<p>The growth of the Swedish Computing and Communicationsindustry is studied in this thesis. Growth is seen as a dynamicprocess moved by the entry, expansion, contraction and exit offirms.</p><p>The analysis is founded on the theory of the ExperimentallyOrganised Economy, which views the economy as an experimentalprocess. The entire thesis is organised around the problem ofresource allocation and the issue of growth through theintroduction of new combinations into the economic system,using the terminology of Schumpeter (1911). Competence blocsdetermine the efficiency of the economic process, i.e., theextent to which it leads to sustained economic growth ratherthan stagnation. Change is a fundamental feature of theeconomic process, firms have to be flexible to survive and theeconomic system must promote flexibility to grow. Many trials,or experiments, are required to discover and select "winning"firms and technologies. Hence, the turnover (i.e., entry andexit) of firms is supposed to have positive effects on growth.Theory, furthermore, predicts that new and small firms are moreentrepreneurial and innovative and that they, therefore, willgrow faster than old and large firms.</p><p>The empirical results show that firm growth decreases withfirm age, decreases with firm size, increases with firmindependence, decreases with government ownership and thatindustry growth increases with firm turnover. Moreover, thesmallest firms have been the major job contributors during the1993-1998 period investigated empirically. It is also shownthat employment growth is facilitated by a sustained high entryof firms.</p><p>Lastly, many policies, several of which were introduced inthe late 1960s and early 1970s, have selectively supportedlarge firms in mature industries. Hence, they have exercised arelatively negative influence on exactly the types of firmsthat have been shown to contribute to growth. These policieshave also made the Swedish economy less flexible. It is arguedthat this partly explains the slow economic growth in Swedencompared to other OECD countries since the 1970s. Aninteresting question is where Sweden would have been today witha different policy orientation.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>The Experimentally Organised Economy;Competence Blocs; Industrial dynamics; Industrialtransformation; Firm age, Small-firm growth; Turnover of firms;Computing and Communications industry; IT industry;Institutions.</p>

Syfte            Syftet är att få en djupare förståelse för vad som karakteriserar en skicklig ledare. Vidare syftar studien i att analysera hur ledaregenskaper, kulturer och ledarstilar bidrar till ett lyckat ledarskap.  Metod                      Baserat på en kvalitativ undersökning har jag undersökt vad som utgör en framgångsrik ledare inom IT-branschen. Jag har utfört sex djupgående intervjuer med högt uppsatta ledare (VD) i företag inom IT-branschen. Utfallet av dessa intervjuer redovisas och kopplas samman med teorier i kapitel 4, empirisk och teoretisk analys. Resultatet av min undersökning redovisas slutligen i avsnittet slutsats.  Slutsats                       Tendenser och mönster som har identifierats är att kommunikation blir allt mer centralt i organisationer. Jag har kommit fram till att en framgångsrik ledare inom IT-branschen bör vara lyhörd, resultat och målinriktad, ha empati och en god människosyn samt kunna anpassa sin ledarstil utifrån siuation. Jag har klargjort att företagskulturer i olika länder skiljer sig åt och både ledare och organisationer måste idag tänka multikulturellt och multietniskt för att bli framgångsrika. / Purpose           The purpose is to get a deeper understanding of what characterizes a skilled leader. Furthermore, the study aims at analyzing how leadership qualities, cultures and leadership styles contribute to successful leadership Method         Based on a qualitative survey, I have investigated what constitutes a successful leader in the IT industry. I have conducted six in-depth interviews with senior executives (CEO) in companies in the IT industry. The outcome of these interviews is reported and merged in chapter 4, empirical and theoretical analysis. The result of my survey is finally reported in the section conclusion. Conclusion      Trends and patterns that have been identified are that communication is becoming more and more central in organizations. I have come to the conclusion that a successful leader in the IT industry should be responsive,results and  targeted, have empathy and a good human vision, and be able to adapt its leadership style based on siuation. I have made it clear that corporate cultures differ in different countries, and both leaders and organizations need to think multicultural and multiethnic today to be successful.

