience and preference of their customers, involving their strategic pillars, people, processes and technology. This thesis project makes a proposal for improvement for the monitoring and control of delivery of IT projects to IT operations in the retail sector, one of the most important processes of technological management within the Organizations. This proposal is generated through the application of different frameworks and practices, such as the ZACHMAN framework, the TOGAF methodology, the practices of the PMBOK guide and Software Architecture techniques. An analysis of the different perspectives of the organizations is carried out, the analysis of the process to improve and the definition of a technological solution that meets the needs of those involved in the project. / Tesis

The problem addressed in this study was the lack of understanding about failures of government leadership in accomplishing complex information technology (IT) projects and the ways such failures can negatively affect organizational performance. The purpose was to query subject matter experts and leaders with the intent to identify methods to reduce complex IT project failure rates in government organizations. This qualitative study drew on the technology acceptance model and the capability maturity model integration framework to evaluate organizations' abilities to manage complex IT projects. The research questions focused on exploring senior managers' experiences, the tacit knowledge of project management methodologies, and IT governance frameworks. The Delphi method was suitable for collecting and analyzing opinions of subject matter experts to help reach group consensus. Qualitative data analysis was used to identify themes, categories, and subcategories for thematic analysis. The result of the study was the identification of critical success factors and leadership attributes to increase the success rate of complex IT projects in federal agencies. This research may be beneficial to federal government program leaders who, as the result of increased insights and knowledge, can more effectively provide online government services using technology-enabled end-users' computing devices in a cost-effective and secure method.

Project managers must ensure risk management and business justification for their projects. Approximately, 53% of IT projects failed due to project managers not identifying risks early in the projects' lifecycle. The purpose of this single case study was to explore strategies IT project managers utilize to identify risks early in the project's lifecycle. The study population consisted of 5 lead IT project managers from a telecom company located in the Midwest region of the United States who had managed IT projects. The conceptual framework that grounded this study was the general systems theory. The data collection process involved semistructured interviews, a review of public documents, and member checking interviews to verify the authenticity of the participants' information. The data analysis process included the methodological triangulation, through interviewing and reviewing documents as well as using Yin's 5-step process for analyzing data to identify codes and themes. After the data analysis, the themes that emerged were self-development tools and risk identification (inputs, project tools and techniques, and output). The findings indicated it is crucial that the project team and all stakeholders who have an interest in the project continuously address risk management throughout the project's lifecycle. The implications for positive social change may help individuals understand risks better, interpret situations, and prevention of risk, which are essential to encourage economic inclusion, social protection, and environmental building.

Актуальность темы магистерской диссертации обусловлена возможностью практического применения методики внедрения портфеля проектов на кондитерские предприятия малого и среднего бизнеса. Научная новизна исследования заключается в разработке методики внедрения портфеля проектов в кондитерские предприятия и определении основных аспектов внедрения. Результаты работы: разработан портфель проектов для кондитерского предприятия «WOW Dessert». Практическая значимость: разработанный портфель проектов может быть внедрен в любое кондитерское предприятие малого и среднего бизнеса. Экономическая эффективность предлагаемых в диссертации мер по направлениям исследования обусловлена тем, что внедряемая информационная система окупится на восемнадцатом месяце после начала её проектирования и в последующем будет приносить стабильный доход компании. / The relevance of the topic of the master's thesis is due to the possibility of practical application of the methodology for introducing a portfolio of projects to confectionery enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a methodology for introducing a portfolio of projects into confectionery enterprises and determining the main aspects of implementation. Results of work: a portfolio of projects for the confectionery enterprise "WOW Dessert" was developed. Practical value: the developed portfolio of projects can be implemented in any small and medium-sized confectionery enterprise. The economic efficiency of the measures proposed in the dissertation in the areas of research is due to the fact that the implemented information system will pay off in the eighteenth month after the start of its design and will subsequently bring a stable income to the company.

