Village chiefs¡¦ role has been facing great impact and challenge ever since the transition of society, development of information, raise of education level and popularity of communitarianism. Therefore, how village chiefs¡¦ legal position should be set and integrate with village officers as well as community development have been brought into discussion in recent years. While gaps do exist between current academic study and practical operation, this study centers on village chiefs¡¦ position with the case of An-Shun Li of Kaohsiung City for further study. The exploration of literature is divided into three parts: role theory, village chiefs¡¦ position and village systems, and the relationship between village chiefs and community development. Literature review, in-depth interview, and participants¡¦ observation are adopted as research methods. With the concept of status, role expectation, role conflict and role performance in role theory, the study explores the interaction between village chiefs and other connecting village officers, analyzes the problems that chiefs¡¦ encounter under current legal system and then generalizes the role current chiefs should play. The research finds that the biggest difference between current and traditional chiefs is that the role they play as citizens¡¦ participation navigators and community development managers. While government is examining and adjusting village controlling area and government-assigned chief policy, it is advised that concrete solution to be proposed for individual cases which require specific environment. The regulation of village chiefs is wished to become better in the future. A new organization is looking forward to be setting up as a mediator between village chief and community development organization to deal with community affairs, thus to make the local system in line with modern society demands.

This study aims to explore the socialization issues of new-coming professional engineers. Based on theory socialization, social learning theory and social information processing approach, this study attempts to introduce work group socialization (group level) and self socialization (individual level), i.e., information seeking behavior, to the research model simultaneously. It is to improve the inconsistency between theories and empirical studies, and further to provide integral perspective on newcomer¡¦s socialization issues. Therefore, this study applies cross-level research design to explore and analyze relationships among socialization tactics at group and individual level, role breath self-efficacy and role performance. Collecting data from 91 groups, which include 91 immediate supervisors and 384 new-coming professional engineers, the research draws conclusion in two dimensions: (1) information seeking behavior, role breath self-efficacy, and role performance relationships at individual level; (2) socialization tactics, role breath self-efficacy and role performance relationships at cross-level. At the individual level, the results show that (1) when individuals apply overt, third party, and observation as the information seeking behaviors, there is a positive effect on role performance; when apply indirect and test as the information seeking behaviors, there is a negative effect on role performance. (2) When individuals apply ¡§overt¡¨, ¡§third party¡¨, and ¡§observation¡¨ as the information seeking behaviors, there is a positive effect on role breath self-efficacy; when apply ¡§indirect¡¨ and ¡§test¡¨ as the information seeking behaviors, there is a negative effect on role breath self-efficacy. (3) When individuals have high level of role breath self-efficacy, they are more willing to undertake tasks beyond work requirement, and thus have significant increase in role performance. (4) Role breath self-efficacy has full mediating effect on the relationship between overt, indirect, third party, test and role performance, and it has partial mediating effect on the relationship between observation and role performance. At the cross-level, it is found that (1) when the groups adopt ¡§investiture¡¨ and ¡§sequential¡¨ socialization tactics, the individual¡¦s role performance is positively increased; when the groups adopt ¡§collective¡¨, ¡§formal¡¨, ¡§serial¡¨ and ¡§fixed¡¨ socialization tactics, there is no significant influence on individual¡¦s role performance. (2) The level of groups¡¦ ¡§collective tactic¡¨ has negative moderating effect on the relationship between individual¡¦s ¡§third party¡¨ information seeking behavior and role breadth self-efficacy; ¡§sequential tactic¡¨ has positive moderating effects on the relationship between third-party information seeking behavior and role breadth self-efficacy; ¡§formal tactic¡¨ has negative moderating effect on the relationship between ¡§testing¡¨ information seeking behavior and role breadth self-efficacy; sequential tactic and fixed tactic have negative moderating effect on the relationship between observation information seeking behavior and role breadth self-efficacy; and serial tactic have positive moderating effect on the relationship between observation information seeking behavior and role breadth self-efficacy. (3) Each socialization tactic does not have direct contextual effect on role breath self-efficacy, while role breath self-efficacy also does not have mediating effect on the relationship between socialization tactics and role performance.