高新技術產業是深圳市產業升級的四大支柱產業之一，其中電子信息產業又佔其一半以上的比重。翻閱探討中國大陸電子資訊產業發展的相關文獻，研究對象多集中在城市內部的科學園區，並以北京和上海的科學園區居多。深圳市作為中國首個國家創新型城市，產業發展不局限於某個科學園區之內，形成了全市範圍的產業聚落。因此，本文以深圳市作為研究對象，探討電子資訊產業的發展狀況和影響因素。 當下，科技創新的重心已經移居深圳，體現在專利數量的優勢、密集的政策出台和資金人才的大量湧入。在產值的增長和知名企業的帶動之下，深圳的電子信息產業聚落尤為突出，已經代表中國在國際範圍施加影響。 然而論及深圳的電子信息產業，經濟特區內部存在先天的空間異質性，各區電子信息產業之傳統、政策和現狀都有很大差異，無法一概而論。本文以深圳市各行政區為分析單位，自主收集相關資料並採用追蹤數據，探討深圳市電子資訊產業在2008-2015年的再結構過程，以及哪些因素對各區產業發展的差異性產生影響。 / High and new technological industry is the most important industry of Shenzhen, in which IT industry is in the majority. Reviewing existing literatures, most of them focus on science parks in Beijing and Shanghai. But Shenzhen is the first official Innovative City in China, where IT industry doesn’t restricted to any science park. After the international financial crisis in 2008, Shenzhen representing China gave influence on the whole world in technology innovation. It has advantages for its IT industry cluster, industry output and large enterprises. Hence, this article will discuss affecting factors of the restructure of Shenzhen IT industry in 2008-2015. However, there is Spatial Heterogeneity in different regions in Shenzhen, such as industry tradition, policies and current situation. Furthermore, this study will base on a sub-regional strategy by panel data.

The growth of the Swedish Computing and Communicationsindustry is studied in this thesis. Growth is seen as a dynamicprocess moved by the entry, expansion, contraction and exit offirms. The analysis is founded on the theory of the ExperimentallyOrganised Economy, which views the economy as an experimentalprocess. The entire thesis is organised around the problem ofresource allocation and the issue of growth through theintroduction of new combinations into the economic system,using the terminology of Schumpeter (1911). Competence blocsdetermine the efficiency of the economic process, i.e., theextent to which it leads to sustained economic growth ratherthan stagnation. Change is a fundamental feature of theeconomic process, firms have to be flexible to survive and theeconomic system must promote flexibility to grow. Many trials,or experiments, are required to discover and select "winning"firms and technologies. Hence, the turnover (i.e., entry andexit) of firms is supposed to have positive effects on growth.Theory, furthermore, predicts that new and small firms are moreentrepreneurial and innovative and that they, therefore, willgrow faster than old and large firms. The empirical results show that firm growth decreases withfirm age, decreases with firm size, increases with firmindependence, decreases with government ownership and thatindustry growth increases with firm turnover. Moreover, thesmallest firms have been the major job contributors during the1993-1998 period investigated empirically. It is also shownthat employment growth is facilitated by a sustained high entryof firms. Lastly, many policies, several of which were introduced inthe late 1960s and early 1970s, have selectively supportedlarge firms in mature industries. Hence, they have exercised arelatively negative influence on exactly the types of firmsthat have been shown to contribute to growth. These policieshave also made the Swedish economy less flexible. It is arguedthat this partly explains the slow economic growth in Swedencompared to other OECD countries since the 1970s. Aninteresting question is where Sweden would have been today witha different policy orientation. Keywords:The Experimentally Organised Economy;Competence Blocs; Industrial dynamics; Industrialtransformation; Firm age, Small-firm growth; Turnover of firms;Computing and Communications industry; IT industry;Institutions.

Environmental sustainability has grown to become a widely discussed topic in today's society, putting great pressure on companies to limit their climate impact. Still, companies continue to use International Business Air Travel for strategic benefits, in an era where concepts such as “flight shame” are emerging. Hence, the balance of attaining the advantages of IBAT, while simultaneously increasing the focus on Corporate Environmental Sustainability, is a challenge faced by companies today. The main purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish it-companies work with Corporate Environmental Sustainability in the different strategic phases of International Business Air Travel.

