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Square Form Factoring is an <i>O</i>(<i>N</i>^1/4) factoring algorithm developed by D. Shanks using certain properties of quadratic forms. Central to the original algorithm is an iterative search for a square form. We propose a new subexponential-time algorithm called SQUFOF2, based on ideas of D. Shanks and R. de Vogelaire, which replaces the iterative search with a sieve, similar to the Quadratic Sieve.

This thesis is concerned with the debate between absolutists and relativists about generality. Absolutists about quantification contend that we can quantify over absolutely everything; relativists deny this. The introduction motivates and elucidates the dispute. More familiar, restrictionist versions of relativism, according to which the range of quantifiers is always subject to restriction, are distinguished from the view defended in this thesis, an expansionist version of relativism, according to which the range of quantifiers is always open to expansion. The remainder of the thesis is split into three parts. Part I focuses on generality. Chapter 2 is concerned with the semantics of quantifiers. Unlike the restrictionist, the expansionist need not disagree with the absolutist about the semantics of quantifier domain restriction. It is argued that the threat of a certain form of semantic pessimism, used as an objection against restrictionism, also arises, in some cases, for absolutism, but is avoided by expansionism. Chapter 3 is primarily engaged in a defensive project, responding to a number of objections in the literature: the objection that the relativist is unable to coherently state her view, the objection that absolute generality is needed in logic and philosophy, and the objection that relativism is unable to accommodate ‘kind generalisations’. To meet these objections, suitable schematic and modal resources are introduced and relativism is given a precise formulation. Part II concerns issues in the philosophy of mathematics pertinent to the absolutism/relativism debate. Chapter 4 draws on the modal and schematic resources introduced in the previous chapter to regiment and generalise the key argument for relativism based on the set-theoretic paradoxes. Chapter 5 argues that relativism permits a natural motivation for Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. A new, bi-modal axiomatisation of the iterative conception of set is presented. It is argued that such a theory improves on both its non-modal and modal rivals. Part III aims to meet a thus far unfulfilled explanatory burden facing expansionist relativism. The final chapter draws on principles from metasemantics to offer a positive account of how universes of discourse may be expanded, and assesses the prospects for a novel argument for relativism on this basis.

The thesis deals with the use of articles in German, English and Czech. In the theoretical part the characteristics of German and English article, its varieties and historical development is introduced, and one chapter is dedicated to the existence of potential article in Czech. Further the usage of the articles in German and English is described, primarily with the abstracta. In the practical part ten selected abstracta will be analysed. For the analyses the cases in which there are different articles will be crucial. The occurrence and function of Czech demonstrative and indefinite pronouns that evince certain similarities of an article will be also examined.

Estudos sobre o léxico compreendem, além das palavras lexicais, as palavras gramaticais, as quais podem acarretar problemas à compreensão e à produção em língua estrangeira, sobretudo quando um aprendiz sofre interferências da língua materna. Especificamente no estudo da língua italiana em um contexto brasileiro, há palavras gramaticais semelhantes ao português, assim, recorrer à língua materna pode ser um auxílio e não um obstáculo ao desenvolvimento da língua-alvo. Por tal motivo, é preciso reconhecer a importância dos dicionários bilíngues, não como um recurso à tradução de unidades lexicais isoladas, mas como um material que possa facilitar a aproximação da nova língua ao aprendiz, não somente a partir dos equivalentes, mas, também, pela observação das unidades gramaticais contextualizadas. Sob a perspectiva da lexicografia pedagógica bilíngue, esta pesquisa tem o escopo de discutir o tratamento dos pronomes e adjetivos indefinidos do italiano e dos pronomes indefinidos do português brasileiro para avaliar seus equivalentes e propor um modelo de verbete na direção italiano-português, voltado ao aluno brasileiro de italiano como língua estrageira. Para que pudéssemos verificar a presença dos elementos fundamentais para composição de um verbete pedagógico bilíngue, selecionamos os indefinidos de gramáticas e dicionários das duas línguas. Para compor nosso modelo de verbete, foram extraídos contextos de uso dos jornais on-line Corriere della Sera e Repubblica, cuja linguagem jornalística vai ao encontro da nossa proposta, que é elaborar um verbete pedagógico bilíngue italiano-português usando contextos de uso da língua escrita na norma padrão. / Studies about lexicon include, besides lexical, grammatical words, which may cause problems to comprehension and to production in a foreign language, mainly when a learner is under mother tongue influence. Specifically in the study of the Italian language in a Brazilian context, there are grammatical words similar to the Portuguese words, thus, using the mother tongue may be helpful instead of an obstacle to the development of the target language. For that reason, it is necessary to recognize the importance of bilingual dictionaries not as a resource to translate isolated lexical unities, but as a material that should enable the learner to get closer to the new language, not only from the equivalents, but also from the approach between the two contextualized grammars. From a bilingual pedagogic lexicography perspective, this research comes within the scope of discussing the treatment of Italian indefinite pronouns and adjectives and of Brazilian Portuguese indefinite pronouns in order to evaluate their equivalent and to propose a model of entry in Italian-Portuguese direction, facing the Brazilian student of Italian as a foreign language. In order to check the presence of the fundamental elements for the composition of a bilingual pedagogic entry, we selected the indefinites of grammars and dictionaries of the two languages. With the aim of composing our entry model, we extracted use contexts from on-line newspapers Corriere della Sera and Repubblica, whose journalistic language meets our proposal, that is to prepare a pedagogic bilingual Portuguese-Italian entry with using contexts of written language in standard rules.

