Κύριος στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν να συμβάλλει στην συστηματοποίηση του έργου του Ηλεκτρολόγου Μηχανικού όταν αναλύει, μοντελοποιεί και σχεδιάζει τον έλεγχο ενός βιομηχανικού συστήματος. Για την μοντελοποίηση βιομηχανικών συστημάτων έχουν προταθεί διάφορες μέθοδοι, όπως τα δίκτυα Petri και όλες οι μορφές αυτομάτων ελέγχου. Τα αυτόματα αποτέλεσαν την βάση για την δημιουργία μιας νέας μεθόδου μοντελοποίησης στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής. Τα Γενικευμένα Αυτόματα (Global Automata), όπως ονομάστηκε η νέα μέθοδος, δανείζονται χαρακτηριστικά από τις διάφορες προϋπάρχουσες μορφές αυτομάτων, ενώ εισαγάγουν νέες παραμέτρους μοντελοποίησης ώστε να καλύψουν τις όποιες ανάγκες των σύγχρονων βιομηχανικών συστημάτων. Βάσει της μεθόδου αναπτύχθηκαν διάφορα εργαλεία με στόχο την αύξηση της δύναμης μοντελοποίησης της. Το πρώτο εργαλείο περιλαμβάνει μια συστηματοποιημένη τεχνική συγχώνευσης καταστάσεων ενός μοντέλου και αποσκοπεί στον περιορισμό της υπέρμετρης αύξησης του γράφου καταστάσεων, ο οποίος σε περιπτώσεις μεγάλων συστημάτων μπορεί να φτάσει τις δεκάδες χιλιάδες καταστάσεις. Το δεύτερο εργαλείο που αναπτύχθηκε, αποτελεί την σύνθεση αυτομάτων με στόχο την δημιουργία ενός νέου αυτομάτου που έχει την ίδια ακριβώς συμπεριφορά με τα αρχικά. Η σύνθεση επιτρέπει την δημιουργία μοντέλου ακόμα και ενός συστήματος υψηλής πολυπλοκότητας, μέσω σύνθεσης των μοντέλων όλων των υποσυστημάτων του. Τέλος, τα γενικευμένα αυτόματα επιτρέπουν την δημιουργία ιεραρχικών μοντέλων που αποτελούνται από πλήθος αυτομάτων ιεραρχικά δομημένων. Σε αυτή την περίπτωση το αυτόματο του ανωτέρου επιπέδου έχει τον ρόλο του επόπτη-συντονιστή και τροφοδοτεί τα αυτόματα του κατώτερου επιπέδου με δεδομένα, τιμές αναφοράς κτλ. Αναφορικά με τον προγραμματισμό των βιομηχανικών ελεγκτών που θα επωμιστούν τον έλεγχο της διεργασίας παρουσιάζονται δύο εργαλεία παραγωγής κώδικα από ένα γενικευμένο αυτόματο. Το πρώτο εργαλείο παρουσιάζει συστηματικά τα βήματα μετατροπής ενός αυτομάτου σε εκτελέσιμο κώδικα μιας γλώσσας προγραμματισμού υψηλού επιπέδου. Η χρησιμότητα είναι σημαντική κατά την διάρκεια εξομοίωσης ενός μοντέλου και επαλήθευσης της ορθής λειτουργίας του ελεγκτή, αλλά όχι μόνο. Οι σύγχρονες βιομηχανίες είναι εξοπλισμένες με Σταθμούς Εποπτικού Έλεγχου και Συλλογής Πληροφοριών (SCADA) οι οποίοι στην πλειονότητά τους φέρουν ενσωματωμένη δυνατότητα εκτέλεσης κώδικα σε μια γλώσσα υψηλού επιπέδου. Με εκτέλεση του παραγόμενου, από το εργαλείο, κώδικα σε λογισμικό SCADA, μπορεί να επιτευχθεί και έλεγχος του συστήματος. Βέβαια, ο επικρατέστερος τύπος ελεγκτή παραμένει το Προγραμματιζόμενος Λογικός Ελεγκτής, λόγω των ιδιαίτερων χαρακτηριστικών που διαθέτει και υπερισχύει συγκριτικά με τις εναλλακτικές προσεγγίσεις. Η υλοποίηση των γενικευμένων αυτομάτων σε PLC επιτυγχάνεται μέσω του δεύτερου εργαλείου, το οποίο δημιουργήθηκε με βάση το διεθνές πρότυπο IEC 61131-3 και περιγράφει όλα τα συστηματικά βήματα που πρέπει να ακολουθήσει ο μηχανικός για να υλοποιήσει την στρατηγική ελέγχου, που εμπεριέχει ένα γενικευμένο αυτόματα, σε ένα PLC. Το πρότυπο IEC 61131-3 περιλαμβάνει ένα σύνολο πέντε γλωσσών και το εργαλείο σύνθεσης τις περιλαμβάνει όλες δίνοντας κατάλληλες κατευθύνσεις υλοποίησης με βάση τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά της καθεμιάς. Η παρουσίαση των γενικευμένων αυτομάτων και των εργαλείων που αναπτύχθηκαν ολοκληρώνεται μέσω παραδειγμάτων χρήσης. Οι παρουσιαζόμενες εφαρμογές αποτελούν είτε θεωρητικά συστήματα για επεξήγηση, είτε πραγματικές εφαρμογές υλοποιημένες ως εργαστηριακές διατάξεις ή ως πραγματικά συστήματα παραγωγής. / In this work Global Automata are introduced as a new method offering the convenience of modelling various types of industrial systems without any restrictions on systems properties. Their structure has common characteristics with several types of automata, such as the control graph with a finite set of states and transitions between those states. Global automata can be used for modelling hybrid systems handling both discrete and real valued variables combining flow, invariant and guard conditions