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to explore and identify activities that contributes to the abilities that are necessary in order to enable the transformation towards a value-based business model. The purpose will be answered through the development of a transformation framework that can guide organisations and aid in order to succeed with the transformation process. Method –  A qualitative approach was found to be optimal for answering the purpose of the study. A single case study was performed  and the data was collected through interviews at a market leading Swedish IT-company. The chosen research approach was inductive which meant that the theoretical background was developed within the area and acted as a pillar for the following interviews. In total 25 interviews, divided in three interview waves were conducted and further analysed with a thematical analysis. Findings – The case study resulted in a transformation framework that consists of ten abilities that are distributed across three transformation stages. The abilities are divided into the three main themes value-based selling, value-based pricing and organisational change that is needed within the process of the transformation towards a value-based business model. 33 activities were identified to develop the abilities.  Theoretical and Managerial Implications – The case study contribute to the clearly limited research in the area of value-based business models within the IT-industry by empirically building on previous research from other industries and further developing it. Through the identification of activities and abilities and further compiling the transformation framework organisations have received a tool that will be able to aid the process of transforming the business model towards a value-based. Limitations and Future Research – The case study is limited to a single company within the IT-industry. Therefor further research is recommended with a wider data collection to examine the degree of generalisability of the case study to both confirm the identified activities and abilities but also further exploration. / Syfte – IT-branschen är en snabbt föränderlig bransch med en hög innovationshastighet. Organisationer söker nya teknologier för att utöka sin konkurrenskraft, men nya digitala förutsättningar leder ofta till förändring av nyckelaktiviteter vilket medför ett behov av att utveckla ledningsmetoder för att styra dessa komplexa omvandlingar. Fallstudiens syfte är att utforska och identifiera aktiviteter som bidrar till de förmågor som är nödvändiga för att möjliggöra transformationen mot en värdebaserad affärsmodell inom IT-branschen. Fallstudiens syfte besvarades genom utvecklingen av ett transformationsramverk som vägleder organisationer att lyckas i transformationsprocessen. Metod – Studien utfördes som en explorativ fallstudie med en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Fallstudieföretaget är ett marknadsledande IT-bolag i Sverige. Den kvalitativa forskningsansatsen ledde till att 25 intervjuer genomfördes i tre intervjuvågor och resultatet utvecklades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultat – Fallstudien resulterade i ett transformationsramverk som består av tio förmågor utspridda i tre transformationsfaser. Förmågorna berör värdebaserad försäljning, värdebaserad prissättning och den organisationella förändringen som krävs för att transformeras till en värdebaserad affärsmodell. Förmågorna genererades genom den tematiska analysen där 33 aktiviteter identifierades som bidrar till förmågorna nödvändiga för att möjliggöra transformationen. Teoretiskt och praktiskt bidrag – Fallstudien bidrar till den tydligt begränsade forskningen inom värdebaserade affärsmodeller inom IT-branschen genom att empiriskt byggt vidare på tidigare forskning inom andra branscher och utvecklat den vidare. Genom identifiering av aktiviteter och förmågor nödvändiga för transformationen mot en värdebaserad affärsmodell och sammanställt dessa i ett vägledande transformationsramverk har organisationer fått ett vägledande verktyg som underlättar transformationsprocessen. Begränsningar och framtida forskning – Fallstudien är begränsad till ett enskilt fallstudieföretag inom IT-branschen. Därav rekommenderas framtida forskning med en bredare datainsamling för att undersöka generaliserbarheten av fallstudien samt för att bekräfta de identifierade aktiviteterna och förmågorna, men även för att möjligtvis identifiera ytterligare aktiviteter och förmågor.

The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 accelerated a new digital era and created a new societal order, which led to an expansion of IT in all levels of society. This increased expansion resulted in a greater need for IT-solutions, indicating a need for expertise within the industry. Despite this significant societal change, the number of professional women did not increase. The reason for this is believed to be due to a lack of female role models to attract more women to the industry. It has been shown that the main reason why women do not pursue careers in this industry is because it is a non-inclusive environment, and they actively choose to seek other careers whereas white men remain in the field. The respondents of this study, who are currently working in the industry, have through qualitative interviews provided useful insights regarding their experiences in a non-gender-equal industry and the ways in which this phenomenon unfolds in practice. The results reveal several pitfalls, including recruitment, where there is a tendency touse male-coded language, which deters women from pursuing careers in the field. There is also a problem with "one hires his own equal", which hinders the advancements of adiverse workforce. The study highlights systems and initiatives that aim to reduce these tendencies, but it is found that these systems have not really made an impact in the field as respondents had limited knowledge about them. However, the study indicates that there is some resistance to the outcome of initiatives, and that the respondents believe that it is more about diversity and inclusion rather than just focusing on women to solely achieve a gender-equal industry. Respondents believe that women do not need more support in their professional roles than men, and the vision for gender-equality promoting systems and innovation is applicable in both society and the IT-field.