Estudamos duas classes de teorias de campos com métrica indefinida: os modelos sigma não linear não-compactos e as teorias quárticas da gravitação. Mostramos que a prova da unitariedade para os modelos sigma de simetria não compacta é a mesma que para os modelos compactos nas regiões fisicamente relevantes. Além disso, analisamos a possibilidade de ocorrer geração dinâmica de massa nos modelos sigma sob influência de temperatura finita, em várias dimensões. No que se refere às teorias quárticas da gravitação, calculamos o valor esperado no vácuo da função de dois pontos com inserção da relação de Gauss-Bonnet. Encontramos que a identidade clássica não é preservada quando empregamos a regularização dimensional, mesmo num espaço sem singularidades. Isto revela o surgimento de anomalias gravitacionais / Two classes of field theories with indefinite metric are studied: noncompact nonlinear sigma models and higher-derivative quantum gravity. We show that the proof of unitarity for noncompact sigma models is the same as the one for compact models in the physically relevant regions. Moreover, we analyze the possibility of dynamical mass generation at finite temperature in various space-time dimensions. Concerning to the higher-derivative quantum gravity, we calculate the vacuum expectation value of the two-point function with the insertion of Gauss-Bonnet Relation. In the quantum context, we also show, using dimensional regularization, that the Gauss-Bonnet relation is not satisfied due to gravitational anomalies.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-02T12:29:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Augusto Nunes de Carvalho.pdf: 2238928 bytes, checksum: 6a09b9c79e15e324a3401a9c553a8560 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T12:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caio Augusto Nunes de Carvalho.pdf: 2238928 bytes, checksum: 6a09b9c79e15e324a3401a9c553a8560 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 / The present text addresses the comprehension of legal rules with vague semantic content in the judicial decision as the motivation content of these decisions, through a review of the legal literature and the humanities. Thus, the work deals with procedural and theoretical aspects of the motivation of judicial decisions, a topic that gains prominence within the Constitutional rule of law and the theory of law, in order to generate controllability of court actions and legitimacy of jurisdiction. As a result, it provides a contribution to the understanding of the current meaning of the dimensions of motivation when these vague semantic terms are present, as well as a contribution to the understanding of the reasoning interaction with other legal aspects of the civil procedure and constitutional rights and guarantees / O presente texto aborda o preenchimento de normas jurídicas com conteúdo semântico vago na decisão judicial como conteúdo da fundamentação dessas decisões, através de uma revisão da literatura jurídica e das ciências humanas. Assim, o trabalho trata de aspectos processuais e teóricos da fundamentação das decisões judiciais, tema que ganha relevo dentro do Estado Constitucional e da teoria do direito, com vistas a gerar controlabilidade dos atos jurisdicionais e legitimidade do exercício da jurisdição. Como resultado, fornece-se uma contribuição para a reflexão do significado atual das dimensões da motivação quando presentes normas de conteúdo semântico vago e para compreensão da interação da fundamentação com outros aspectos jurídicos inerentes ao processo civil e aos direitos e garantias constitucionais