from hybrid automata, with clock constraints and delayed inputs from timed and PLC automata. In addition, new modelling parameters as reset table at each transition and hierarchical classification of executable events at each state are introduced. Application independence derives from the fact that they are a super-set of every other type of automata and hence are less application depended compared to any of them. Based on Global Automata some tools were developed in order to increase their modelling power. First tool is the ability of state aggregation which generally means the merging of two or more states in order to produce a new super-state. State aggregation is a powerful tool to avoid state space expansion. The second developed tool is automata composition and is mainly used in cases where ad-hoc modelling is not a practical solution, since it allows the construction of large system model using simple models of all system’s components. Finally, global automata allow the development of hierarchical models, consisting of two or more automata. In such case, the automaton of the higher level has the role of supervisor feeding the automata of lower level with data, reference values etc. Two implementation tools for programming industrial controllers are also presented. The first tool is a synthesis tool for translating a global automaton into executable code of a programming language (i.e. C, Matlab). Tool usage is important for simulation and verification but is not limited on this. Contemporary industrial systems are equipped with Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA), which have embedded functions of running code. Consequently, an industrial system modelled as a global automaton can be controlled by the executable code running in a SCADA station. But, in industry the dominant controller is the Programmable Logic Controller, which is a special aim computer suitably built for the application control tasks. The IEC 61131-3 Programming Norm describes all the well-known languages for programming PLCs and the second tool is a synthesis tool for implementing global automata in PLCs based on this programming norm. Global automata as a modelling method and all the above mentioned tools are illustrated through representative examples. The presented examples are either theoretical or real systems implemented in the laboratory or even real production systems.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-13T20:23:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA VERONICA SEREY GUERRERO - TESE PPGEE 2006..pdf: 2301217 bytes, checksum: 9f6b87201fa5a0a9d85540cef4c28cf2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CLAUDIA VERONICA SEREY GUERRERO - TESE PPGEE 2006..pdf: 2301217 bytes, checksum: 9f6b87201fa5a0a9d85540cef4c28cf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-05 / Capes / Este trabalho centra-se no processo de construção de um modelo conceitual de cenários de acidentes causados pelo erro humano, e tem como foco a concepção de interfaces ergonômicas. O processo concebido foi validado a partir de um estudo de caso no contexto de uma empresa de distribuição e transmissão de energia do setor elétrico. A construção do modelo consiste essencialmente na extração de conhecimento a partir de relatos de casos acidentes, neste caso em particular foi escolhido como corpus o conjunto de acidentes iniciados pelo erro humano durante a interação com o sistema de supervisão e controle da operação de subestações. Como resultado obteve-se uma ontologia do contexto tratado, uma categorização do erro humano e uma tipologia dos principais cenários de acidentes. O modelo resultante deverá ser utilizado na integração do conhecimento sobre as situações de acidentes no processo de concepção de interfaces. O modelo específico que resultou do estudo de caso, apoiará também a construção de um simulador de acidentes para a empresa analisada. Este trabalho se insere no contexto de pesquisas do Grupo de Interfaces Homem-Máquina, GIHM – UFCG, cujo tema principal é a extensão do Método para Concepção de Interfaces Ergonômicas – MCIE, de modo a adequá-lo ao contexto de sistemas industriais críticos. / This work is centred in the process of building a conceptual model of accident scenarios caused by the human error, and focuses on the conception of ergonomic interfaces. The conceived process was validated through a case study in the context of the electric sector, with a corpus extracted from an electricity distribution and transmission company. The model building essentially consists of knowledge extraction from company’s reports on accidents. In this particular case, the chosen corpus consists of a set of accidents that initiated by the human error during the interaction between operators and the supervision and control system in substations. As a result of the modelling process resulted: an ontology of the analyzed context, a categorization of the human error and an accident typology. The resulting model will allow the integration of the accidents situations knowledge in the process of human interface conception, for the studied context, whereas the case study specific model, will support the construction of an accident simulator for the company. This work fits into the research context of the human interface group GIHM - UFCG, whose main research subject is the extension of the Method for Conception of Ergonomic Interfaces - MCIE, in order to adjust it for the critical industrial systems context.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-11-07T10:48:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 victorhugonetocortez.pdf: 3818044 bytes, checksum: a304eae89e97b941ff18b7233b80be9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T14:32:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 victorhugonetocortez.pdf: 3818044 bytes, checksum: a304eae89e97b941ff18b7233b80be9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T14:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 victorhugonetocortez.pdf: 3818044 bytes, checksum: a304eae89e97b941ff18b7233b80be9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Grandes indústrias e parques industriais estão entre os maiores consumidores de energia de um país e sendo assim é interessante do ponto de vista do sistema elétrico fazer com que a energia utilizada por estes consumidores seja consumida de forma eficiente. Também é do interesse dos consumidores buscar a otimização do uso da energia, principalmente pela ótica da economia que pode ser alcançada nos custos e tarifas com energia elétrica. Uma das maneiras de se atingir este objetivo é através do Gerenciamento pelo Lado da Demanda onde se pode remanejar cargas de acordo com um objetivo preestabelecido, como por exemplo, a diminuição de custos com energia elétrica. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia para realocação de cargas em sistemas industriais. Esta metodologia utiliza cargas que estejam dentro de programas de controle direto de carga e busca encontrar um horário de alocação que traga a maior economia. A realocação é realizada através do uso de um algoritmo genético que tem como resultado final o horário otimizado de alocação de todas as cargas e consequentemente a curva de carga resultante. / Large industries and industrial parks are one of the largest energy consumers in a country and therefore it is essential to encourage that the energy consumed by those industries is done so efficiently. It is also in the best interest of the consumers to encourage those changes, especially regarding the economy that can be achieved by the embedded costs and tariffs. One of the ways to achieve this goal is to use a demand side management technique where loads can be shifted according to pre-determined objectives such as reducing the costs with electrical energy. In this thesis, a methodology for load shifting is presented for use in industrial systems. This methodology utilizes loads that are in direct load control programmes and aims to find the connection time that brings the most economical benefit. The reallocation is realized through the use of a genetic algorithm that has the best allocated time and load curve as a result.

