The aim of this thesis is to study representations of identity and (in)visibility in Swedish lesbian novels written in the 1930s, and to provide a summary of Swedish lesbian literature up to the early 21st century. This study has been done through a close reading primarily of Charlie by Margareta Suber (1932), Fröknarna von Pahlen by Agnes von Krusenstjerna (1930–1935) and Kris by Karin Boye (1934). Lesbian literature is discussed as a loose category, a construction which can be used as an analytical tool in a conscious and reflexive way, with its basis in the categories of author, text and reader. In short, I define lesbian literature as novels written by women, about lesbian figures and/or relationships, and for lesbian readers in the sense that the literature depicts lesbians from an insider’s perspective. As regards the period before 1930, the focus is on romantic friendship and the excitement zone when the romantic friendship becomes a sexual one, as seen in the fictitious case of Sin fars dotter (1920) by Lydia Wahlström. Sexological theories, the image of “the new woman” and changes to the law all colour the first half of the 20th century. This is seen in Charlie by Margareta Suber, where the author makes use of many such explanations in her creation of a lesbian figure. A reading of Fröknarna von Pahlen by Agnes von Krusenstjerna shows an intricate pattern of relationships at its heart. My analysis charts several same-sex couples, a lesbian single woman and two collectives; that is to say, the female collective and the male homosexual collective. The relationships between women are many-faceted and include everything from romantic friendship, kinship and sensualism to eroticism and shared parenthood. In my analysis of Kris by Karin Boye, I focus on Malin, the main character, and the development of her sense of identity, in which the struggle between the language of the world around her and her own emotional experience of love for a woman is a central theme. After the 1930s, the historical context changed in terms of everything from decriminalisation in 1944 via the homophobic panic of the 1950s to the impact of queer theory in the 1990s. Swedish lesbian literature addresses everything from crime of passion (murder) to the coming out process of young women. There exists in all novels from the 1930s an interplay that is (in)visible: the characters or lesbian relationships depicted are both visible and invisible at the same time. The characters are more or less aware of the potential risks attached to being visible as a lesbian, and often they do not notice themselves when this occurs. During the course of the 20th century, (in)visibility becomes replaced by openness and secrecy, and the visibility of the lesbian characters is politicised. / The abstract is translated by Janet French.

This dissertation aims to examine the various ways in which three Victorian novels, such as Wilkie Collins?s The Woman in White (1860), Anne Bront�?s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848), Charlotte Bront�?s Villette (1853), address the relationship between storytelling and self-formation, showing that a subject formulates a sense of self by storytelling. The constructed nature of self and storytelling in Collins?s The Woman in White shows that narrative is a significant way of attributing meaning in our lives and that constructing stories about self is connected to the construction of self, illustrating that storytelling is a form of self-formation. Anne Bront�?s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall exemplifies Bront�?s configuration of the relational and contextual aspect of storytelling and self-formation in her belief that self is formed not merely through the story he/she tells but through the triangular relationship of the storyteller, the story, and the reader. This novel proves that even though the writer?s role in constructing his/her self-concept through his/her narrative is important, the narrator?s triangular relationship with the reader and the text is also a significant component in his/her self-formation. Charlotte Bront�?s Villette is concerned with unnarration, in which the narrative does not say, and it shows that the unnarrated elements provide useful resource for the display of the narrator?s self. For Charlotte Bront�, unnarration is part of the narrative configuration that contributes to constructing and presenting the storyteller?s self-formation. These three novels illuminate that narrative is more than linguistic activities of the symbolic representation of the world, and that it cannot be fully conceived without taking into consideration the storyteller?s experience and thoughts of the world.

This thesis is an attempt to analyze the narrative structure of Kemalettin Tugcu&amp / #8217 / s novels for children that became popular in the 1960s and the 1970s. It examines the representations of childhood, adulthood, orphanhood, richness and poverty in Tugcu&amp / #8217 / s books through the relations between the child and the adult and the rich and the poor. The poor orphan child that is portrayed especially as savior and virtuous is the main character of Tugcu&amp / #8217 / s novels. Socio-cultural hierarchies are represented primarily through the encounter and the relationship of the poor orphan child with the adults and the rich. This study argues that Kemalettin Tugcu&amp / #8217 / s novels represent orphanhood and poverty primarily as moral-spiritual states and not simply a materialeconomic situation. The thesis also pays attention to the conservative themes in Tugcu&amp / #8217 / s books.

