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There are about 2 million adults incarcerated. Of those, approximately 62% of women and 51% of men have a child less than 18 years old—that is about 4% of the US population (Ghandnoosh, Trinka, and Barry 2024; Glaze and Maruschak 2010; Turney and Goodsell 2018). In fact, if parental incarceration was considered a chronic health condition, it would be the second most prevalent childhood chronic condition in the U.S. (Axelson and Boch 2019). These children often already live in impoverished areas and the parental incarceration worsens their financial, educational, physical, and mental situations, forcing them to grow up faster and work harder (Miller 2006). They are at increased risk of facing more ACEs in childhood and by extension, at increased risk of morbidity and mortality in childhood and adulthood. I did a literature review on the various physical and mental health inequalities these children face. Using that as the foundation, I highlight the social responsibility towards these children. The literature review showed that children are more likely than their peers without incarcerated parents to have higher rates of infant mortality, increased BMI, hypercholesterolemia, asthma, migraines, hypertension, high-sensitivity-c-reactive-protein, ADHD, ODD, conduct and substance use disorder, and lower life expectancy (Holaday et al. 2023; Austin, White, and Kim 2022; Roettger and Boardman 2012; Lee, Fang, and Luo 2013a; Tung et al. 2023; Sundaresh et al. 2021; Gifford et al. 2019). I believe there are many players responsible for the physical and mental well-being of these children: themselves, family, society, and government. They are responsible for seeking help, and family members should prioritize their individual well-being. Society should encourage destigmatization, and the government should decrease costs for communication, and increase access to healthcare for the children and caregivers. These various agents need to work together to ensure the best health for the children of our future. / Urban Bioethics

This thesis is predicated on two ideas: that physical activity is a social determinant of health; and that the American mass incarceral system is a product of structural racism. First, I review the well-known benefits of physical activity and examine the very sparse existent literature on women exercising in American jails and prisons. I then address health disparities for incarcerated populations, exploring historical policies and laws that shaped the current climate of incarceral health. Next, I discuss my motivations and the challenges associated with starting the wellness program I created at a local jail where I lead a workout and meditation class for the female population. I utilize a bioethical lens to compare similarities between my experience in the hospital as a medical student and as a physical fitness instructor at the correctional facility. Finally, I use behavioral theories to highlight the impact exercise can have on individuals and the benefits that extend beyond the bodily and can translate into the increased life skills and personal development needed to impact social change. I conclude with an analysis of how community- based interventions that allow for meaningful engagement, such as exercise programming, can alleviate the stressors associated with incarceration — a physical and metaphorical opportunity for renewal and transformation. / Urban Bioethics

De anhörigas perspektiv av ett frihetsberövande är i stor utsträckning av forskning förbisedd trots den ökande kriminaliteten i samhället. Syftet med studien är således att undersöka hur en individ påverkas av att vara anhörig till en frihetsberövad genom att granska den anhörigas livssituation. Livssituationen inbegriper sysselsättning, ekonomi, bemötande från andra samt relationer. Studien grundar sig i en kvalitativ metodansats med ett målstyrt urval bestående av nio mödrar, systrar och kvinnliga partners till de frihetsberövade. Det empiriska materialet har analyserats utifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Studiens resultat belyser den påverkan som ett frihetsberövade har på anhörigas livssituation. Flertalet anhöriga vittnade om förändrade relationer inom familjen, till den frihetsberövade eller till sina vänner. Gällande ekonomi förklarade ett antal frihetsberövade att deras ekonomi hade förbättrats medan andra såg sin ekonomi som försämrad. Några personer förklarade att frihetsberövandet hade fört med sig nya utgifter. Studiens slutsats är således att ett frihetsberövade påverkar relationer, dock varierar omfattningen. Påverkan på vänskapsrelationer är liten eller obefintlig medan familjerelationer kan drabbas av konflikter och splittringar. Samtidigt kan både familjerelationerna och relationen till den frihetsberövade förbättras. Besök samt brev- och telefonkontakt är väsentligt för att upprätthålla kontakten med den frihetsberövade. Anhörigas ekonomiska beror ofta på ändrade livsförhållanden, påverkan på sysselsättning eller nya utgifter. Eventuella fördomar mot anhöriga till frihetsberövade kommer från media och sociala medier, inte från vänner eller familj. / Relatives to incarcerated individuals are an overlooked group in the research despite today's increasing number of crimes in society. This study aims to investigate how a person is affected by being a relative to an incarcerated individual by reviewing the relative's life situation. The life situation embraces employment, finance, treatment from others, and relationships. This study establishes a qualitative approach with a goal-directed selection consisting of nine mothers, sisters, and female partners to the prisoners. The empirical material has been analyzed through a hermeneutic perspective. The results of the study highlight the impact that deprivation of liberty has on the life situation of relatives. Several relatives reported changes in relationships within the family, with the individual deprived of their liberty, or with their friends. Regarding the economy, some individuals deprived of their liberty explained that their economic situation had improved while others saw theirs as deteriorating. Some individuals explained that deprivation of liberty had brought new expenses.   