PhD / People with a chronic illness, such as Parkinson’s disease, often live in the community for many years while the illness becomes progressively more debilitating. Little is known about how such people control the impact the disease has upon their various roles in life. This study employed naturalistic qualitative research methods to investigate how people with Parkinson’s disease and their partners continue to actively participate as members of their social community. Using in-depth semi-structured, focused interviews, participants with Parkinson’s disease and their partners were asked to name and describe roles that occupied their daily activity. They were asked about their most significant occupational roles, what they did in these roles, the knowledge or strategies they employed to deal with barriers to occupational role performance, and the personal meaning such roles held. Four basic themes evolved from the data: the impact of the disease on occupational role performance, or ‘doing’, secondary personal limitations to occupational role performance, secondary social limitations to occupational role performance and cumulative barriers to occupational role performance. Loss of control over choice and manner of engagement in occupational roles was a significant element of all four themes. Sense of self and sense of social fit were identified as major elements that informed participants’ perceptions of control. Participants described a range of diverse responses that they used to actively restore personal control of occupational performance in the face of degenerative illness. Learning new coping styles appeared to be underpinned by a personal set of rules or ‘blueprint’, despite professional input. This blueprint was actualised through a problem identification, problem solving and active engagement cycle that was termed a cycle of control. A conceptual model of a cycle of control was proposed as the final stage of the research. The model represented a way of describing how participants acted to restore a sense of personal control once a specific barrier to occupational role performance had been perceived. The findings of this study support the notion that people with chronic illness, such as Parkinson’s disease, are active and knowledgeable participants in health care, and have occupational histories and experiences that they harness when dealing with barriers to performance. Moreover, the findings demonstrate that people with chronic illness work in tandem with significant role partners to constantly maintain the valued partnership in meaningful occupational roles as the disease progresses. A greater understanding of how people with chronic illness and their partners strive to maintain a sense of personal control can enable occupational therapists to work effectively as ancillary partners in care. A greater understanding of the way in which role partners work together to maintain occupational integrity in their lives would be central to assessment and intervention for community programs for people with chronic illness.

abstract: Customers today, are active participants in service experiences. They are more informed about product choices, their preferences and tend to actively influence customer and firm related outcomes. However, differences across customers become a significant challenge for firms trying to ensure that all customers have a `delightful' consumption experience. This dissertation studies customers as active participants in service experiences and considers three dimensions of customer participation -- in-role performance; extra-role performance-citizenship and elective behavior; and information sharing -- as its focal dependent variables. This study is grounded in services marketing, customer co-production and motivation literatures. The theoretical model proposes that customer behaviors are goal-directed and different consumers will have different reactions to the service quality because they have different assessments of progress towards their goals and (consequently) different levels of participation during the service experience. Customer role clarity and participation behavior will also influence the service experience and firm outcomes. A multi-step process was adopted to test the conceptual model, beginning with qualitative and quantitative pretests; followed by 2 studies (one cross-sectional and other longitudinal in nature). Results prove that customer participation behaviors are influenced by service quality directly and through the mediated path of progress towards goals. Assessment of progress towards goals directly influences customer participation behaviors cross-sectionally. Service quality from one service interaction influences customer in-role performance and information sharing in subsequent service interactions. Information sharing influences service quality in subsequent service interactions. Role-clarity influences in-role and extra-role performance cross-sectionally and influences these behaviors longitudinally only in the early stages of the customer-firm relationship. Due to multi-collinearity, the moderating effect of customer goals on assessment of progress towards goals could not be tested. The study findings contribute to the understanding of customer participation behaviors in service interactions for both academics and managers. It contributes to the literature by examining consumption during the service interaction; considering customers as active participants; explaining differences in customer participation; integrating a forward-looking component (assessment of progress towards goals) and a retrospective component (perceptions of service quality) to explain customer participation behaviors over time; defining and building measures for customer participation behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2011