大抵面對一連串戰敗、不平等條約的陰霾，英法日德美各國殖民勢力的入侵，民初上海因為歷史造成地域血緣上的混雜性，掙扎於「華╱洋」夾縫內，注定要以邁向「現代化」作為自我建構身分和翻轉形象的策略。彼時一波波新政策、新思維和新文化景觀衝擊著上海，民初上海的文化歷史舞台，上演著政治性、戰鬥性和革命性等直截的激烈論爭，以及文學性、哲學性和藝術性等間接的表述詰疑。民初上海，因為其獨特的身世背景――租界空間、華洋文化、都市治理、建築形構和住民型態等――已構成一個豐富的文本；如今，再加上歷來研究者建立在這個文本上的批評研究――懷舊記憶、商品消費、新聞產製、建築美學和社會空間實踐等――使它構成一個更為多義和可解讀的龐大文本。 程小青（1893—1976）創作的《霍桑探案》，作為民初新興的偵探文類，交會著地理學、都市學、社會學、新聞學、犯罪學、心理學、科學和醫學等多方視域，確實值得加以探勘。本論文雖立基在前人對於上海學的研究基礎上，卻針對「偵探――文本――都市文化」之間的緊密關係，作一個更為清晰的分層處理。從《霍桑探案》泰半取材自上海市井民間的文化故事與社會平日的案件觀之，其以小博大之視野，呼應了近現代中國政潮起伏、社會局勢凌替，和民生人心動盪之圖景，則不容小覷。是而，本論文將聚焦於程小青的偵探小說，對其上海文化圖景之內蘊與意涵，作層層之釐析。論文主體分別由地理空間層面、文化記憶層面、傳媒消費層面和醫學科學層面，逐次地展開「街道的表情學」、「日常生活的實踐」、「跨時空之旅」和「從偵察路線圖探討民初上海的醫病關係」層層深入的剖析。 以地理空間層面言，《霍桑探案》不以考究學理和艱深詞彙的地理學介紹為目的，倒是反過來鑑照了民初上海的地理空間，鮮活地捕捉每個街道的表情──從馬路上的黃包車、馬車、汽車和電車，到街坊里弄的舊石庫門、新石庫門和洋房，均豐富了民初上海立體多層的歷史記憶。 就文化記憶層面言，《霍桑探案》透過「偵探」的日常生活以實踐一種與市民經常性、韻律性和對話式的互動關係，從而對老上海文化記憶與摩登上海文化風情進行建構。在建構過程中，「小食挑子、老虎灶、孵茶館」和「舞廳、戲院、西餐廳」不啻成為兩組強大的反差和對比，霍桑和包朗將第二組概念視為歧出，力圖拉近與第一組概念的距離，似乎想以此贖救上海文化逐漸掉失、歪斜、墮落的「本」。 在傳媒消費層面上，以《霍桑探案》作為探討的個案，文本中所展現的「新聞圖景」和「偵探遊戲」，所蘊涵著脈絡化的意義，可從傳媒和消費兩個層面來辨析。以傳媒角度言，新聞報紙不僅被挪用、編織、進入小說的偵探版圖，又成為偵探偵查時不可或缺的一個重要依據。 由醫學科學層面言，綜合「敘事層面」、「地理景觀」、「身體空間」三層面探討的「偵察路線圖」，可歸納出《霍桑探案》不只勾勒偵探個人的「探案歷程」，還過渡到對社會「醫／病關係」的想像。 本論文以文學研究為主，偵探理論和文化研究為輔，分為地理空間、文化記憶、傳媒消費和醫學科學等層面論述之，以此勾勒出一幅嶄新的民初上海文化圖景，豐富了偵探小說、上海都市和文化研究的區塊。

Despite the great popularity and increased prestige of classic detective fiction, as well as the American hard-boiled novel, since their introduction in the nineteenth century many readers and authors have perceived them as genres incompatible with Latin American realities. The inherent conventions of the whodunit, the presence of a detective whose legitimacy is never in doubt, and its conservative ideology, which presupposed the punishment of criminality and the reestablishment of the status quo, were incongruous in societies in which people had no faith in justice. The genre, then, was regarded as unrealistic for third world countries. In this way, in order to be plausible, the detective novel in Latin America needed a different approach. In broad terms, these pages propose the emergence of a new genre that can be observed in the works of contemporary authors such as Vicente Leñero's Los albañiles (1963), Ricardo Piglia's Nombre falso (1975), Jorge Ibargüengoitia's Las muertas (1977) and, most notably, in Roberto Bolaño's Los detectives salvajes (1998), which I consider the most prominent and complex example of this type. The present study examines how this innovative Spanish American detective fiction incorporates and restates some of the structures and conventions of the hard-boiled novel and shares some features of contemporary Spanish American fiction, while developing its own characteristics in contrast with both detective fiction schools. Due to the necessity of the native writers to adopt, formally and thematically, alternative approaches when creating credible detective stories, I have named this emergent genre: Spanish American alternative detective fiction. / text

Victorian serial novels were bound with pages upon pages of advertisements marketing goods to readers, yet the relative inattention paid to this significant material component of the novel is surprising. This project explores the interaction between fictional narrative and commercial advertisements, and aims to recover the material context in which three Victorian novels—Bleak House, Middlemarch, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn—were first published and read. These three case studies—a novel published in 20 monthly serial numbers, another packaged in the rare format of eight “books” in bimonthly installments, and the third published in a monthly magazine in three excerpts—are exemplary of a larger phenomenon in Victorian book production wherein fiction and commerce were inextricably bound. This project investigates the ways in which the advertisements can be reconceived as a significant element of the novel, mediating the reader’s experience of the text. The Bleak House