Introdução: Sepse é uma síndrome complexa definida por resposta inflamatória sistêmica, de origem infecciosa e caracterizada por manifestações múltiplas que podem determinar disfunção ou falência de um ou mais órgãos ou sistemas. É a principal causa de morte em unidades de terapia intensiva em pacientes críticos e tem representado uma fonte constante de preocupação para os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo, devido, principalmente, às taxas elevadas de morbimortalidade. O tratamento da sepse é um desafio e continua a ser uma tarefa difícil devido a inúmeros fatores interferentes. Um estudo do nosso grupo demonstrou que a Escherichia coli (E. coli) é capaz de se ligar CD16 de um modo independente de opsonina, levando a um aumento na resposta inflamatória e a inibição da sua própria fagocitose, por conseguinte, procurou-se identificar os peptídeos no proteoma da E. coli envolvidos neste cenário. Metodologia: Utilizando a metodologia de Phage Display, que consiste numa técnica de clonagem, que permite a expressão de diversas sequências de peptídeos na superfície de bacteriófagos, nós identificamos 2 peptídeos que obtiveram interação com CD16. Após a seleção dos peptídeos identificamos uma proteína de membrana de E.coli que possui alta similaridade com um de nossos peptídeos selecionados. Nós acreditamos que esta proteína de membrana possa estar envolvida no processo de evasão imune desenvolvida pela E.coli e parece ser um forte candidato como uma nova opção terapêutica para controlar infecções por E. coli. Conclusão: A identificação de proteínas capazes de induzir inibição de fagocitose, através do receptor CD16, pode ser usada como uma nova forma de tratamento da sepse, assim como explorada no tratamento de doenças autoimunes / Introduction: Sepsis is a complex syndrome defined by a systemic inflammatory response of infectious origin and characterized by multiple manifestations that can determine dysfunction/failure of one or more organs and systems. It is the leading cause of death in intensive care units and represents a major health problem around the world, mainly due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. The treatment of sepsis is challenging and remains a difficult task due to numerous interfering factors. A study from our group demonstrated that Escherichia coli (E. coli) is able to bind CD16 in an opsoninindependent manner, leading to an increase in the inflammatory response and inhibition of its own phagocytosis, therefore we sought to identify the peptides in the E. coli proteome involved in this scenario. Methods and Results: Using the Phage Display technique, which is a cloning technique that allows the expression of various peptide sequences on the surface of bacteriophages (phages) and selecting these on the basis of affinity for a target molecule, we identified two peptides that interact with CD16. Next, using bioinformatic tools, we found an E. coli membrane protein that has high similarity with one of our selected peptides. We believe this membrane protein is involved in the process of immune evasion developed by E. coli and it is a strong candidate as a new therapeutic option to control E. coli infections. Conclusion: The identification of proteins capable of inducing inhibition of phagocytosis through the CD16 receptor, can be used as a new treatment of sepsis, as well as exploited in the treatment of autoimmune diseases

La maladie de Lyme est la maladie à transmission vectorielle la plus répandue de l’hémisphère Nord. La peau est un organe clef dans cette maladie, car c’est à cet endroit qu’interagissent les cellules de l’hôte, le pathogène, le microbiote cutané et le vecteur. Nous avons développé un modèle murin d’infection disséminée de borréliose de Lyme, qui nous a permis de développer une méthode spécifique de détection de protéines de Borreliella dans le tissu cutané murin par SRM-MS, pouvant aboutir à une méthode de diagnostic chez l’homme. Dans un deuxième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux relations entre le microbiote cutané, les cellules résidentes de la peau, kératinocytes et fibroblastes, avec Borreliella. Les sécrétomes de trois bactéries commensales, S. epidermidis, P. acnes et C. striatum possèdent un effet synergique sur l’expression de gènes inflammatoires par les kératinocytes et les fibroblastes. Les sécrétomes de P. acnes et de C. striatum se sont également montrés capables d’inhiber une partie de la réponse inflammatoire des kératinocytes, pouvant aider le pathogène lors de la transmission/dissémination précoce. / Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere. Skin is a key organ in the disease, since it is the key interface where host cells, pathogen, skin microbiota and vector interact early during pathogen transmission. We developed a late lyme borreliosis model on mice. This model allowed us to develop a specific detection method of Borreliella proteins in the mouse skin by SRM-MS that might be used to develop a human diagnosis of disseminated Lyme disease. In a second part, we analysed the relationship between skin microbiota, resident skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), in the presence or absence of Borreliella. The secretome of three commensals bacteria, S. epidermidis, P. acnes and C. striatum was shown to have a synergistic activity with Borreliella in pro-inflammatory gene expressions by keratinocytes and fibroblasts. P. acnes and C. striatum secretomes were also able to inhibit partially the inflammatory response of keratinocytes that might help the transmission/dissemination of the pathogen.