Abstract : Using a quantitative research design and survey data from 83 supervisor - employee dyads working in North American facilities of a large multinational healthcare organization, this study explores the critical role of first line supervisors in a lean environment. Many organizations have adopted the Toyota Production System (TPS, also known as lean management or the Toyota Way) in an effort to improve organizational effectiveness. Implementation success has been surprisingly limited. The predominantly negative effects documented in the scientific literature are attributable to the introduction of lean as a series of tools and techniques for cost cutting. In environments that truly manage according to the TPS, all share the belief that the development and participation of all employees is essential to maintain competitiveness. Increased emphasis on teamwork and worker involvement in a lean environment places rising demands on the first - line supervisor. The supervisor role in a lean environment is considered critical and becomes one of encouraging more participation, and creating an environment of continuous improvement. Given that leadership is a complex construct, the current paper uses a multi - domain approach proposed by Graen and Uhl - Bien (1995) to study the effect of empowering leadership behaviours (leader domain), leader - member exchange (relational domain) and psychological empowerment (follower domain) on individual performance (measured as in - role performance and organizational citizenship behaviours) through the mediating variable of job involvement in the work setting. Findings indicate that the role of the first line supervisor in a lean environment is critical. The follower (psychological empowerment) and relational (leader - member exchange) domains of leadership are significant in predicting variations of job involvement in the work setting, and job involvement mediates the relationship between the relation domain variable of leader - member exchange and individual performance (organizational citizenship behaviours targeted at the individual). Empowering leadership behaviours are significantly related and directly related to in - role performance. Development of first line supervisors should emphasize building high quality relationships, facilitating employee psychological empowerment, and demonstrating empowering leadership behaviours in order to enhance involvement in a team setting and individual performance. // Résumé : En utilisant une méthode de recherche quantitative ainsi que les résultats de sondages auprès de 83 dyades superviseur-employé travaillant dans des établissements nord-américains d’une grande organisation multinationale du domaine de la santé, cette étude explore le rôle clé des superviseurs de premier niveau dans un environnement de production « lean ». Plusieurs organisations ont adopté le Système de production Toyota (SPT, aussi connu sous les vocables de « lean management » ou de « méthode Toyota ») dans le but d’améliorer l’efficacité organisationnelle. De façon surprenante, le succès de l’implantation de cette méthode de production s’est montré limité. L’effet négatif prédominant documenté dans la littérature scientifique est attribuable à l’introduction du « lean » comme une série d’outils et de techniques pour réduire les coûts. Dans les environnements véritablement gérés selon le SPT, on partage la croyance que le développement et la participation de tous les employés est essentielle pour maintenir la compétitivité. L’accent sur le travail d’équipe et sur l’implication des travailleurs dans un environnement « lean » place des attentes élevées sur les superviseurs de premier niveau. Le rôle du superviseur dans ce type d’environnement est considéré comme critique et consiste à encourager la participation et la création d’un environnement d’amélioration continue. Étant donné que le leadership est un construit complexe, la présente étude utilise une approche multi-domaines proposée par Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995) pour étudier l’effet des comportements de leadership habilitant (empowering leadership; domaine du leader), de l’échange leader-membre (leader-member exchange; domaine de la relation) et de l’habilitation psychologique (psychological empowerment; domaine de l’employé) sur la performance individuelle (performance dans le rôle et comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle) via la variable médiatrice de l’implication au travail, et plus spécifiquement dans l’environnement de travail (job involvement in the work setting). Les résultats indiquent que le rôle du superviseur est crucial. Les domaines de leadership de l’employé (c.-à-d. l’habilitation psychologique) et de la relation (c.-à-d. l’échange leader-membre) sont significatifs lorsqu’il s’agit de prévoir les variations de l’implication au travail, et l’implication au travail agit comme médiateur entre les variables des domaines de leadership et la performance individuelle (comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle). Le développement des superviseurs de premier niveau devrait mettre l’accent sur la formation de relations superviseur-supervisés de grande qualité et faciliter l’habilitation psychologique des employés afin d’encourager l’implication dans le travail d’équipe, et par le fait même, la performance individuelle.