chapter examines how the advertisements for hair products in the “Bleak House Advertiser” serve to highlight an aspect of Charles Dickens’s text about Victorian responses to the mass of new consumer goods and individuals’ desire to control the physical aspects of their world. The following chapter considers George Eliot’s (Mary Ann Evans’s) Middlemarch, finding that just as the narrator’s asides compel readers to attend to the temporal difference between the 1830s setting of the novel and the 1870s perspective of the serial edition, sewing machine advertisements in the advertising supplement of the novel serve to remind readers of their role as observers of past events. The examination of Mark Twain’s (Samuel Clemens’s) Huck Finn, as published in three excerpts in The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, demonstrates that the magazine articles, the excerpts from Huck Finn, and the advertisements all engage in a project of unifying the nation and alleviating the physical and metaphorical wounds of war. The unity of the message emerges when the excerpts are read together with the many advertisements for wheelchairs and other such implements for disabled bodies. The dissertation ends with a chapter indicating the merits of further analysis and critical discussion of advertisements in the undergraduate literature classroom. / text

The depictions of women in film noir and neo-noir have long been objects of interest for feminist scholars. In this report, I extend this scholarship to examine Frank Miller's Sin city graphic novel series as a version of neo-noir that is both intimately connected to noir tradition and innovative in its approach, specifically in terms of his representation of women. Miller depicts his female characters in a variety of ways that reflect both the positive and negative imagery of women in classic noir and neo-noir; in doing so, he creates a new and complex vision of women in noir. This report uses three different characterizations of women in film noir--the spider woman, the femme moderne, and the angel--to explore the ways in which Miller's female characters can be understood to simultaneously uphold and challenge these conventions. / text

À l'aide des tout derniers modèles narratologiques développés entre autres par Ansgar Nünning, nous nous penchons sur l'oeuvre d'Eveline Hasler, une voix phare de la littérature alémanique contemporaine. À partir d’un corpus de six romans, nous examinons de façon systématique sa poétique du roman historique au regard 1) des techniques narratives, 2) de la marginalité de ses personnages en société, 3) de la conception de l’Histoire, 4) de l'image critique qu'elle présente de la Suisse. Il en ressort un portrait très nuancé de l'oeuvre de Hasler, puisqu’elle allie un récit principalement réaliste, plutôt traditionnel, mais aussi inspiré du langage cinématographique, à des passages métahistoriographiques postmodernes, où une narratrice assimilable à l’auteure fait part au « je » de ses réflexions sur l'Histoire. Même si ces brefs passages relativement rares rappellent sans contredit la posture de l’historien, ils s’inscrivent toutefois dans la fiction, laquelle actualise le passé dans la perspective historique d’un lecteur contemporain. De fait, l’œuvre de Hasler se présente comme un jeu habile avec la liberté poétique et le souci de véracité historique, ce à quoi concourt l’imbrication de documents originaux en italique dans le roman. Par ailleurs, la question de la marginalité en société joue un rôle prépondérant chez Hasler, car tous ses personnages principaux sont autant de marginaux, de Außenseiter. Cette problématique montre entre autres les limites de l’Aufklärung, étant donné que ses tenants, les adversaires des marginaux, se targuent le plus souvent d’être motivés par la pensée éclairante pour mieux la pervertir. Il en résulte la mise à l’écart des individus dérangeants — la prétendue sorcière, le géant et les femmes qui remettent