The conclusion of the study is therefore that deprivation of liberty affects relationships, though the extent varies. The impact on friendships is minimal or non-existent, while family relationships may suffer from conflicts and divisions. At the same time, both family relationships and the relationship with the individual deprived of their liberty can improve. Visits, as well as letters and phone contact, are essential to maintain contact with the individual deprived of their liberty. The financial situation of relatives often depends on changed life circumstances, impact on employment, or new expenses. Any prejudices against relatives of those deprived of their liberty come from the media and social media, not from friends or family.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5304.pdf: 2098603 bytes, checksum: 18d575e53bf5c809222f561de4a2717e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This dissertation was developed in the form a group of scientific papers which are interconnected in order to describe the main risk and protective factors experienced by incarcerated mothers and their children. Initially there was a systematic review of the Brazilian literature of dissertations, thesis and papers, with the theme of incarcerated women, indicating lack of continuity of studies and the need for intervention programs with greater methodological rigor involving the women and families. Secondly e reviewed the Brazilian and international literature on main characteristics of children of incarcerated womem, signaling the need for systematic research in the context of primary prevention for these children. The history of violence experienced by these women in childhood and adulthood, found the occurrence of child maltreatment, high rate of attempted suicide, intimate partner and violence victimization, a high similarity of Brazilian with the data described in the international literature. Major traumatic situations described by incarcerated women with respect to their children, indicate thus these children were exposed to intimate partner violence, and child abuse suffered as a form of discipline. Incarcerated mothers maintained ties with their children through letters or visits from their offspring to care for their children after serving their sentences. The birthrate in the mother lives of these women included a large number of pregnancies, and children, as well as lack of family planning, pointing to the neglect from the Health systems and the prison in understanding the needs experienced by this population. The parenting style received in childhood by their caregivers was also analyzed from the perception of the female prisoners, as well as the parenting style used by themselves with their own children before incarceration, showing the intergenerationality of parenting practices. By analyzing interlinked variables in the lives of incarcerated women such the history of child maltreatment of the women and family violence history we conclude the need for prevention programs to work with women in situation of incarceration, as well as with the children of these women in order to prevent intergenerational violence. It is hoped that this dissertation will subsidy the creation of public policies addressing the many risks by incarceration women and their children. / A presente tese foi elaborada no formato de um conjunto de artigos científicos os quais estão interligados, com o intuito de descrever os principais fatores de risco e proteção experienciados por mães encarceradas e seus filhos. Num primeiro momento realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura nacional de dissertações, teses e artigos científicos com a temática da mulher encarcerada, a qual apontou falta de continuidade dos estudos e a necessidade de se realizar programas de intervenção com maior rigor metodológico envolvendo essas mulheres e suas famílias. Em seguida foi realizada uma revisão nacional e internacional sobre as principais características de filhos de encarcerados, assinalando a necessidade de pesquisas sistemáticas no âmbito de prevenção primária para as crianças que se encontram na primeira infância. O histórico de violência vivenciado por essas mulheres na respectiva infância envolve a ocorrência de maus-tratos e vida adulta com alto índice de tentativa de suicídio, violência intima entre parceiros e uma concordância com os dados descritos pela literatura internacional. As principais situações traumáticas descritas pelas encarceradas com relação a seus filhos assinalam que a faixa etária mais atingida em termos de freqüência de sintomas foi dos sete aos nove anos, informando que essas crianças estiveram expostas a violência intima dos pais/cuidadores e que sofreram maus-tratos como forma de disciplina. A manutenção de vínculos entre mães e seus filhos mostrou que as encarceradas mantinham comunicação com os mesmos por