In this thesis we analyse the economic effects of a policy proposal in Sweden, which implies a removal of the sentence reduction for 18- to 20-year-old offenders. We use a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) to systematically assess its effects. Our results indicate that the policy proposal is most likely beneficial to society, a conclusion which is strengthened by our sensitivity analysis. Our CBA builds upon Becker’s (1968) economic model of crime, and the extensive literature it has inspired which explores the effects of harsher punishment on crime. In order to assess how a harsher sentencing regime affects society, we use crime-punishment elasticities and costs of crime based on previous studies and own estimations. Our main contribution to the existing literature is twofold. First, we provide an economic dimension to a current political issue. Second, we employ a CBA to a research area in Sweden in which the method has been used sparingly. Knowing how an increase in punishment affects crime rates is of great importance for policy making. Hence, we encourage further analysis in this area, especially in Sweden.

Intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) is a concerning, yet relatively understudied form of intimate partner violence (IPV). Furthermore, the majority of research regarding sexual violence fails to differentiate between different forms of control used to facilitate this violence. Although IPV has been linked to a multitude of adverse physical and health outcomes, it is less clear how these outcomes vary by type of control experienced. Using data from the 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS), the current study examines the physical and non-physical tactics used to facilitate sexual violence, and the associated health outcomes. Potential gender differences in tactics experienced and resulting victim health are also explored. Results show that while physical force is associated with the greatest number of health outcomes, all three tactics are related to reporting adverse health. Additionally, gender analyses reveal that women are more likely to suffer from frequent headaches, injuries, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and to report a greater number of physical health outcomes and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, while men who experienced physically forced sexual violence are more likely to report overall worse mental health than their female counterparts. These findings, along with policy implications and directions for future research, are then discussed.

One in four women experience sexual assault during college. With rates of sexual assault on college campuses continuing to increase, the need for advanced analysis utilizing contemporary variables is justified. The purpose of this quantitative study was to compare two groups of female college-attending students. One group was certain and the other suspected that they were sexually assaulted while incapacitated (independent variables). Dependent variables compared between groups were offender type (interest on offenders with fraternal affiliations), law enforcement reporting decisions, and barriers to reporting sexual assault. Four research questions measured whether there was a statistically significant difference amongst the dependent variables when compared to the independent variables. The theoretical foundation for this study was empowerment theory. A comparative research design was used to examine archival data from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Logistic regression and chi-square analysis showed mostly significant results: fraternal membership, reporting to law enforcement, and barriers to reporting to law enforcement were statistically significant. In addition, ad hoc tests were significant, indicating that being on a date with the offender, university disciplinary action taken, and whether the offender was arrested were all statistically significant variables. Social change is achievable at two levels, organizational and societal. Universities, advocacy groups, and governmental agencies may all benefit from contemporary findings. Furthermore, improved societal understanding of campus sexual assault culture and victimology can create a safe space for victims to report sexual assault on a college campus when it involves incapacitation.

[pt] Na maioria dos sistemas legais, manter réus detidos antes de seus julgamentos é uma prática comum. A prisão provisória evita que os réus cometam crimes enquanto aguardam por seus julgamentos, mas, por outro lado, experiências na prisão podem promover a participação futura em atividades ilícitas. Neste estudo, utilizamos novos dados de audiências de custódia e prisões em flagrante no estado do Rio de Janeiro para avaliar o efeito da prisão provisória em reaprisionamento. Dado que a aplicação da prisão provisória é endógena às características de cada indivíduo, adotamos uma abordagem de variável instrumental que explora a variação das tendências a encarcerar de juízes que são aleatoriamente selecionados para conduzir audiências de custódia. Nossos resultados sugerem que a prisão provisória reduz reaprisionamento no médio prazo, e que esse efeito é completamente explicado por um efeito de incapacitação de curto prazo. Nós também apresentamos evidências de que a prisão provisória aumenta a probabilidade e a severidade de crimes após a saída da prisão. / [en] In most legal systems, detaining individuals pretrial is a common practice. Pretrial detention prevents that defendants commit crimes while they wait for their trials, but prison experiences can also encourage future criminal activity. In this paper, we use novel data on detention hearings and in flagrante delicto arrests in the state of Rio de Janeiro to assess the effect of pretrial detention on future crime. Since detention assignment is endogenous to defendants characteristics, we adopt an instrumental variable approach that exploits randomly assigned judges who differ in terms of their idiosyncratic tendencies of ordering pretrial detention. Our findings suggest that pretrial incarceration reduces rearrest in the medium term, and that this effect is entirely driven by incapacitation effects. We also provide evidence that pretrial detention increases the probability and the severity of post-release crime.