en cause l’organisation patriarcale. Or, certains marginaux de Hasler parviennent à s’arracher un espace de liberté dans la marge, au prix de leurs racines helvétiques. Ainsi, ces marginaux peinent à s’inscrire dans l’Histoire dite officielle, ce que Hasler tente de rectifier en leur redonnant une voix. Sur le plan individuel, la plupart d’entre eux expérimentent une évolution circulaire, puisqu’ils ne parviennent pas à sortir de la marge (sauf peut-être Henry Dunant). Cette impression de tourner en rond s’oppose à une conception de l’Histoire humaine qui se déroule en continuum, puisque les exclusions d’hier préfigurent celles d’aujourd’hui. Au-delà de cette mesure humaine du temps, l’horizon temporel de la nature s’inscrit pour sa part dans la permanence. Ainsi, Hasler développe une conception historique qui varie selon des points de vue coexistants. Cet amalgame est le plus souvent marqué par un certain pessimisme, comme le dénote la vie d’Emily Kempin associée au mythe d’Icare. Finalement, tous les acteurs historiques de Hasler appartiennent au contexte helvétique et en présentent une image assez rétrograde, laquelle se dévoile non seulement à travers la fictionnalisation des lieux, mais aussi par des références à trois symboles nationaux : les Alpes, le réduit helvétique et la légende de Guillaume Tell. Hasler fait le procès de ces mythes, associés à la liberté et à la sauvegarde de ce « peuple de bergers », en montrant que la Suisse n’apporte pas de solution originale aux défis de l’Occident. / The work of Eveline Hasler, who stands as a leading influence in contemporary Swiss-German literature, is examined through the latest narratological models, among which Ansgar Nünning’s. Through a corpus of six novels, a systematic analysis of Hasler’s poetics of the historical novel is undergone on the basis of 1) the narrative techniques, 2) the marginality of the characters in society, 3) the perception of History, 4) the critical views of Switzerland that are brought forth. From the analysis emerges a nuanced portrait of Hasler’s work, principally due to the fact that the author combines a rather traditional realistic narrative – at times inspired from a cinematographic language – with metahistoriographic passages, where the narrator offers her own reflections on History using “I”. Although these few brief passages suggest a resolutely historian position, they nonetheless pertain to fiction and the past is revitalised into present for the contemporary reader’s historical perspective. Hasler’s work thus brings together a skilful mixture of poetic liberty and care of historical veracity, the latter being compounded by the insertions in the novel of original texts in italic character. Furthermore, the issue of the marginality in society plays a leading role in Hasler’s work. In essence, her main characters are all outsiders, Außenseiter. This issue highlights the limits of the Aufklärung in that its tenants, the outsiders’ opponents, most often claim to be led by the Enlightenment, but only to pervert it even more. From this results the exclusion of those unwanted individuals: the so-called witch, the giants and the women who question the patriarchal organisation. Yet, some of Hasler’s outsiders succeed in finding a piece of freedom at the edge of society, however not without paying it to the price of their Helvetian roots. Hasler therefore aims to rectify History by giving their voice back to the outsiders. Most of them evolve only in circular fashion, individually speaking, since they never actually set foot outside the margin (except maybe Henry Dunant). The impression of going round and round opposes the linear continuum of human History, which is the result of yesterday’s exclusions foreshadowing those of today. Beyond this measure of time however, Hasler develops a conception of History that varies with the co-existing points of view. This association is more often than not imbued with pessimism, as in the case