Les aliments peuvent être contaminés par certaines substances chimiques, qui, lorsqu'elles sont ingérées à des doses trop importantes, peuvent engendrer des problèmes de santé. Notre but est d'évaluer la probabilité que l'exposition au contaminant dépasse durablement une dose tolérable par l'organisme que nous appelons risque. La modélisation de la queue de distribution par des lois extrêmes permet de quantifier un risque très faible. Dans les autres cas, l'estimateur empirique du risque s'écrit comme une U-statistique généralisée, ce qui permet d'en dériver les propriétés asymptotiques. Des développements statistiques permettent d'intégrer à ce modèle la censure des données de contamination. Enfin, un modèle économétrique de décomposition de données ménage en données individuelles nous permet de proposer une nouvelle méthode de quantification du risque de long terme prenant en compte l'accumulation du contaminant et sa lente dégradation par l'organisme.

Avhandlingen undersöker hur 21 unga människor inom ramen för längre intervjuer berättar om och reflekterar över sina liv. Ungdomarna har intervjuats som 15-, 17-, 22- och 25-åringar. Intervjuerna analyseras som livsberättelser, ett teoretiskt och metodolo-giskt perspektiv som fokuserar deras sätt att tolka och skapa mening i sina egna liv. Studien har ambitioner i två riktningar: Dels är det en samtidsstudie som undersöker hur villkoren för att bli vuxen ser ut och hur ungdomar förhåller sig till vuxenblivande. Dels är det en metodstudie i meningen att den lägger stor vikt vid hur livsberättelser konstrueras situationellt och kulturellt. De starka kopplingar som finns mellan ungdomars sätt att uppfatta sig själva och de livsberättelser de konstruerar håller samman dessa båda perspektiv. Arbetet koncentreras till tre huvudfråge-ställningar: hur erfarenhet och förväntan samspelar i ungdomarnas berättelser, hur deras berättelser anknyter till dominerande kulturella narrativer samt hur betydelser av att bli vuxen konstrueras och förändras över tid i deras livsberättelser. Vuxenblivande handlar i hög grad om en strävan efter identitet, självständighet och en plats i samhället. Studien visar hur detta kan förstås som en process där erfarenheter av det förflutna på olika sätt tvinnas samman med förväntningar inför framtiden. Den understryker också hur komplex och mångfacetterad övergången från ung till vuxen är och att innebörden i att vara vuxen varken är självklar eller definitiv. De livsberättelser ungdomarna konstruerar växer i hög grad fram i förhandling med starka narrativa life-scripts. Sådana scripts strukturerar deras berättelser och utgör en grund för de utvärderingar de gör av sina liv. Studien pekar också mot att ungdomars livsberättelser ingår i en dubbel hermeneutisk process där en Stor Berättelse om det individualiserade samhället tolkas och reproduceras. / This thesis investigates how a group of 21 young people narrate and reflect on their lives within the framework of long interviews. The participants were interviewed at the ages of 15, 17, 22 and 25 years. The interviews are analysed as life-stories, a theoretical and methodological perspective which illuminates the interviewees ways of interpreting and constructing meaning in their lives. The study has two aims: firstly it is a contemporary study with the goal of investi-gating what the conditions for entering adulthood are, and how young people relate to becoming an adult. Secondly it is a study of method which places great importance on how life-stories are constructed situationally and culturally. These two perspectives are linked by the strong connections that exist between the young people’s way of understanding themselves and the life-stories they construct. The work is concentrated to three main questions: how experience and expectation interplay in the participants stories, how their stories relate to dominant cultural narratives, and how meanings of becoming an adult are constructed and change over time in their life-stories. The process of becoming an adult mainly involves the search for identity, autonomy and place in society. The study demonstrates how this can be understood as a process where experiences from the past interplay with expectations for the future. It highlights the complexity and diversity of the transition from youth to adulthood, and the fact that meanings of adulthood are neither self-evident nor definite. Life-stories as told by the participants arise to a large degree in negotiation with narrative life-scripts. These scripts structure the stories and provide a basis for evaluation of their own lives. The study also points out that young people´s life stories are part of a double hermeneutic process where a “Grand Narrative” about the individualised society is interpreted and reproduced.

Cette étude porte sur la mise en forme des matériaux composites renforcés par des fibres ou des mèches de fibres courtes tels que les SMC ou les BMC. Un travail expérimental a dans un premier temps été réalisé à l'échelle macroscopique. Ce travail a permis de mettre au point un rhéomètre de compression lubrifiée ainsi que des méthodes d'essais et de dépouillement. Ceci permet de mieux caractériser la rhéologie des compounds SMC et BMC en traitant les problématiques de leur compressibilité et des frottements éventuels entre les parois du rhéomètre et la matière déformée. Un travail numérique a ensuite permis de simuler la mise en forme d'un BMC après l'identification des paramètres d'un modèle rhéologique simple à partir des données expérimentales obtenues sur le rhéomètre. Enfin, un travail expérimental à l'échelle microscopique a permis d'une part de caractériser finement les microstuctures de SMC modèles à partir de microtomographies à rayons X, et d'autre part de caractériser et de modéliser par le biais d'essais d'extraction de fibres les interactions entre les mèches formant le renfort fibreux de ces matériaux.