Cette thèse poursuit la réflexion de Foucault sur les « sociétés de sécurité » en abordant le thème de l’inflexion des (in)conduites des « sujets interstitiels » : les individus qui s’inscrivent en marge du pouvoir politique et qui par leurs revendications et leurs présences suscitent des inquiétudes, provoquent des dérangements. Plus précisément, elle interroge l’histoire de la police et les stratégies de gestion des manifestations pour dégager les facteurs menant, dans la foulée des grandes mobilisations altermondialistes, à l’adoption de l’incapacitation stratégique. Sur le plan méthodologique et théorique, elle convoque les réflexions de Foucault sur la police, la loi et la communication pour élaborer un cadre à partir duquel les travaux des sociologues des manifestations et des historiens de la police, portant sur l’évolution du contrôle des foules, seront interrogés dans l’objectif de dégager les tendances « lourdes » et la rationalité policière (et étatique) marquant le maintien de l’ordre contemporain. De même, elle examine des lois encadrant les manifestations pour mettre en lumière que celles-ci sont le fruit de tactiques permettant d’accroître la puissance d’action de leurs « convocateurs ». En parallèle à cette réflexion sur les caractéristiques de la ratio sécuritaire actuelle et sur les tactiques de contrôle, cette thèse identifie les principaux objets utilisés pour circonscrire les pratiques manifestantes afin d’en dégager leurs « fonctions », mais aussi, de relever les indices permettant de schématiser les relations constitutives du dispositif policier. Ainsi, en plus de réaliser une « analytique du présent », cette thèse explicite un diagramme de pouvoir. / This thesis pursues Foucault's reflections on the "security society" through an investigation into the theme of the modulation of the conduct of "interstitials subjects": individuals on the margins of powers whose presence and demands provoke concern and threaten the social order. More precisely, the thesis investigates the history of police and its strategies of crowd control as they lead to the adoption of a strategy of "preventive incapacitation," the aftermath of anti-globalization protests. On a theoretical and methodological level, the thesis draws on Foucault's theories of the police, law, and communication, in dialogue with the work of sociologists of social movements and historians of police, with the aim of better understanding the "hard" tendencies and (State) rationality characteristizing today's policing. The thesis will also examine the laws concerning protests, in order to shed light on how their implementation augments the power of those with the authority to enact them. Furthering these analyses of the ratio of security and the tactics of control, the thesis identifies the principal objects and objectives employed to circumscribe the actions of protesters. This is done in order to reconceptualize the different functions now fulfilled by policing and to schematize the constitutive relations of the contemporary police apparatus. The overall aim of the thesis is to produce an "analytic of the present" of policing, and more generally to elaborate a "diagram" of power.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raquel.pdf: 914060 bytes, checksum: a82d971c1700ac78e8cc69f342332599 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Physical activity is thought to be beneficial to arthritis, delaying disability and/or improving joint function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of exercise on nociception, edema and cell migration in two groups of rats with CFA-induced arthritis, as well as verify whether the possible endogenous liberation of corticoids while exercising can have an influence on the nociception and edema. Arthritis was induced in female Wistar rats (200 - 250 g, n=50) by subcutaneously injecting complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; Mycobacterium butyricum, 0.5 mg/mL; 50 μL) into the base of the tail and, after 21 days, into the right knee joint (TF) or right ankle joint (TT). Incapacitation was measured daily by the paw elevation time (TEP; s) in 1-min periods of observation on a revolving cylinder (3 r.p.m.). The variation of inflammatory edema of the knee and ankle joints was evaluated by the variation of the articular diameter (DA, cm) and by the paw volume variation (EA, mL), respectively. Both, incapacitation and edema were measured during 10 consecutive days. Two protocols of exercise were evaluated: (a) in the 1-minute exercise group, the animals performed 1 minute of daily exercise on the cylinder, this exercise being the incapacitation test itself; (b) for the progressive exercise group the duration of daily exercise increased by 1 minute per day (the additional exercise was always done just after the daily incapacitation test); (c) in the control groups (TF and TT), incapacitation was evaluated only on the 1st, 5th and 10th days after intra-articular CFA injection. After completion of the trials the animals were euthanized and the articular inflammatory exudates was sampled for total (CT; cells/mm3) and differential leukocyte counts (mononuclear - MON, and polymorphonuclear - PMN, cells/mm3). The progressive exercise protocol inhibited incapacitation and edema for both the knee and ankle joints. However, cell migration was inhibited only in the knee joint. The daily 1-min exercise reduced edema in both knee and ankle joints, while cell migration was inhibited only in the ankle joint. The effect on incapacitation was not significant in this protocol. Aminoglutetimide (50 mg/kg; oral) 1 hour before exercise did not modify the antinociceptive and antiedematogenic effect of exercise in this model. By comparison, progressive exercise seemed to be more effective in reducing the inflammatory parameters than 1-min exercise. Although other exercise protocols need to be evaluated, this study suggests that regular physical activity can consistently contribute to improving joint function, as well as present an anti-inflammatory effect. / O exercício físico apresenta potenciais benefícios na artrite, retardando a incapacidade funcional e melhorando a função das articulações. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da atividade física sobre a nocicepção, edema e migração celular em ratas com artrite induzida por adjuvante completo de Freund (CFA), como também verificar se a possível liberação endógena de corticóides durante o exercício podem influenciar na nocicepção e no edema. Ratos Wistar fêmeas (200 250 g; n=50) receberam injeção intradérmica de CFA (Mycobacterium butiricum; 0,5 mg/mL; 50 μL) na base da cauda e, após 21 dias, os animais receberam injeção de CFA na articulação tíbio-femural (TF) ou tíbio-társica (TT). A incapacitação articular foi avaliada pelo tempo de elevação da pata (TEP, s) durante marcha forçada de 1 minuto sobre um cilindro em rotação (3 r.p.m.). A variação do edema inflamatório da articulação TF e TT foi avaliada pelo aumento do diâmetro articular (DA, cm) e pelo aumento do volume de pata (EA, mL), respectivamente. Ambos, incapacitação e edema foram avaliados durante 10 dias consecutivos. Dois protocolos de exercício foram avaliados: (a) exercício diário de 1 min, onde os animais realizaram 1 minuto de exercício no cilindro, sendo este o próprio teste de incapacitação; (b) exercício progressivo, onde os animais realizaram o exercício com aumento de 1 minuto por dia (realizado sempre após o teste de incapacitação); (c) Grupo controle (TF e TT), sem exercício, cuja incapacitação foi mensurada apenas no 1°, 5° e 10° dias após a injeção intraarticular de CFA. Finalizado os 10 dias de avaliação, os animais foram eutanasiados para a realização da contagem total (CT; células/mm3) e diferencial (mononucleares - MON e polimorfonucleares - PMN; células/mm3) de leucócitos do tecido inflamado. O exercício progressivo inibiu a incapacitação e o edema em ambas as articulações. Entretanto, houve redução da migração total de leucócitos apenas na articulação TF. O exercício de 1 min inibiu o edema para as duas articulações e reduziu a migração total de leucócitos da articulação TT. Porém, o efeito do exercício de 1 minuto na incapacitação não foi significativo. A administração de aminoglutetimida (50 mg/kg; oral) 1 hora antes do exercício mostrou não ter efeito sobre a redução da nocicepção e edema ocasionados pelo exercício. O exercício progressivo parece ser mais efetivo em reduzir os parâmetros inflamatórios em comparação ao exercício de 1 min. Este estudo demonstra que a atividade física regular pode contribuir consistentemente para melhorar a funcionalidade articular e também apresentar um efeito anti-inflamatório.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

No description available.