Temos „Diferencialinio ir integralinio skaičiavimo pradmenų mokymas Lietuvos mokykloje XX a. 3 – 4 dešimtmetyje“ svarbumas grindžiamas tuo, kad išanalizavus diferencialinio ir integralinio skaičiavimo mokymą tarpukario Lietuvoje (1918 – 1940), faktiškai būtų galima geriau suprasti ir dabartinės Lietuvos mokyklos diferencialinio ir integralinio skaičiavimo mokymo privalumus ir trūkumus. Darbas dar svarbus ir tuo, kad jame nuodugniai išnagrinėta diferencialinio ir integralinio skaičiavimo mokymas (programos, vadovėliai) iki matematikos mokymo reformos (1918 – 1928) ir po jos (1929 – 1940). Atskirai tema specialiai nebuvo nagrinėta, tik paliečiama Algirdo Ažubalio „Matematika lietuviškoje mokykloje (XIX a. pr. – 1940)“, Juozo Banionio „Matematinė mintis Lietuvoje (istorinė apžvalga 1832 – 1990 m.)“ knygose. Be to, vadovėliai: J. Stoukaus „Begalinių mažybių analizio pagrindai“ (1925), A. Juškos „Matematinės analizės pagrindai“ (1934), B. Godvaišos ir J. Šinkūno „Matematika“ antra dalis (1996) nebuvo lyginti. Darbo tikslai: • apžvelgti, išanalizuoti ir palyginti diferencialinio ir integralinio skaičiavimo pradmenų mokymą Lietuvos mokykloje iki matematikos mokymo reformos, po reformos ir dabar; • nustatyti diferencialinio ir integralinio skaičiavimo pradmenų mokymo privalumus ir trūkumus minėtais laikotarpiais. Matematikos mokymas Lietuvoje 1918 – 1940 metais: buvo organizuotas, modernėjo, remtasi Vakarų Europos pavyzdžiu. Tai liudija: nepriklausomybės metais tobulintos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The relevance of the topic “Teaching of Differential and Integral Calculation Basics in Lithuanian Schools in 3 – 4 Decades of the XXth Century” is based on the assumption that analysis of teaching of differential and integral calculation in the interwar Lithuania (1918-1940) would actually enable better understanding of advantages and drawbacks of teaching differential and integral calculation in Lithuanian schools nowadays. The final thesis is important for it thoroughly analyses teaching of differential and integral calculation (curricula, textbooks) before the teaching reform in mathematics (in 1918 – 1928) and after the reform (in 1929 – 1940). Separately the topic was not analysed but only mentioned in the following books: Algirdas Ažubalis “Matematika lietuviškoje mokykloje (XIX a. pr. - 1940)” (Mathematics in Lithuanian School (Beginning of XIX Century – 1940)), Juozas Banionis “Matematinė mintis Lietuvoje (istorinė apžvalga 1832 – 1990 m.)” (Mathematical Thought in Lithuania (Historical Survey 1832 – 1990). Moreover, the following textbooks: J. Stoukus “Begalinių mažybių analizio pagrindai” (Basics of Infinite Least Analysis) (1925), A. Juška “Matematinės analizės pagrindai” (Basics of Mathematical Analysis) (1934), B. Godvaiša and J. Šinkūnas “Matematika” (Mathematics) Volume II (1996) were not compared. Aims of the final thesis shall be the following: • To make an overview, analysis and comparison of teaching differential and integral calculation basics in... [to full text]