of Emily Kempin’s life and its association to the myth of Icarus. To conclude, Hasler portrays a rather retrograde Helvetian background in which the historical actors evolve. This is done not only through the fictionalization of locations, but also through references to three Helvetian symbols: the Alps, the national redoubt and the legend of William Tell. These myths, which evoke the maintenance of freedom and the protection of the “shepherds’ nation”, are brought into trial by Hasler, who proves that Switzerland does not in fact bring any fresh solutions to the challenges faced by the Occident. / Ziel der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit ist es, Eveline Haslers Poetik des historischen Romans unter den folgenden vier Relevanzkriterien zu untersuchen: 1) Erzählverfahren, 2) Außenseitertum und Gesellschaft, 3) Geschichtsbild und 4) Bild der Schweiz zwischen Mythos und Realität. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein Korpus von sechs Romanen anhand der neuesten narratologischen Modelle systematisch erläutert, welche u. a. von Ansgar Nünning weiterentwickelt oder neu untersucht wurden. Aus dieser Forschung geht hervor, dass Hasler eine besondere Rolle in der Gattungsgeschichte spielt. Denn sie verbindet eine meist realistische Schreibweise, die ab und zu von Kinoverfahren inspiriert ist, mit metahistoriographischen Passagen. In diesen Passagen kommt eine Ich-Erzählerin vor, die eine Verbindung zur Gegenwart herstellt und insofern den gegenwärtigen Leser in die Fiktion einbezieht. Obwohl diese eher seltenen Passagen an die Arbeitsmethoden des Historikers erinnern, gehören sie zur Fiktion. Haslers Romane erweisen sich als ein geschicktes Spiel mit poetischer Freiheit und historischer Wahrheit, worauf die Originaldokumente hinweisen, die kursiv in die Romane eingefügt sind. Außerdem zeigt das Außenseitertum, das Haslers Werk wie ein roter Faden durchzieht, die Grenze des aufklärerischen Denkens. Denn die meisten Gegner der sogenannten Außenseiter treten als überzeugte Anhänger der Aufklärung in Erscheinung, hinter der sie sich verstecken, um sie zu pervertieren. Trotz alledem gelingt es einigen Außenseitern, sich einen Freiheitsraum am Rande der Gesellschaft zu schaffen, jedoch nur, wenn sie bereit sind, auf den größten Teil ihrer Identität zu verzichten. Infolge ihrer sozialen Ausgrenzung wird diesen Figuren ein angemessener Platz in der Geschichte verweigert. Hasler möchte das ändern und verleiht den Außenseitern eine Stimme, um so die „offizielle“ Geschichtsschreibung zu berichtigen. Insofern versucht sie, die sogenannte offizelle Geschichtsschreibung zu berichtigen. Doch bekommt das Geschichtsbild in ihren Romanen drei Formen: eine individuelle, eine gesamtmenschliche und eine naturgebundene. Die Protagonisten sehen sich ihrerseits mit einem Kreislauf konfrontiert, denn es gelingt ihnen nicht, sich aus den sozial vorgeschriebenen Bahnen des Andersseins zu befreien. Andererseits folgt die Menschheitsgeschichte einem Kontinuum, indem die Ausgrenzungen von gestern die Gegenwart erklären. Aus ihrer ahistorischen Zeit leidet die Natur unter der unaufhaltsamen Gier des Menschen nach Reichtum. Insofern resultiert das allgemeine Geschichtsbild im Roman aus drei Perspektiven, die alle durch einen gewissen Pessimismus geprägt sind, wie das Leben von Emily Kempin es andeutet, da diese mit dem Mythos des Ikarus verglichen wird. Da alle Figuren Haslers in einen schweizerischen Kontext gehören, stellt sich zum Schluss ein kritisches Bild der Schweiz heraus, denn laut den Romanen scheut sich dieses Land vor neuen Ideen. Dieses Bild entsteht nicht nur durch die Raumsemantik, sondern auch durch die Darstellung dreier Nationalsymbole: die Alpen, das Schweizer Reduit und die Wilhelm Tell Legende. Indem sie diese Freiheitsmythen kritisiert, deutet Hasler darauf hin, dass es der Schweiz nicht besser als den anderen westlichen Ländern gelingt, eine Lösung für die Probleme des Okzidents zu finden.

