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This essay examines the role of metaphoric thought at the symposium Beyond reductionism: New perspectives in the life sciences organised by the Hungarian-born writer Arthur Koestler in 1968. The symposium can be interpreted in part as a protest against the metaphor of man as a machine, which was connected by the participants to reductionism in a broader, cosmological sense. Metaphors were widely utilised by the participants to communicate scientific and philosophical ideas, but the use of metaphors was also criticised for over-simplifying a complex reality. Different variants of general system theory were explored by some participants as a way of avoiding the limits of specific metaphoric imagery. Analogies based on modern linguistics were repeatedly used to explain biological and behavourial processes, as an alternative to the established mechanistic, reductionist models. Reductionism was also connected to existential concepts of meaning and alienation in connection with the concurrent student riots. Using Max Black's interactive theory of metaphor, this essay argues that the symposium produced a more coherent anti-reductionist position than is apparent at first sight, while also highlighting the importance of metaphors and analogies in the life sciences discourse of the late 1960's.

With the intention of analysing changes in natural history, human variation and the exercise of imperial power across the British Caribbean, this study poses the following questions: How did changes in natural history impact the understandings and applications of human variety, 1700–1750? How did natural history influence the exercise of imperial power in the British Caribbean? The study posits that there is a connection between natural history and imperial power. Through the contexts of the history of natural history and the history of fear, biopolitics acts as a theoretical framework wherethrough two themes of natural history, "spirits" and weaponry, are analysed using the travel writings of Hans Sloane, Henry Barham, Charles Leslie, Griffith Hughes and Patrick Browne. The study finds that natural history mainly manifested itself as a tool of imperial power by manufacturing two primary ways in which humans could, on demand, be excluded from the realm of humanhood. The first consists of an early eighteenth-century "moral conditional humanhood", manifesting as a symptom of natural history’s theological focus. The second is a mid-eighteenth-century "biological conditional humanhood", being a symptom of that time’s natural-historical focus on biology to determine human variation. The study finds support for a connection between natural history and the exercise of imperial power, for instance, concerning how fear is emphasised in the early eighteenth-century – to hide the violence exercised by Europeans – to then become hidden in the mid-eighteenth-century. In addition, human variation presented itself with a malleability, with the enslaved population being more malleable than the native population.

Uppsatsen analyserar den abortdebatt som fördes på insändarsidorna i Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen och Aftonbladet inför legaliseringen av fri abort 1975. Den gängse bilden av 1960-talets tidiga abortdebatt framhåller att denna i första hand drevs av manliga debattörer från de politiska ungdomsförbunden. Studien nyanserar denna bild genom att visa hur tidningarnas insändarsidor var ett offentligt rum vilket utnyttjades av en betydligt bredare krets av skribenter. Dessa insändare skrevs ibland av personer med ideologisk eller religiös övertygelse. Andra hade en uttalad politisk bakgrund. Vissa underströk sina långa utbildningar, medan ytterligare andra betonade den personliga erfarenheten av att ha genom­gått en abort, eller av att vara förälder eller hemmafru. På det här sättet blir insändarsidorna en möjlighet för vem som helst – som väljs ut av redaktörerna ska tilläggas – att få säga sin mening. Insändarskribenterna visar också att abortfrågan placerades in i relation till ett flertal olika kontexter. Utöver hur argumentationen har förts och vilka personer det är som kommer till tals på insändarsidorna undersöker uppsatsen även hur olika skribenter agerade för att de egna uppfattningarna skulle framstå som välgrundade och övertygande. Det kan konstaterats att när det gällde abortfrågan så kunde personlig auktoritet och trovärdighet många gånger åstadkommas med hjälp av andra argument än de som präglade den mer politiserade debatt som bedrevs i andra sammanhang.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the knowledge circulation surrounding the Linnean student Lars Montin’s journey to Northern Sweden in 1749. More specifically, the intention is to examine how agents contributed to the knowledge circulation and to map the movements of the living and dried plants and seeds Montin brought with him to Uppsala. The thesis concludes that local households and agents were vital to Montin’s journey and the gathering of knowledge and specimens. However, some agents created a break in the knowledge circulation, which manifested itself through countersigns like silence, doubt and refusal. When it comes to the specimens of plants Montin collected during his journey, several of them were found in nodes of knowledge after Montin’s return, such as the Botanic Garden in Uppsala and Montin’s herbarium. Their accumulation likely contributed to Montin’s later career as a Natural Historian. All in all, Montin’s journey brought to light how local knowledge and flora can be transformed when introduced into nodes in a scientific, geographical landscape.