Ce travail contient l’analyse de la traduction des noms (substantifs) de la langue source (français) en langue cible (lituanien), et surtout leur détermination, de leurs transformations possibles dans la traduction, des moyens que le traducteur choisit pour les transmettre en traduction. D’après l’analyse il a été aperçu que les déterminants sont transposés par les pronoms ou ils sont exprimés par certains cas. Parfois les déterminants, surtout des articles définis, acquièrent la forme pronominale. Il y avait des situations où le traducteur a accordé une autre forme : il a traduit en d’autre partie du discours, par exemple, en adverbe, en participe passé ou en préposition. Les noms étaient plus flexibles pour la variation. Le traducteur a pu les traduire en verbe, en participe ou en gérondif, en adjectif, en pronom, en adverbe. Il y avait des situations où les noms ont possédé dans la langue cible la forme dérivée et surtout il acquiert une forme diminutive grâce aux adjectifs qui expriment la petitesse, la jeunesse, la beauté, la douceur : petit, jeune, joli. En ce qui concerne le nom, il peut être transmis non seulement en un mot, mais aussi en groupement des mots. Le nom propre peut parfois remplir la fonction de nom commun pour indiquer le type d’homme qui lui ressemble. / Šiame darbe analizuojami prancūzų kalbos daiktavardžių ir jų determinantų vertimų ypatumai į lietuvių kalbą, galimos transformacijos vertime, kokius būdus pasirenka vertėjas, norėdamas juos perteikti vertime. Atlikus analizę, paaiškėjo, kad daiktavardis verčiamas veiksmažodžiu, dalyviu, pusdalyviu, būdvardžiu arba prieveiksmiu. Buvo pastebėta, kad daiktavardžiai, vartojami kartu su mažybiniais-maloniniais būdvardžiais, lietuviškame vertime įgyja mažybinę formą arba naują reikšmę, kurią nulemia kontekstas. Vertime vienažodį daiktavardį taip pat gali atitikti žodžių grupė. Tikrinis daiktavardis gali virsti bendriniu daiktavardžiu, norint pabrėžti asmens tipą, į kurį veikėjas panašus. Determinantų vertimas yra sudėtingas, nes lietuvių kalbai ši kategorija nėra būdinga, todėl vertėjas priverstas išieškoti priemonių, juos pakeisti arba praleisti (dažniausiai dėl lietuvių kalbos normų). Buvo pastebėta, kad determinantai lietuvių kalboje keičiami į įvardžius, prieveiksmius, dalyvius, prielinksnius arba išreiškiami linksniais. Kai kuriais atvejais žymimasis artikelis prieš būdvardį įgydavo įvardžiuotinę formą. / In this work “Rendering of definite/indefinite noun category of the French language into the Lithuanian language” is analysed the translation of the French nouns and determiners into the Lithuanian, their possible transformations in the translation and which ways the translator chooses to transfer them to the translation. After the analyze it was discovered that the noun can be translate into verb, participle, half-participle, adjective or adverb. It was observed that the noun with the adverbs which express the smallness, the endearment, gets a diminutive form or a new sense. A one-word noun can be translated into word group. The proper noun can be the common noun to accentuate the type of the person. The translation of the determiners into Lithuanian is difficult, because the Lithuanian doesn’t have this category and a translator must find the other ways or leave out. It was observed that the determiners were change by adverb, pronoun, prepositional or case in the Lithuanian. Sometimes the definite article before adjective gets the pronominal form.

Cette thèse étudie le fonctionnement des déterminations définie et indéfinie au sein des syntagmes nominaux génériques en anglais contemporain à partir d’un corpus essentiellement composé de textes encyclopédiques et scientifiques. La catégorisation générique peut relever de processus cognitifs et de niveaux d’abstraction distincts signifiés par les déterminations définie et indéfinie. La première partie décrit successivement le cadre référentiel de cette étude, la formalisation morphosyntaxique de la généricité nominale, la spécification dont sont porteurs les articles définis et indéfinis, ainsi que les contraintes déterminatives liées à la classe lexico-grammaticale des substantifs et au contexte prédicatif. La deuxième partie étudie les possibilités et impossibilités déterminatives au regard des contextes prédicatifs lorsque le syntagme nominal est associé à un prédicat d’espèce. Nous considérons plus spécifiquement l’interaction entre la classification des espèces, le nombre singulier ou pluriel et la détermination définie ou indéfinie en nous intéressant aux espèces conçues dans leur pluralité interne. La troisième partie examine le fonctionnement de l’article défini comme opérateur d’abstraction. L’étude des spécialisations de the montre qu’il est lié à une visée référentielle externalisante et synthétique. La quatrième partie traite du fonctionnement des syntagmes nominaux génériques définis et indéfinis au sein des textes génériques eu égard à la structuration du discours. L’article défini sous-tend une dimension anaphorique au générique également, et reste la marque de la saillance cognitive du référent. / This dissertation deals with the use of definite and indefinite determiners in generic noun phrases in contemporary English, using a corpus based on encyclopedic and scientific texts mainly. The categorization which genericity is based on results from various cognitive processes and levels of abstraction which are signified in the use of definite and indefinite determiners. The first part successively describes the referential framework of our study, the morphosyntactical forms of generic noun phrases, the values of definite and indefinite articles, as well as the pattern of constraints on definite and indefinite articles established by the lexico-grammatical features of nouns and the predicative context. The second part examines determiner possibilities and impossibilities with regard to the predicative context when a generic noun phrase is combined with a kind-predicate. More specifically, we correlate species classification, singular/plural number marking and definite/indefinite determination as we examine the plural structure of generic referents. The third part studies the use of the definite article as an abstraction operator. As we consider cases in which the use of definite noun phrases is favored, we show that its reference involves an externalizing and synthetic dimension. The fourth part deals with the way generic definite and indefinite noun phrases combine in generic texts with regard to the discourse structure. The use of the definite article presupposes an anaphoric dimension in generic reference also and indicates that the referent is salient in a cognitive perspective.