Product customisation has always been a regular practice as a form of self or group identification. Previous studies have demonstrated that when investing time and effort to customise a product, an emotional attachment to that product develops. Since the 1980s, new technologies in design, manufacturing and communications have facilitated customisation practices for mass manufacturers as well as for individual consumers. For example, computer algorithms can now automate customisation (i.e. individualise), meaning that the investment of time and effort can be significantly lower than in other customisation processes. Such novel automated practices have, however, not considered the effects on emotional attachment to products, which occurs when the consumer personally engages in the process. This research investigates individualisation as a form of customisation by looking at the relationship between an individualised product and the consumers’ attribution of value and emotional attachment to the end result. This was achieved through a mixed methods approach: following a literature review, in-depth interviews, observation and experiments were carried out. Four pilot studies were conducted, involving 42 respondents (designers, company directors, and consumers). The main study engaged a further 44 respondents, profiled as one of two types of consumers depending on their critical engagement with customisation processes, namely Active Consumers (AC) that Passive Consumers (PC). Data was collected through five Action Research cycles and incorporated key features of Design-Based Research. It was then processed, coded and analysed using thematic analysis. This study makes contributions to knowledge in the area of product customisation and individualisation, as well as in the research methods developed, applied and refined over the four pilot iterations and in the main study. Results suggest that despite limiting freedom of choice, individualisation is a valuable approach to product customisation, particularly for PCs willing to relinquish part of the decision making to an automated process, in order to obtain a customised and unique design. ACs, on the other hand, value their freedom to customise their own products and see individualisation as a limitation to the customisation experience and as a hindrance to developing emotional attachment to the product. These findings have the potential to inform entrepreneurs’ and designers’ decisions to better understand and exploit the benefits associated to individualisation processes. Offering specific consumer groups opportunities to engage with the individualisation process can trigger a strong emotional product attachment and potentially generate new business opportunities.

The purpose of this study was to research Socialstyrelsens constructions of mental illness with young people. With chosen documents from Socialstyrelsens website, the study has been performed as a perspectiveanalysis and has contributed to problematise and reflect on how problems such as mental illness appear. Socialstyrelsen mean that mental illness is a big and growing public health problem which, in one way or another, will affect the society as a whole in the future. The results have shown how a problem can be seen from other perspectives, apart from the ones mentioned by Socialstyrelsen, such as the impact of individualisation and how demands affect young people’s mood. The results have also questioned the way Socialstyrelsen measure mental illness, through the amount of care. According to Socialstyrelsens results from the research, which is divided into gender categories, the study has also given an account of an absence of how gender norms may have effect the outcomes.

TITLE: Use of children extra-curricular experience during schoole ducation AUTHOR: Ilona Kaletová DEPARTMENT: Department of the primary pedagogy SUPERVISOR: PhDr. Anna Tomková, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This diploma thesis deals with the possible use of out-of-school experiences of children in school education. In its first part, I will compare formal and informal education. I will look for similarity and difference and, above all, the contribution of non- formal education to formal education. Specifically, I will focus on the non-profit organization The Woodcraft League. At the end of this part, I will compare the formal education and lifelong education of the examined children's organization. The practical part is specifically focused on the village school and the children's tribe that I lead. Using the observation method and interviews with teachers and pupils visiting the examined club, I will look for the benefit of the children's tribe for pupils in the village elementary school. Apart from that, I organize thematic units at school that expect the possibility of using out-of.school experiences of children in school education. The result of this diploma thesis is that the school pupils do benefit from the children's tribe. However, the degree and intensity may differ, depending on the interests of the individual...