Cultural and historical accounts of self-help literature typically describe its development and focus in terms of the autonomous, public male subject of the nineteenth century. This literary study recognizes that as masculine self-help discourse became widely accessible in the mid nineteenth century, mid-Victorian feminist novels, periodicals, and tracts developed versions of self-help that disrupted the dominant cultural view that the single female was helpless and “redundant” if she did not become a wife and mother. I argue that the dual focus of Victorian self-help discourse on the ability to help oneself and others was attractive for Victorian feminist writers who needed to manipulate the terms of the domestic ideal of woman as influential helpmeet, if women’s independence and civic duty were to be made culturally palatable. Chapter One focuses on how Dinah Mulock Craik drew on self-help values popularized in mid-century articles and collective biographies by Samuel Smiles, while rejecting the genre of biography for its invasiveness into female lives. By imagining a deformed single artist heroine in the context of her 1851 bildungsroman, Olive, Craik highlighted and contested the objectification of women within Victorian culture while reproducing other forms of female difference based on dominant constructions of class, sexuality, and race. Chapter Two extends formal and thematic considerations of self-help discourse to a comparison of masculine colonial accounts of class-climbing and the projection of a self-reliant, yet deeply unstable, domestic female by Maria Rye and the Female Middle-Class Emigration Society. Chapter Three exerts critical pressure on the tension between individual and mutual help by charting the debate that raged between liberal individualism and collectivism in the labour movement, particularly in The Women’s Union Journal. Returning to a focus on the binary of female aberrance and normalcy within Victorian culture, Chapter Four analyzes late-century case studies of nervous illnesses alongside Ella Hepworth Dixon’s 1894 New Woman novel that promoted self-help for women as desirable yet unattainable in a society still largely structured around the domestic ideal. At its broadest, this dissertation explores points of convergence and departure between Victorian masculine and feminine self-help texts, and touches on reverberations of this Victorian discourse in today’s self-help works directed at women in Western culture.

This study has analyzed the relationship between trauma and otherness in two autobiographical graphic narratives. The study suggests that autobiographical graphic narratives are better equipped to represent the effects, mainly that of otherness, on the self as a result of trauma. In the ten volume manga series Barefoot Gen, Keiji Nakazawa details his childhood survival of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima during World War II. As he rebuilds his life, fellow survivals that look like his deceased family members recall his trauma of the bombing. Like we see in Nakazawa’s Barefoot Gen, Art Spiegelman also uses repetitious imagery and a fragmentary form of comic narration to represent the experience of trauma throughout In the Shadow of No Towers. However, while Nakazawa repeats specific imagery of the atomic bombing throughout Barefoot Gen based on his eyewitness testimony, Spiegelman manipulates imagery of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks to reject the notion that only one specific set of images can represent a traumatic event. Thus, by the end of the second section of In the Shadow of No Towers, Spiegelman creates a multiplicity of images to reenact the trauma of 9/11. / Access to thesis permanently restricted to Ball State community only.