[pt] Este é um trabalho da área de relações internacionais que utiliza a história como campo de ação para uma determinada metodologia de análise de política externa. Tem como objeto de estudo a relação entre a tradição do pensamento político norte-americano com a política externa dos Estados Unidos de 1898 a 1917 - da guerra contra a Espanha à entrada na Primeira Guerra Mundial.A intenção foi destacar o peso da tradição na política externa norte-americana do período determinado. Além disso, procurou-se mostrar que o conteúdo missionário foi uma - tradição inventada - no termo de Hobsbawm, de forte influência numa época em que os norte-americanos deram os primeiros passos em termos de política externa, na intervenção em Cuba, e consolidaram a posição de global player do sistema político internacional, com a entrada na Primeira Guerra Mundial. / [en] This is a work of international relations that uses history as a field for a certain metodology of foreign policy analysis. It has as an object of study the relation between the American traditional political thought and the foreign policy of the United States from 1898 to 1917 - from the war with Spain to the entrance in the First World War. The intention was to show to the importance of the tradition in the American foreign policy in the specific period. In addition, it was intented to show that the missionary character was an -invented tradition- as Hobsbawm defines the concept, that had a strong influence when the Americans were doing the first steps in foreign policy, as in the intervention in Cuba, and consolidating the position of global player in the international political system, in the First World War.

De Quincey's writing has already been thoroughly examined from the point of view of his critical statements, and attempts have been made to resolve some of the many contradictions which occur in such statements. In this thesis, however, De Quincey's work is approached not from a consideration of critical theory but through an examination of his ideas and techniques as they related to the well established literary and psychological category of the sublime. De Quincey's interpretation of the sublime in literature relates closely to his theory of the literature of power, and provides a central standpoint from which to examine many different aspects of his writing. De Quincey's general application of the theory of sublimity reveals a concentration upon a certain number of fixed formulae which can be used as guidelines to his criticism of literature as well as his own creative processes. De Quincey's ideas relating to sublimity provide, in addition, a religious and philosophical background from which to approach both the areas of criticism and creation. Ideas connected with the sublime also allow a convenient approach to De Quincey's theory of symbolism, his use of opium, and the dreams which haunted his life and became the substance of his creative writing. To observe the close relationship between these various aspects of De Quincey's life and thought is to become aware of the patterns which dominated his literary processes. Having shown the various modes of the sublime as exemplified by De Quincey's works in general, the thesis proceeds to a detailed examination of some passages in his literary criticism as they specifically relate to these modes. The emphasis is not upon the value and meaning of the criticism per se, but rather upon the extent to which it expresses De Quincey's continuing search for the powerful or sublime effect in literature. The critical contexts examined are seen to function on the basic principles already established, and these same principles are then applied to De Quincey's major fiction. The same patterns, involving paradox, symbolism and revelation, are clearly in evidence, and, indeed, reveal the main intention of these works. The English Mail-Coach, The Confessions of an English Opium Eater, and the Suspiria De Profundis are all discussed in considerable detail, and while considerations other than that of the principle of the sublime are included, this principle remains always the basic starting point. From an analysis of the workings of the sublime principle in De Quincey's writing, a new kind of unity becomes apparent in his work, a unity of symbols and images, of mood and emotion. An awareness of this special kind of unity contributes to an understanding of a writer who seems, on many occasions, to be discontinuous, erratic and wildly mistaken. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Idag råder det en osäkerhet kring idéutveckling och brister i litteraturen rörande kunskap kring idéer i början av utvecklingsprojekt har identifierats. Tidigare forskning inom området fokuserar mestadels på idéer under fasen innan projektinitiering, det vill säga Fuzzy Front End. Detta examensarbete fokuserar därför på hanteringen av idéer i början av utvecklingsprojekt.Målet var att kartlägga det nuvarande sättet att arbeta med idéer, samt de idéutvecklingsmetoder som används i början av produkt- och kunskapsutvecklingsprojekt på Sandvik Coromant. Arbetet syftade till att bringa klarhet i och bygga kunskap kring tidig idéhantering då brister upptäckts, men även att förbättra hanteringen av idéer i början av projekt och på så sätt fostra innovation. Fem stycken större projekt som använt sig av faciliterade idégenereringsworkshops i början av projektet deltog i studien. Intervjuer samt en valideringsworkshop genomfördes med målet att undersöka utvecklingen av idéer tidigt i projekt. Skillnader mellan avfärdade idéer och vidarerutvecklad idéer i utvecklingsprojekt undersöktes, liksom tron på avfärdade idéer och deras utveckling.Resultaten visade att mognaden av avvisade idéer och vidareutvecklade idéer sker vid olika tidpunkter under projektets gång samt inom olika kärnelement. Vidare indikerade resultaten att idéer som syftar till att lösa delproblem under projektets gång inte mognar i samma utsträckning inom alla kärnelement, vilket teorin hävdar att en produktidé gör. Inga skillnader kunde identifieras gällande dokumentation samt spridning av idéer mellan avvisade idéer och idéer som gått vidare. Inte heller upptäcktes det några skillnader gällande tron på avvisade idéer eller idéer som gått vidare i början av projekten / Today, there is an uncertainty regarding idea development, and a lack of knowledge in the existing literature regarding early idea maturation in development projects has been found. While previous research within the area of innovation mainly investigating ideas within the Fuzzy Front End, this master thesis focus on the management of ideas in the early phases of development projects.This master thesis strives to map the current way of working with ideas and methods used to develop ideas in the beginning of product and knowledge development projects at Sandvik Coromant. The aim is to shed light upon the gap regarding early idea development, with the long-term objective to improve the management of ideas in the beginning of projects to foster innovation. Five larger projects, that have used facilitated idea generation workshops, were selected to be part of the study. Interviews and a validation workshop were conducted in order to examine the development of ideas early in the projects. The differences between rejected ideas and further developed ideas, the belief in, and the fate of rejected ideas in development projects were investigated.The findings showed that the maturation of rejected and further developed ideas occurs at different times of the projects, as well as in different core elements. Further, the result indicates that ideas aiming to solve sub-problem in development projects do not mature to the same extent in all core elements comparing to earlier research on maturation of product ideas. There were no differences found between rejected and further developed ideas regarding documentation and the spreading of ideas. Neither did the belief in an idea in the beginning of the projects differ between the rejected and the further developed ideas.

[pt] Esta tese investiga os diferentes sentidos atribuídos à educação nas ideias e práticas correcionais para menores, entre 1890 e 1927. A aproximação das noções de correção e educação é dada pela compreensão de que ambas são modalidades socializadoras através das quais se opera um trabalho institucional sobre o outro com a intenção de transformá-lo (DUBET, 2010). Nas ideias e práticas pesquisadas, o objetivo foi transformar menores pervertidos pela hereditariedade e pelos meios sociais em futuros homens úteis a si e a pátria. A pesquisa iniciou em 1890 porque nesta década se materializou um conjunto de mudanças que alcançaram status legal com as legislações para menores nas primeiras décadas do século XX. No Brasil, o Código de Menores (1927) cumpriu esta finalidade. A realização do doutorado sanduíche, em Portugal, levou à ampliação da delimitação espacial da pesquisa ao incorporar a perspectiva portuguesa neste processo. A Lei de Proteção à Infância promulgada, em 1911, neste país, foi fortemente marcada pelos aspectos pedagógicos e foram uma das referências do código brasileiro. Pensar a circulação de ideias foi o caminho adotado, com este intento elegeu-se como referência a categoria representação trabalhada por Chartier (1990; 2002) que a compreende como uma operação de inteligibilidade que produz modos de estar no mundo, impõe uma autoridade à custa de outras, legitima reformas e justifica as suas escolhas para os indivíduos. As representações são o real encarnado em práticas. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise documental das fontes consultadas em diferentes instituições de guarda do Brasil e de Portugal, com destaque para o Arquivo Nacional, o Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro e a Biblioteca Nacional, no Brasil, e o Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, a Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal e Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, além da legislação dos dois países sobre a temática estudada. Através da análise das fontes consultadas foi possível perceber que a lógica de apreensão dos menores, em ambos os países, teve como particularidade o reconhecimento das características que enquadrariam os menores no conceito de vadios; nas casas de correção as atividades oficinais ocuparam a quase totalidade da rotina dos presos, contudo, cada país variou na ênfase que deu ao trabalho, no Brasil, as oficinas eram lugares do aprendizado de um ofício e da formação do hábito do trabalho, enquanto que em Portugal, as oficinas eram o lugar da aprendizagem, a correção viria pela reflexão no isolamento absoluto; a emergência dos institutos disciplinares esteve ligado ao debate sobre a importância da educação no combate à hereditariedade; a comunicação entre os dois países efetivou-se após a década de 1910, com a publicação da lei portuguesa, porém, foi na década de 1920, que as legislações estabeleceram as medidas de uma pedagogia corretiva como linguagem jurídica. / [en] This research investigates the different meanings of education on correctional ideas and practices between the years 1890 and 1927. The approximation of correction s and education s significances takes part at comprehension that they are both socializing modalities through which an institutional work takes part over the other, with the purpose of transforming him (Dubet, 2010). On the ideas and practices investigated, the purpose was to transform minors perverted by heredity and social environments in future citizens, useful to themselves and to the nation. The research starts on 1890 because this decade embodies a number of significant changes that achieved legal status on minors legislation, at 20th century early decades. Part of this investigation -- held in Portugal -- led to the expansion of researche s spatial delimitation, incorporating Portuguese. Childhood protection law (Lei de Proteção à Infância), passed in Portugal in 1911, was strongly influenced by pedagogical aspects, and it is a reference for Brazilian codes. The investigation s strategy was to focus on ideas circulation, based on Chartier s concept of representation, comprising an intangibility operation that produces ways of being in the world, imposes one authority at the expense of others, legitimates reforms and justifies their choices to individuals (1990; 2002). Representations are the real incarnated in practices. The methodology used was documentary analysis from the sources accessed in brazilian and portuguese institutions, in particular Biblioteca Nacional, Arquivo Nacional and Arquivo da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil, and Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Arquivo Municipal de Lisboa, Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal and Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, in Portugal. In addition, the legislation of both countries on the studied subject. The documentary analysis revealed that minors impounding logic, in both countries – Brazil and Portugal --, has the peculiarity of classifying minors as strays; at correctional facilities workshops activities occupied almost all interns routines, however, each country varied the emphasis on work, in Brazil, workshops were environments of professional and working habits learning, and in Portugal workshops were places of learning, and correction would come through reflection in absolute isolation; the emergency of disciplinary facilities was linked to the debate about education importance on heredity combat; communication between Brazil and Portugal became effective after 1910 decade, when Childhood protection passed in Portugal, however, was in the 1920 s, as legislation established corrective pedagogical measures as a juridical language.

In this study I discuss the forms of practical knowledge inherent in parent-child-relation, as described by the british pediatrician and psychoanalytic DonaldWinnicott. Winnicott was a successful broadcaster for the BBC during and after thesecond world war, he spoke on subjects concerning child rearing, psychology andfamily dynamics. The material of this study is the written versions of Winnicott’sbroadcasting, published as parental guiding books aimed specifically at mothers butalso addressing a wider public. The method consist of identifying and naming the twodifferent kinds of practical knowledge that Winnicott discuss, which I have calledintuitive knowledge and instructional knowledge. The results show that Winnicott’sview of knowledge influences the way he adresses his subjects, and that it is anintegrated part of his social criticism. In the study I show that the division betweenintuitive knowledge and instructional knowledge is crucial for a deeper understandingof Winnicott’s view’s on parenthood and society, as well as for the wider historicalunderstanding of the inter- and after-war periods in Great Britain.