There is a dearth of research focusing on fathering in families of color. The present study argues that ecological factors, especially SES and neighborhood quality, exert a strong influence on racial and ethnic differences in fathering role identity, which in turn affect fathering role performance. The primary goal of the present study is thus to investigate the impact of ecological factors on what it means to be a good father among African American (n = 308), Latino American (n = 598), Asian American (n = 580), and white fathers (n = 2813) by using a nationally representative sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort (ECLS-B), and to test identity theory by examining fathering identity as a primary determinant of fathering role performance. The core premise of identity theory is that society is the main source in shaping self (i.e., identity), and in turn, contributes to the way people behave (Stryker, 1968). The present study tested identity theory by examining the associations between domain-level psychological centralities and domain-specific fathering performances, and also to test whether effects of psychological centralities and contextual factors override those of race and ethnicity. Overall, the results from this study considerably buttressed identity theory. Consistent with the cultural-ecological model (Ogbu, 1981), which posits that ecological conditions shapes culture-specific socialization goals, racial and ethnic differences in the fathering psychological centrality were found because fathers in the same group historically share similar circumstances. However, the heterogeneity of the psychological centrality within each group was remarkable because their current conditions are vastly multifarious. Specifically, the lower their SES, the more likely that they believe that providing for their children is central to their identity as a father. In studying fathers of color, previous approaches often resulted in the unwitting spread of stereotypical images by contrasting minority fathers from at-risk population with middle-class white fathers, because such approaches failed to consider the effects of contextual factors on fathering and to include multiple forms of father involvement. The results from this study clearly show that racial and ethnic differences are subtle once contextual factors are taken into account. / text

O estudo objetivou analisar sintomas ansiedade e depressão em pacientes com lesão medular e investigar sua correlação com a incidência da perda dos papéis ocupacionais, bem como as estratégias adotadas por profissionais da saúde para a promoção de saúde mental a essa população. Trata-se de um estudo correlacional de corte transversal, com abordagem predominantemente quantitativa, sendo uma etapa qualitativa. Para a coleta de dados, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Ficha de Identificação; Inventário de Depressão de Beck (IDB); Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado (IDATE); Critério de Classificação Econômica do Brasil (CCEB); Lista de Identificação de Papéis Ocupacionais (LIPO); e entrevistas semiestruturadas com profissionais do Serviço de Atendimento Domiciliar (SAD). Participaram do estudo 30 pacientes com lesão medular traumática atendidos no referido serviço, de ambos os sexos, entre 19 anos e 72 anos de idade, e 10 profissionais da saúde do SAD. Para a análise estatística da etapa quantitativa, utilizou-se o programa IBM SPSS Statistic versão 25, e na etapa qualitativa, a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados identificaram média de escores de sintomas de ansiedade média e depressão leve/moderada entre os participantes, sendo que a variável significantemente associada à depressão foi apenas o estado civil; já a variável associada à ansiedadeestado foi o apoio familiar, e à ansiedade-traço, as atividades de autocuidado. Os papéis que sofreram mais perdas foram os de trabalhador e passatempo/amador, e aqueles considerados menos importantes, de estudante e participação em organizações. Importância maior foi atribuída pelos participantes aos papéis de membro da família, amigo, trabalhador e religioso, sendo os dois primeiros os mais desempenhados no passado, presente e com pretensão no