L’action collective urbaine est confrontée à une double injonction potentiellement contradictoire en matière de mobilité quotidienne. Elle doit garantir l’accès à la mobilité pour tous et réduire les mobilités individuelles motorisées. Avec la pluralisation des politiques urbaines, cet enjeu de cohérence se double d’un enjeu de coordination, qui subsume la traditionnelle cohérence urbanisme-transport.Cette thèse interroge la conciliation des enjeux d’accès à la mobilité et de mobilité durable. L’étude analyse la prise en compte des inégalités d’accès à la mobilité dans les politiques urbaines de la Communauté Urbaine de Lyon. Les aides à la mobilité des politiques de retour à l’emploi et les Plans de déplacement inter-entreprises portés par la politique temporelle, sont comparés à la tarification sociale et l’amélioration de la desserte des quartiers défavorisés de la politique de transport.Les résultats montrent que les enjeux sociaux n’ont jamais fait l’objet d’une attention aussi grande, avec le passage d’un droit au transport pour tous à un droit au transport ciblé et l’émergence de droits à la mobilité. Mais, la conciliation entre les enjeux potentiellement contradictoires d’accès à la mobilité pour tous et de mobilité durable est difficile à l’échelle d’agglomération, ces enjeux étant concurrents lorsque sont arbitrés les choix politiques et financiers. La prise en compte des enjeux sociaux est retardée, limitée, voire oubliée en cours de route, la stratégie d’agglomération étant orientée vers l’attractivité économique et l’exemplarité en matière de développement durable. / Urban policies have to conciliate the paradoxical stakes that are access to mobility for everyone on one hand and personal car use reduction on the other hand. Considering the pluralisation of urban policies, this issue is not only a matter of coherence but also of coordination that subsumes the coordination of land-use planning and transport.This study examines how urban policies conciliate access to mobility and sustainable mobility. It analyzes how urban policies take into account access to mobility inequalities in the Greater Lyon. Innovative mobility services (access to work initiatives and Inter-Companies Commuter Plans) are compared with transport policies.The unprecedented focus on social issues results of the shift from a right to transport to a targeted right to transport and the joint emergence of rights to mobility. But, since they are competing when political and financial choices are arbitrated, conciliating these potentially contradictory issues is difficult at the local urban scale. Social issues are taken into account with delay or limited or forgotten with the Greater Lyon’ strategies being concentrated on economic competitiveness and sustainable development exemplarity.

The aim of my thesis is to analyze various aspects of the inclusive teaching concept within the first stages of elementary education and how such aspects may be applied. The work is divided into two main parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is further divided into five main chapters. The first chapter covers the topic of how all students can be included in the elementary education system. The second chapter discusses the key components of how the theory can be implemented and successfully applied to individuals in order to help students achieve their educational goals. The third chapter focuses on topics of special needs education, learning and behavioral disorders. The fourth chapter discusses the necessary role parents and guardians should take in this process. A summary of theoretical part is provided in the fifth chapter. The practical part of the thesis is also divided into four chapters, each of which is numbered and connected to the theoretical part. The sixth chapter defines the objectives of the practical part of my thesis, which are based on various research methods including interviews, surveys and questionnaires. The purpose of the research was to collect firsthand accounts, information and data that would help me analyze the concept of inclusive education and assist...

The topic of my thesis is experimental schools in Prague Michle, Nusle and Hostivař. It tries to shed light on the circumstances of the birth and end of these schools and to determine their characteristic features. Emphasis is put on the social aspect of experimentation and its close relation to the environment of the First Czechoslovak Republic. Inspiration by modern pedagogical theories is taken into account. The thesis traces the lives of several teachers. As sources were used not only archives but also a series of interviews with graduates of these schools. It aims, on the basis of a comparison of written and oral sources, to give a complex image of experimental education in Czechoslovakia at the time of the First Republic and the Protectorate. Last but not least it tries to answer the question whether experimental schools can contribute to today's education. Keywords: experimental schools, Dalton plan, pragmatism, globalisation, individualisation, differentiation, social studies, coeducation

Depuis plusieurs années en France et en Europe, le législateur encourage le rapprochement desecteurs d’action publique dans le cadre des politiques d’activation des chômeurs, visant ainsi àmettre en place une approche plus globale et décloisonnée des problématiques d’insertionprofessionnelle. On cherche dans ce travail à analyser les logiques d’action que sous-tendent ceschangements à travers l’étude de leur mise en oeuvre par les acteurs institutionnels locaux et lesagents de terrain en charge de l’accompagnement des demandeurs d’emploi.Trois niveaux d’action publique sont donc analysés : un niveau macro, celui du contexte danslequel se développe l’intersectorialité des politiques de l’emploi en France et en Europe, un niveauméso qui donne à voir la manière dont les acteurs mettent en oeuvre ces politiques sur lesterritoires et enfin un niveau micro qui s’intéresse au travail des agents de terrain.Alors que les rares recherches sur l’intersectorialité ont principalement porté sur le lien entre lesecteur de l’emploi et le secteur de l’action sociale, ce travail s’intéresse plus particulièrement aulien entre le secteur de l’emploi et celui de l’immigration. Ce cas d’intersectorialité permet de faireressortir les variables impactant le rapprochement sectoriel. / Over the past years, the linkage between policy fields has been promoted in France and in Europe,following the development of activation policies, aiming at a more comprehensive anddecompartmentalized approach of professionnal inclusion issues. This work analyses the practisesthat underlie these changes by studying how they are implemented by local institutionnal actorsand street level bureaucrats working with the unemployed.Three level of public action are analysed : a macro level that informs us about the context in whichemployment policies’ cross-sectoriality is developped in France and in Europe, a meso level whichenlightens the way actors implement these policies at the local level, and last, a micro level whichanalyses street level buraucrats’ work.While the few studies on cross-sectoriality focused on the link between the employment and thesocial policy fields, this work will look into the link between the employment and the immigrationpolicy fields. This case of cross-sectoriality will enable us to shed light on the variables that impactsectorial linkages.