Mjukvaruutveckling kräver bra arbetsmetoder för att man ska kunna leverera effektivt och välfungerande mjukvara. För att lyckas med detta behöves en bra arbetsmetod som de kan arbeta efter. Agila metoder blir mer populära att arbeta med när det gäller mjukvaruutveckling i dagens teknikföretag. Fler företag går över att arbeta efter agila metoder med projekt istället för den traditionella vattenfallsmetoden. Anledningen till detta är att fler och fler företag misslyckas att leverera projekten i tid med vattenfallsmetoden vilket medför mer kostnader för företag. Agila metoder hjälper däremot företag att få struktur som leder till bättre arbetssätt som i sin tur resulterar i att projekten blir avslutade i tid. Denna studie undersökte användning och anpassningar av agila metoden Scrum på en bank och om detta har medfört några förbättringar i arbete med mjukvaruutvecklingsprojekt. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer med Scrummästare, Agila coacher, produktägare samt chefer som arbetar med Scrum-metoden. Resultatet visar att agila metoden Scrum ger mer struktur samt transparens till projekt. Anpassningar till produktägarrollen på företaget har medfört att rätt uppdrag blir prioriterade och teamen får en tydlig backlogg att arbeta efter. Arbetet enligt Scrummetoden har hjälpt team att få en tydlig struktur och ökat leverans av projekt. / Software development requires good working methods to be to deliver efficient and effective software. To achieve this, companies require a good working method that they can work with. Agile methods are becoming more popular to work with when it comes to software development in today's technology companies. More companies are beginning to work with agile methods for project management instead of the traditional waterfall method. The reason for this is that more and more companies fail to deliver projects on time with the waterfall method, which means more costs for companies. The reason for this is that more and more companies fail to deliver projects on time with the waterfall method, which means more costs for companies. Agile methodologies however help companies to get structure that led to better work, which in turn results in that projects are completed on time. This study examined the usage and customization of agile method Scrum in a bank, and if this has led to some improvements in the work of software development projects. The investigation was conducted through interviews with Scrum Master, Agile coaches, product owners and managers who work with the Scrum method. The result shows that the agile method Scrum provides more structure and transparency to projects. Adaptations to the product owner role in the company has led to that right assignment are prioritized and teams get a clear backlog to work with. The work with the Scrum method has helped the team to have a clear structure and increased delivery of projects.