Dans un contexte de prise en compte croissante des enjeux environnementaux, l'industrie de la chimie et des procédés se retrouve confrontée à des problématiques de substitution de molécules. Les méthodes de formulation inverse, qui consistent en la recherche assistée par ordinateur de molécules satisfaisant un ensemble de contraintes, répondent de manière efficace à ces problématiques. A partir de l'analyse systémique des usages et fonctionnalités nécessaires dans ce contexte, nous développons un outil logiciel de formulation inverse mettant en oeuvre un algorithme génétique. Celui-ci est capable d'explorer un espace de solutions plus vaste en considérant les mélanges et non les molécules seules. Par ailleurs, il propose une définition des problèmes très flexible qui permet la recherche efficiente de molécules issues de filières renouvelables. En s'appuyant sur l'ingénierie système et l'ingénierie d'entreprise, nous proposons un processus formel de prise de décision pour la substitution de produit dans un contexte industriel. Ce processus de décision multi-critères englobe les phases de définition des exigences, de génération de solutions alternatives, de sélection de la meilleure alternative et de mise en oeuvre du produit. Il utilise une approche dirigée par les modèles et des techniques de prises de décision qui garantissent un alignement opérationnel en complément de l'alignement stratégique. A travers un cas d'étude, nous montrons comment l'utilisation conjointe de notre outil de recherche par formulation inverse et de notre processus de décision permet une démarche environnementale de substitution de produit à la fois efficiente et conforme à la réalité de l'entreprise. / In a context where environmental issues are increasingly taken into account, the chemical related industry faces situations imposing a chemical product substitution. Computer aided molecular design methods, which consist in finding molecules satisfying a set of constraints, are well adapted to these situations. Using a systemic analysis of the needs and uses linked to this context, we develop a computer aided product design tool implementing a genetic algorithm. It is able to explore a wider solution space thanks to a flexible molecular framework. Besides, by allowing a very flexible setting of the problem to be solved, it enables the search of molecules sourced from renewable resources. Based on concepts from system and enterprise engineering, we formalize a decision making process dedicated to the product substitution in an industrial context. This multi-criteria decision process includes the phases of the requirements definition, of the generation of alternative solutions, of the selection of the best alternative and of the product application. It uses a model driven approach and decision making techniques that guaranty an operational alignment in addition to the strategic alignment across the chemical enterprise. Through a case study, we expose how the combination of our computer aided product design tool and our decision making process enables an environmentally compliant approach of product substitution which is both efficient and in adequacy with enterprise context.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Joao Ramos.pdf: 888607 bytes, checksum: 93bba9f4d2e59d834e2848d72881c978 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-21 / This study presents an analysis of how institutional, organizational, technological and competitive environments, as well as strategies and performance of companies may influence the agribusiness system of lamb meat on western Paraná. To do that, the Prospective Structural Analysis was applied; it is a method under the matrix form of analysis of relations between the variables that constitute the studied system and those that belong to its explanatory context. This method aims to emerge the main essential variables to the evolution of the system. The theoretical concepts of New Institutional Economics were applied in combination with the Model of Systemic Relations, important analysis tools from the point of view of the importance of institutions and their influence in the transaction costs and alternative ways of organizing production. The practical application of the study occurs in three successive stages comprising the survey of variables that possibly affect the system, the identification of relationships between these variables and finally the selection of the relevant variables. The results derived from the analysis suggest that lamb meat industry rests under an environment of instability, having the illegal slaughter as variable of greatest influence and at the same time highly dependent which presents itself as an unstable variable and any action on it may cause significant impacts on the entire system. Although rated in the group of moderate influence, variables legislation and taxation / evasion were positioned in the quadrant of the input variables, indicating that they