Submitted by Ilaria Masiero (masiero85@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T11:35:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilaria Masiero-Tese.pdf: 954388 bytes, checksum: 5671375e6bcdb3db1ae05acd4498eefc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2017-05-25T12:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilaria Masiero-Tese.pdf: 954388 bytes, checksum: 5671375e6bcdb3db1ae05acd4498eefc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T12:47:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ilaria Masiero-Tese.pdf: 954388 bytes, checksum: 5671375e6bcdb3db1ae05acd4498eefc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-19 / Prevention is commonly recognized as the best way to go in the fight against delinquency. Yet, working out sound policies is an extremely challenging task. The first two essays in this thesis contribute to the pursuit of innovative tools by highlighting the crime-preventing potential of technologies and occupations that make people willingly alter their time allocation choices. The rationale behind this is simple: offenses will be averted if individuals choose to engage in less crime-conducive activities substituting time away from more crime-conducive activities. This mechanism is known in the literature as “voluntary incapacitation”. In particular, the first paper analyzes the impact of Internet diffusion on crime in the US. Using a panel of state level yearly data and adopting an instrumental variable approach, I find a negative and significant relationship between Internet penetration and total and property crimes. Based on my theoretical framework, I interpret this outcome as reflecting voluntary incapacitation: time spent online crowds out alternative activities that would more likely lead to crime. The second essay investigates the entertainment-crime relationship by analyzing how criminal activity behaved in the city of São Paulo during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Outcomes show that crime is significantly lower during matches, especially those with the highest remote viewership rates. Further tests suggest that these findings reflect the voluntary incapacitation effect, whereby the potential for criminal interaction (and thus crime) drops as people are busy watching the games. The main policy-relevant conclusion from the first two essays in this thesis is that providing access to technologies (such as the Internet) and entertainment activities (such as sporting events) may trigger a crime-preventive effect via voluntary incapacitation. The third paper also relates to crime prevention by tackling a crucial issue in the economics of crime literature – the empirical assessment of the deterrent role of policing. The difficulty arises from the fact that crime and police presence are simultaneously determined, causing a problem of reverse causality. I address the issue by considering the natural experiment represented by the creation of a special police unit to intensify surveillance around a few tournament-related locations in the city of São Paulo during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. I take into account that the championship may impact crime in other ways than just through increased policing, namely via fan concentration and voluntary incapacitation. In order to disentangle the specific effect of police on crime, I exploit the fact that the World Cup affected different areas of the city through different channels and at different times. Difference-in-differences estimates reveal that increased police presence leads to a significant reduction in criminal activity. The predicted elasticity of crime to police presence is remarkably close to estimates from previous studies. / A prevenção é reconhecidamente o melhor caminho para o combate ao crime. Contudo, elaborar políticas preventivas é um grande desafio. Os primeiros dois ensaios dessa tese contribuem para a busca de ferramentas inovadoras neste âmbito ao explorar o papel de prevenção ao crime de tecnologias e formas de entretenimento que fazem as pessoas alterarem voluntariamente suas escolhas de alocação do tempo. O racional é simples: delitos podem ser evitados se as pessoas optarem por gastar seu tempo em atividades menos propícias à ocorrência de crimes tirando tempo de atividades mais propícias à ocorrência de crimes. Este