futuro. Identificou-se relação entre ansiedade e depressão e perdas de papéis ocupacionais, de modo que aqueles que vivenciaram mais perdas apresentaram mais sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, e aqueles que continuaram exercendo mais papéis após a lesão apresentaram menos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Os resultados da etapa qualitativa e referentes às entrevistas com os profissionais evidenciaram a construção de sete categorias analíticas e 12 categorias empíricas. A análise das categorias permitiu verificar que as estratégias adotadas pelos profissionais de saúde para a promoção de saúde mental a essa população ainda se encontram limitadas, dada a ausência de serviços especializados e o difícil encaminhamento para profissionais da área. Além disso, a falta de posturas sociais mais benevolentes para com essa população acentua a dificuldade de assegurar acessibilidade e oportunidades mais igualitárias a essas pessoas. Considera-se necessário conferir maior atenção à associação de doenças físicas a quadros psiquiátricos, visto que perder ou resgatar um papel desempenhado anteriormente pode não estar relacionado apenas à disfunção física, mas também a um quadro psíquico / The study´s aim was to analyze anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with spinal cord injury, their correlation with the incidence of the loss of occupational roles and what was the exist strategies of health professionals to promote their mental health. This research is based on the correlation between cross-section and a quantitative approach predominantly, this being a qualitative stage. The instruments used for evaluation were: Identification Card; Beck Depression Inventory (IDB); TraitState Anxiety Inventory (IDATE); Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria (CCEB); Identification List of the Occupational Roles (LIPO) and semi-structured interview with the of the Home Care Service´s professionals (SAD). A total of 30 subjects with traumatic spinal cord injury, had participated, both male and female, aged 19 years and 72 years, attended by SAD, and also 10 health service professionals in the study. For the statistical analysis the quantitative´s stage, the IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 program was used, in the qualitative step the Bardin Content Analysis was used. The results has identified a average symptoms of medium anxiety and mild to moderate depression scores among participants, in which the variable significantly associated with depression was related only the marital status; the variable associated with anxiety-state was correlated with family support and the anxiety-trait self-care with activities. The roles who suffered the most losses were the roles of worker and hobbyist /amateur. The roles who was considered less important were student and participation in organizations; the most important roles were family member, friend, worker and religious, the first two were the ones most played in the past, present and as a future ambition. We had identify the connexion between anxiety and depression with occupational roles´s loss, in which those who had with more losses they showed more anxiety and depression symptoms and those who continued to have varied roles after the injury presented fewer symptoms of anxiety and depression. According with the results of the qualitative stage, relative to the interviews with the professionals, seven analytical categories were found and 12 empirical categories were deployed. The analysis of the categories has allowed to verify that the strategies for the mental health´s promotion in this population are limited yet, since, there are not specialized services and the referencing to area specialty professional is difficult to access, besides, the lack of social attitudes to benefit this population which corroborate the with the difficulty in their accessibility and opportunities. More attention are needed regarding the association of physical diseases with psychiatric conditions, since the loss of a role played or the recovery of it, may not be related only to physical dysfunction, but also to psychic dysfunction