are, at the same time, very influential and little dependent, and should be targeted for priority actions. In this sense, the institutional environment should begin the process of improving the system of lamb meat because of the lack of specific legislations, the incidence of high taxes followed by tax evasion, has great influence on the lamb agro industrial system, undermining the competitiveness of the sector. Finally, it is observed that there are great challenges and opportunities for articulation of lamb meat agro industrial system in the Western Parana in order to promote better coordination between the agents involved in the system and the final consumer. / Este estudo apresenta uma análise de como os ambientes institucional, organizacional, tecnológico e competitivo, assim como as estratégias e o desempenho das empresas podem influenciar no sistema agroindustrial da carne ovina na região Oeste do Paraná. Para isso, aplicou-se a Análise Estrutural Prospectiva, um método sob a forma matricial de análise das relações entre as variáveis constitutivas do sistema estudado e aquelas que pertencem ao seu contexto explicativo, que tem por objetivo fazer emergir as principais variáveis essenciais à evolução do sistema estudado. Também foram aplicados os conceitos da Nova Economia Institucional aliado ao Modelo de Relações Sistêmicas, importantes instrumentos de análise sob o ponto de vista da importância das instituições e sua influência nos custos das transações e nos modos alternativos de organização da produção. A aplicação prática do estudo ocorre em três fases sucessivas compostas pelo levantamento das variáveis que possivelmente interferem no sistema, a identificação das relações existentes entre elas e, por fim, a seleção das variáveis relevantes. Os resultados derivados dessa análise sugerem que a ovinocultura de corte repousa sob um ambiente de grande instabilidade, tendo como variável de maior influência e, ao mesmo tempo, altamente dependente, o abate clandestino, uma variável instável em que qualquer ação sobre ela pode causar impactos significativos em todo o sistema. Embora classificadas no grupo de influência moderada, as variáveis legislação e tributação/sonegação posicionam-se no quadrante das variáveis de entrada, indicando ser, ao mesmo tempo, muito influentes e pouco dependentes, devendo ser alvo de ações prioritárias. Neste sentido, é no ambiente institucional que se deve iniciar o processo de melhorias, pois a falta de legislações específicas, a incidência de carga tributária elevada acompanhada pela sonegação de impostos, exerce grande influência no sistema agroindustrial da carne ovina, prejudicando a competitividade do setor. Por fim, observa-se a existência de grandes desafios e de oportunidades para a articulação do Sistema Agroindustrial da carne ovina na região Oeste do Paraná, no intuito de promover a coordenação entre todos os agentes e o consumidor final.

This thesis explores the integration of IoT protocols to enhance supply chain efficiency and sustainability by developing a flexible automated system. The research covers the integration of a palletization optimizer with a flexible robotic platform, a project conducted in collaboration with OpiFlex and Linköping University. Flexibility and sustainability in production, particularly in the food and beverage industry, are critical yet challenging to achieve. This research addresses these challenges by proposing a system that aligns the output with customer needs by combining these technologies. The research employs a combination of case study and exploratory methodologies. The development approach synthesizes elements from Set-Based Design, Point-Based Design, and Agile development frameworks. The primary research questions focus on identifying the best system architecture for integrating the palletization optimizer with a lower-level automation platform and outlining the steps needed to transform this integration into a commercially viable product. The system includes the optimizer, capable of processing customer orders and configuring products on mixed output pallets, integrated with a flexible robotic system provided by OpiFlex. The work involved evaluating communication protocols, MQTT, OPC UA, and TCP/IP, and designing robust interactions and interfaces between the subsystems. The results demonstrate the system's architecture and interaction protocols.  The thesis concludes with a discussion of the results in comparison to the application scenario and the standards consulted. The conclusion is that the chosen interface practices should remain largely intact but be re-developed using an OPC UA-based architecture. The main reasons for this are its support for both pub/sub and client-server models, increased security, and greater support for enterprise application integration. However, depending on the specific application, the downsides of OPC UA may outweigh its benefits.

S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.