mecanismo é conhecido na literatura como “voluntary incapacitation”. O primeiro ensaio analiza o impacto da difusão da Internet sobre delitos nos EUA. Usando variáveis instrumentais em um contexto de painel por ano e estado, eu encontro uma relação negativa e significante entre penetração da Internet e crime total e crime contra a propriedade. Baseado no arcabouço teórico, eu interpreto este resultado como voluntary incapacitation: o tempo gasto online reduz o tempo gasto em atividades alternativas que mais provavelmente levariam a delitos. O segundo artigo investiga a ligação entre entretenimento e crime ao analizar a atividade criminosa na cidade de São Paulo durante a Copa do Mundo de 2014. Os resultados mostram que esta é significativamente menor durante os jogos, especialmente aqueles com as maiores taxas de audiência remota. Testes adicionais sugerem que estes resultados refletem o mecanismo de voluntary incapacitation uma vez que a possibilidade de interação entre potenciais vítimas e criminosos diminui enquanto as pessoas assistem os jogos. A maior contribuição para políticas públicas desses estudos é a conclusão que prover acesso a tecnologias (como a Internet) e atividades de entretenimento (como eventos esportivos) pode ajudar no combate ao crime através do efeito de voluntary incapacitation. O terceiro ensaio também relaciona à prevenção ao crime e aborda um desafio da literatura, que é a quantificação empírica do efeito de dissuasão da polícia. A dificuldade nasce do fato de que presença policial e crime são determinados simultaneamente, causando um problema de endogeneidade. Eu abordo o assunto ao considerar o experimento natural representado pela criação de uma unidade especial de polícia para o monitoramento de algumas áreas específicas da cidade de São Paulo durante a Copa do Mundo de 2014. Eu levo em consideração que o campeonato deve influenciar o crime através de vários canais (concentração de torcedores e voluntary incapacitation), e não só por meio do aumento do efetivo policial. Para separar o efeito específico da polícia sobre crime, eu uso o fato de que a Copa do Mundo impactou diferentes áreas da cidade em momentos diferentes e através de diferentes canais. Os resultados mostram que o aumento na presença da polícia leva a uma redução significativa da atividade criminosa. A elasticidade do crime à polícia estimada é muito próxima àquela calculada em outros estudos.

[pt] Crimes na adolescência impõem custos não triviais para a sociedade, o que tornou seus determinantes e fatores dissuasivos cada vez mais sujeitos a estudo por economistas. Intervenções no nível da escola são comumente propostas com o objetivo de mitigar o surgimento de carreiras criminais e a perpetuação da violência. Entretanto, as direções e os canais pelos quais as escolas afetam crime podem variar. Esse artigo estuda um deles - os esfeitos de incapacitação - explorando um programa federal que aumentou as horas escolares em escolas públicas brasileiras. Usando variação quasiexperimental na probabilidade de aderir ao programa e dados georreferenciados de crime do estado de São Paulo, é possível estimar os feitos causais do programa em atividade criminal ao redor das escolas. Os resultados sugerem que incapacitação de fato previne jovens de cometerem crimes menos severos, com evidência mais forte para crimes relacionados a drogas e para escolas com alunos mais pobres. / [en] Juvenile crime imposes non-trivial costs to societies, which have made its determinants and deterrents increasingly subject of study by economists. School-based interventions are often proposed in order to mitigate the rise in criminal careers and the perpetuation of violence. However, the directions and channels through which schooling may affect crime vary. This paper studies one of them - namely the incapacitation effects - exploiting a federal program that extended school hours in Brazilian public schools. Using quasiexperimental variation in the probability of receiving the program and georeferenced crime data from the state of São Paulo, it is possible to estimate the causal effect of the program on criminal activity in the surroundings of the schools. Results suggest incapacitation does prevent juvelines from engaging in less offensive crimes, with stronger evidence for drug-related crimes and for schools with poorer students.