meio de cartas ou visitas, sendo que as mães tinham o objetivo de cuidar de suas crianças ao cumprirem as penas. A natalidade dessas mulheres apontou um histórico frequente de gravidez e filhos, assim como, falta de planejamento familiar, desmascarando o descaso dos sistemas de educação, saúde e penitenciário ao não perceber as necessidades vividas por essa população. As praticas parentais recebidas na infância por parte das cuidadoras das encarceradas foram também analisados a partir da percepção das mesmas, assim como, o estilo parental utilizado pelas próprias com seus filhos antes do encarceramento. Constatou-se que houve intergeracionalidade das praticas maternas sendo as mesmas de risco. Ao analisar variáveis interligadas na vida das mulheres encarceradas, a saber: o histórico de maus-tratos na infância das mulheres, seu histórico de violência intrafamiliar e o encarceramento feminino, conclui-se a necessidade de se trabalhar programas preventivos a mulheres em situação de encarceramento e com seus filhos, visando prevenir a intergeracionalidade da violência. Espera-se, que a presente tese sirva de subsídios para a criação de políticas públicas que abordem as inúmeras situação de risco vivenciadas por mulheres em situação de encarceramento e seus filhos.

This dissertation situates the emergence of gangsta rap from 1988-1997 within the historical trajectory of the American criminal justice system and the mass incarceration of African Americans. Specifically, it examines how the genre enacted the mark of criminality as a gesture of resistance in a period of sustained moral panic surrounding race and criminality in the United States. The mark of criminality refers to a regime of signifiers inscribed upon African American bodies that imagines black subjects as fundamental threats to social order. Drawing upon the theoretical resources of historical materialism and cultural studies, the project locates the mark of criminality within the social structures of capitalism, arguing that hegemonic fantasies of racialized criminality protect oppressive and exploitative social relations. The project concludes that while gangsta rap has many significant limitations associated with violence, misogyny, and commercialism, it nonetheless represents a salient expression of resistance that can inform broader interventions against the American prisons system. A number of questions guide this project. Chief among them are the following: In what ways does the criminal justice system operate as a site of rhetorical invention and hegemonic struggle? To what extent does gangsta rap enable and disable rhetorical and political agency? To what extent does it enable and disable interracial political practice? What are the implications of gangsta rap for a gendered politics of criminality? Three case studies demonstrate how specific gangsta rap artists inverted the mark of criminality toward the constitution of affirmative and resistant fantasies of black criminality. While the work of these artists, I argue, was significantly limited in its emancipatory potential, it nonetheless offered important insights into the contingency of race and crime in America. The project also considers how other rhetors responded to gangsta discourse, frequently toward the end of supporting hegemonic notions of race and criminality. The dissertation concludes that criminality functions as a vibrant site of rhetorical invention and resistance provided it is articulated to broader movements for social justice. While the often-problematic discourses of gangsta rap do not constitute politically progressive rhetorics in their own rights, they provide resources for the articulation of righteous indignation and utopian desires capable of challenging the prison-industrial complex. / text

The study explored current organizational barriers and gaps in service delivery to incarcerated women to examine whether current services are meeting the needs of this population. The study is relevant to the social work profession due to a high likelihood of social service needs found amongst this population and their families within the community. Barriers to success were identified through the perspective of service providers (BSW, MSW, LCSW, LMFT’s) with current and/or past experience working with this population. Current service provisions in correctional facilities were examined to determine barriers or gaps in services in four key areas: communication, parenting services, mental health services and employment services. A non-probability sampling technique (snowball sampling) was used to target professional service providers in California. Qualitative data analysis from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 9 service providers who had contact with the population during the last 10 years provided relevant information in representation of the data. Content analysis was employed to identify themes and evidence to support the four key areas in question. The following themes were derived: mental health, transition, employment, familial support and provider perceptions of success. The research provided detailed information suggesting significant barriers and gaps in services within the female prison system during and post incarceration. Specifically, it points to needed improvements within mental health (i.e., trauma-informed practices, increased accessibility, and appropriate treatment measures) and reintegration services (i.e., employment preparation, linkage to community resources post-release and housing services) for an increase possibility of inmate success.