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本文研究目的，在於探討台灣資訊科技（information technology）產業廠商的研發資本存量及產業內（intra-industry）研發資本存量的外溢效果（spillover effect）對於生產技術效率的影響。文中所採用的資料，主要來自於台灣經濟新報資料庫及廠商的財務報表，利用1997-2003年402家於台灣證券交易所上市及上櫃廠商的財務資料，並對Battese and Coelli（1995）所提出隨機邊界生產函數（stochastic frontier production function）與技術無效率效果（technical inefficiency effect）模型，同時進行實證估計。本文主要研究發現為，不論是以整體IT產業的廠商來看，或是分別就電腦硬體產業、半導體產業、通訊產業及光電產業的廠商來看，產業內R&D資本的外溢對於廠商的生產技術效率有正向的影響。但廠商自身的R&D資本存量對於其生產技術效率卻無顯著的影響，而軟體產業的廠商，卻現負面影響。另外，台灣IT產業廠商亦存在著技術進步的情形，但其技術效率則隨著時間而遞減。再則，本文研究也發現，台灣的IT產業中，半導體產業的廠商在生產技術效率方面表現最好，光電產業的廠商則最差。此外，上市廠商的技術效率較上櫃廠商佳。而有在科學園區設立工廠的廠商，除了半導體產業的廠商之外，其他四個產業的在科學工業園區設立工廠的廠商生產技術效率與未於科學園區設立工廠的廠商並無顯著差異。 / This paper aims to investigate the influence of and intra-industry spillovers of R&D spending on firm’s technical efficiency of production in Taiwan’s information technology (IT) industry. Firm-level panel data of 402 firms in IT industry from 1997~2003 provided by Taiwan Economic Journal (TEJ) data bank and the stochastic frontier production function and technical inefficiency function proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995) are adopted in this study. The primary finding of this study is that the intra-industry spillovers of R&D spending on firm’s technical efficiency exist in Taiwan’s IT industry. This finding also exists in sub-industries of IT industry: computer hardware industry, semi-conductor industry, software industry, telecom industry, and photoelectric industry. However, influence of R&D capital on firm’s technical efficiency is insignificant in whole IT industry in Taiwan. Besides, in the period, there are technical advancements in firms of whole IT industry. Finally, the performance of the IT firms inside the Science Park is insignificant better than the firms outside in terms of technical efficiency, but excluding semi-conductor firms.

Bakgrund: Enligt svensk lag ska arbetsgivare bedriva ett målinriktat arbete för att aktivt främja jämställdhet i yrkeslivet. Lagen säger även att större företag har en skyldighet att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport innehållande upplysningar kring bland annat jämställdhet. Finns det skillnader i presentationen av jämställdhetsarbete beroende på branschtillhörighet? Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva vad olika företag redovisar i sitt jämställdhetsarbete beroende på bransch. Uppsatsen avser vidare att identifiera och förklara skillnader i rapporteringen hos svenska börsnoterade bolag inom de tre olika branscherna; IT-, fastighets- och finansbranschen. Metod: I denna studie tillämpas en kombination av en kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv ansats. För att undersöka forskningsfrågorna har studien antagit en innehållsanalytisk forskningsmetod, där ett kodschema ligger till grund för insamling av empirisk data från olika företags års- och hållbarhetsredovisningar. Slutsats: Det framkommer skillnader i de studerade branschernas redovisning av jämställdhetsarbete. Några konkreta orsaker till detta kan inte förklaras med den empiriska data som har samlats in. Teorin kan dock förklara företags agerande och beslutsfattande, vilket kan ligga till grund för företagens synliggörande av jämställdhetsarbete. Studiens resultat visar på att finansbranschen redogör sitt jämställdhetsarbete i störst utsträckning, följt av fastighetsbranschen och därefter IT-branschen. / Background and problem: According to Swedish law, employers must actively work for promoting gender equality in the organization. The law also states that larger companies have an obligation to prepare a sustainability report containing information on, among other things, gender equality. Are there differences in the presentation of gender equality work depending on industry affiliation? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe what different companies report in their activities for gender equality depending on industry. The thesis aims to identify and explain differences in the reporting of Swedish listed companies within the three different industries; IT, real estate and finance industry. Method: In this study, a combination of a quantitative and qualitative research method with an abductive approach is applied. In order to examine the research questions, the study has adopted a content analytical research method, where a code scheme forms the basis for collecting empirical data from various companies' annual and sustainability reports. Conclusion: The study has revealed differences in the reporting of gender equality in the studied industries. The empirical data cannot explain any concrete reasons for the differences. However, the theory can explain companies’ actions and decision-making, which can form the basis for companies' reporting of gender equality. The study's result show that the financial industry reports its gender equality work to the greatest extent, followed by the real estate industry and the IT industry.