Vårt examensarbete har genomförts på företaget Electrolux Laundry Systems (ELS) logistikavdelning, Logistics Center Ljungby (LCL).  Under det senaste året har företaget haft motgångar vid ett IT/IS-projekt inom sin logistikavdelning (LCL). Uppsatsen har således syftat till att beskriva och analysera varför IT/IS-projektet har avstannat, och ej nått implementering. För att uppnå syftet har vi utgått från en, i stort sett, kvalitativ ansats där primärdata har insamlats genom metoder såsom intervjuer och deltagande observationer medan sekundärdata inhämtats i form av dokumentundersökningar och offentliga dokument.   Resultatet av studien har utgjorts av deltagande observationer på fallföretagets logistikavdelning, LCL, samt intervjuer med olika verksamhetsnivåer. Detta har påvisat bristande kommunikation och direktiv samt fallföretagets brister i förstudiens utförande vad gäller förankring av projektet, planering av tid, resurser och kostnader samt formulering av krav. Slutsatser vi kunnat dra av detta är att en fungerande kommunikation mellan olika verksamhetsnivåer samt en noggrant utförd förstudie är essentiella element för att ge ett projekt rätt förutsättningar. / Our thesis has been performed in the company of Electrolux Laundry Systems (ELS) logistics department, Logistics Center Ljungby (LCL). Over the past year, the company has met setbacks during an IT/IS-project in the logistics department (LCL). The essay is thus aimed to describe and analyze why the IT/IS-project have stagnated. To achieve the purpose of the study we have applied a mainly qualitative approach in which the primary data is collected through methods such as interviews and participant observations while the secondary data is obtained by means of litterature and public documents.   The study’s result consisted of participant observation at LCL, and interviews with co-workers at various levels in the organization. These have shown a lack of communication between employees at different levels in the company. Moreover, the result proved the company's shortcomings in designing the pilot study, e.g. deeply root the project, planning time, resources, costs and specify requirements. Our conclusions from this study are that effective communication between different levels of employees, and an accurately performed pilot study, are essential elements to give a project the right conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:15:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 166831.pdf: 1389320 bytes, checksum: e2c928f913844c7ae94080cb89a5c179 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-09T00:00:00Z / As administrações públicas contemporâneas vêm sofrendo diversas formas de pressão para que promovam a modernização de suas estruturas e serviços, provenientes não somente da própria sociedade, mas também derivadas das crises fiscais que assolaram diversos países nas últimas décadas. Uma das opções dos governos a fim de atender a essa demanda está no uso do potencial das tecnologias de informação e de comunicação em prol de melhores serviços ao cidadão e numa maior eficiência do aparato estatal. Esse movimento contemporâneo, associado principalmente ao advento da computação pessoal e da Internet, tem sido chamado Governo Eletrônico (e-Gov). Uma das suas ações relaciona-se à construção de serviços eletrônicos que integrem diversas agências governamentais em formato colaborativo. Entretanto, projetos de e-Gov que demandam esse grau de integração possuem complexidade de implementação aparentemente maior que projetos tradicionais, o que se reflete nos baixos índices de sucesso encontrados mundialmente. Existem hoje metodologias e frameworks de gestão de projetos disponíveis e consolidados no mercado, tal como o provido pelo Project Management Institute – PMI, por meio do Project Management Body of Knowledge – PMBOK, publicação que representa uma agregação dos conhecimentos dos mais de 230.000 profissionais associados ao PMI, principalmente nos aspectos conhecidos como 'boas práticas'. Ele é aceito como um padrão de gestão de projetos pelo ANSI – American National Standards Institute e pelo Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE (PMI, 2007). A questão que esta pesquisa procura explorar é a identificação das boas práticas na gestão de projetos de e-Gov multi-agências. Para isso, baseou-se no modelo proposto pelo PMBOK, considerado pela literatura como um framework abrangente e de grande reconhecimento (LEITE, 2004). A partir dessa análise, procurou-se identificar quais foram os fatores mais relevantes para o sucesso do projeto e como foram geridos pela equipe participante. Com esse intuito, essa pesquisa apresenta um estudo em profundidade do projeto Nota Fiscal Eletrônica – NF-e do Governo do Estado de São Paulo, projeto de e-Gov que possui integração nacional entre múltiplas agências (seis Administrações Tributárias Estaduais, Receita Federal e dezenove grandes empresas) e grande complexidade técnica e de gestão. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o apoio da alta administração, a criação de um relacionamento de confiança, a participação de empresas no projeto, a alta capacidade das equipes envolvidas, a definição de um escopo viável e a utilização de padrões abertos são fatores que colaboram significativamente para o sucesso de projetos como a NF-e. / Contemporary public administrations have been suffering several ways of pressure to promote their structures and services modernization, and such pressures arise not only from society itself, but also derive from fiscal crisis that have ravaged several countries in the last few decades. One of governments options to meet that demand lies in the potential use of information and communication technology for the benefit of better service to citizens and greater state apparatus efficiency. This contemporary movement, particularly connected with personal computing and the Internet arrival, has been called Electronic Government (e-Gov). One of its actions relates to building government electronic services that integrate several government agencies in a collaborative format. However, e-Gov projects demanding integration to this degree have an implementation complexity that is greater than traditional projects, which reflects on low success rates worldwide. Nowadays there are project management methodologies and frameworks available and consolidated in the market, such as the one provided by the Project Management Institute – PMI, through the Project Management Body of Knowledge – PMBOK. PMBOK is a publication that represents the collected knowledge from over 230,000 PMI-associate professionals, mainly in those aspects known as 'good practices'. PMBOK is accepted as a project management standard by ANSI – American National Standards Institute and by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – IEEE (PMI, 2007). The issue this research tries to explore is good practices identification in multi-agency e-Gov project management. To this end, it was based on the model proposed by PMBOK, which literature considers to be a comprehensive and largely recognized framework (LEITE, 2004). From that analysis, the present work sought to identify which factors were most relevant to project success and how such factors were managed by the team involved. For this purpose, the present research presents an in-depth study of Nota Fiscal Eletrônica - NF-e (Electronic Invoice) project, developed by São Paulo’s state government in Brazil, a project with a nationwide integration of multiple agencies (six State Tax Administrations, the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service and nineteen large companies) and a major technical and management complexity. The results that were found suggest that support from high administration, the creation of a trust relationship, companies participation in the project, involved teams’ high capacity, a viable goal definition and open standards utilization are critical success factors that create very positive impacts in projects such as NF-e.