本研究之主要目的在探討目前國民中學輔導主任之自我角色期望、角色混 淆、角色間衝突、角色內衝突與其角色踐行之間的關係，以及國民中學校 長及各處室主任，對輔導主任之角色期望暨其角色踐行之認知情形。研究 對象為台灣地區一百所公立國民中學校長及教務、訓導、總務、輔導等四 處室主任，共394 人。研究工具係「國民中學輔導主任角色之研究問卷」 ，其內容包括：ぇ職別、性別、學歷、任職年資、學校所在地區、及學校 班級數；え輔導主任的角色期望與角色踐行量表；ぉ角色混淆及角色衝突 量表。調查蒐集之資料，以二因子變異數分析、單因子變異數分析、逐步 多元迴歸分析、及肯德爾和諧系數等統計方法分析處理。結果發現：ぇ國 中輔導室主任的自我角色期望與其角色間衝突，對其角色踐行具56％的聯 合解釋力。え國中輔導主任的角色期望與其角色間的衝突，在角色踐行上 沒有交互作用存在。ぉ國中輔導主任的角色踐行與其背景變項間，無顯著 的交互作用。お國中輔導主任之自我角色期望與其背景變項間無顯著的交 互作用。か國中校長及各處室主任，對輔導主任的期望，因個人之背景變 項不同而有顯著差異。が國中校長及各處室主任，對國中輔導主任的角色 踐行認知，因個人背景變項不同而有顯著差異。き國中校長及各處室主任 對輔導主任的角色期望等級的看法沒有一致性。ぎ國中校長及各處室主任 對輔導主任的角色踐行等級的看法沒有一致性。く國中校長及各處室主任 對輔導主任的角色期望和角色踐行之間等級的看法亦沒有一致性。本研究 的建議是：ぇ校長及主任宜利用各校之輔導工作委員會，充分溝通，依學 校規模訂出長期、中期及短期之輔導工作計畫，分別將各人對輔導主任之 期望等級之看法依其輕、重、緩、急，納入計畫當中，切實執行，並逐年 修訂，以期有效縮減各人對輔導主任角色期望等級與踐行等級看法之差異 。え輔導主任應以學校輔導工作之核心人員自期，達成以專業工作成果支 援教訓工作的理想。如此一方面可以增進本身角色的適應與協調，避免角 色間衝突的發生，一方面可以逐漸得到更多的信賴與合作，在工作上愈能 勝任愉快。

Previous researches about the Person-Environment Fit were mainly based on the points of view of Person-Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit. Researches based on the points of view of Person-Supervisor Fit (P-S Fit) and Person-Workgroup Fit (P-G Fit) was less made. But nowadays, more and more companies adopt team approach for the organization of the main mold of operation. How to establish a harmonious group and enhance group¡¦s and individual performance becomes an important issue. The main purpose of this research is base on Fit Theory to examine Person-Supervisor Fit and Person-Workgroup Fit between crew, their supervisor and their coworker in every flight. In this study, Person-Supervisor Fit and Person-Workgroup Fit were defined as independent variables; role performance, job satisfaction and perceived support were defined as dependent variables. The relationship between independent and dependent variable are deeply discussed. There are 136 pairs of questionnaires surveyed by employees and their supervisors. Supervisor Leadership Profile (SLP) and Workgroup Characteristics Profile (WCP) were reduced to 16 of 25 statements as Q ranking items, and Q methodology was applied for measuring P-S Fit and P-W Fit. Regression analysis was used to further explore the dependent variable on the independent variable's influence. The result indicate that¡GFirst, employee with high P-G Fit, has more job satisfaction, the correlation between P-G Fit and job satisfaction is significant; second, employee with high P-S Fit, has more perceived supervisor support, the correlation between P-S Fit and perceived supervisor support is significant; third, employee with high P-G Fit, has more perceived coworker support, the correlation between P-G Fit and perceived coworker support is weak significant. This research further represents the direction of future research and practical meaning of management.

The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the role of the EU as a foreign and security policy actor in the post-9/11 international security environment. The thesis investigates the congruity between the role that the EU aspires to play as a foreign and security actor (role conception) and its actual foreign and security policy actions and decisions (role performance) in a specific case of the Middle East Peace Process (MEPP) in the post-9/11 era. The role conceptions of the EU are identified by analyzing the content of the general foreign policy speeches delivered by the principal EU foreign policy officials and the EU official documents concerning foreign and security policy of the EU. The congruity between EU&rsquo / s self-defined role conceptions and its actual role performance is tested in the case-study of the MEPP. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that although the EU encountered some constraints when performing some of its self-proclaimed roles, this moderately weakened its effectiveness and international credibility as a foreign and security policy actor in the post-9/11 era, all in all, as observed in the case of the MEPP, the decisions and actions carried out by the EU while enacting its self-identified roles outweighed its deficiencies in its role performance. Despite some inconsistency problems the EU has encountered while performing its self-identified roles, its overall balance sheet as a foreign and security policy actor in the post-9/11 era is fairly positive.