La pollution atmosphérique constitue de nos jours un enjeu sociétal majeur, tant pour ses conséquences néfastes sur la santé humaine que sur l'environnement. L'objectif général de ce présent travail était de déterminer le niveau de la pollution atmosphérique dakaroise, extérieure et intérieure, et d'évaluer son impact sanitaire au sein de la population urbaine. Les particules fines (PM₂.₅) et une fraction plus grossière (PM>₂.₅) échantillonnées sur un site urbain de Dakar (HLM), caractérisées par de fortes émissions du trafic routier, ont été comparées aux particules échantillonnées dans une zone rurale, Toubab Dialaw, située à environ 40 kms de Dakar. Les caractéristiques physicochimiques des échantillons ont révélé que les particules différaient par leurs propriétés physiques (surface) et chimiques (en termes de CHN, métaux, ions, paraffines, COV et HAP) de 65 à 75 % plus élevées dans les échantillons urbains. Selon les différentes sources et les différentes propriétés physiques et chimiques, la réponse inflammatoire (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) et les dommages oxydatifs (protéines carbonylées totales et 8-OHdG) se sont révélés plus importants dans les cellules bronchiques BEAS-2B exposées aux particules urbaines. La campagne de mesure de la qualité de l'air a montré que l'intérieur du bus était plus pollué en PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ et NO que le marché et les sites intérieurs urbains et ruraux. La comparaison de la qualité de l'air entre les sites intérieurs et extérieurs a révélé que, particulièrement dans les zones urbaines, la qualité de l'air intérieur pouvait être moins bonne que celle des sites extérieurs correspondants. Le suivi de l'exposition individuelle aux polluants a montré que les ménagères de la zone urbaine et rurale étaient plus exposées que les professionnels à la pollution de l'air, confirmant les observations précédentes d'un niveau d'exposition potentiellement plus élevé des polluants dans l'environnement intérieur. Cependant, il convient de tenir compte du niveau d'exposition des commerçants et des conducteurs d'autobus résultant de l'échappement du trafic avec des véhicules souvent anciens, mal entretenus et non contrôlés, en raison des niveaux élevés de polluants gazeux rapportés ici. / Air pollution is nowadays a major societal challenge, as much for its harmful consequences on human health as on the environment. The general objective of this work was to determine the level of Dakar air pollution, outdoor and indoor, and to assess its health impact in the urban population. Fine particles (PM₂.₅) and a coarser fraction (PM>₂.₅) sampled at an urban site in Dakar (HLM), characterized by high road traffic emissions, were compared with particles sampled at a rural area, Toubab Dialaw located about 40 km from Dakar. The physicochemical characteristics of samples revealed that PMs differ for their physical (surface area) and chemical properties (in terms of CHN, metals, ions, paraffins, VOCs and PAHs) that were 65 to 75 % higher in urban samples. In accordance with the different sources and different physical and chemical properties, the inflammatory response (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and the oxidative damage (total carbonylated proteins and 8-OHdG) were found higher in bronchial BEAS-2B cells exposed to urban PMs. The air quality measurement campaign showed that the bus interior was more polluted with PM₁₀, CO, CO₂ and NO than the market and the urban and rural indoor sites. The comparison of air quality between indoor and outdoor sites revealed that, particularly in urban areas, indoor air quality may be worse than the corresponding outdoor one. Monitoring individual exposure to pollutants showed that housewives in urban and rural sites were more exposed than professionals to air pollution, confirming previous observations of potential higher individual exposure level to pollutants in indoor environment. However, exposure level of traders and bus drivers that would result from the exhaust of traffic with often old, poorly maintained and uncontrolled vehicles has to be taken into consideration due the higher levels of gaseous pollutants here reported.

Objectifs : Définir les paramètres pharmacocinétiques du pantoprazole intraveineux en soins intensifs pédiatriques et déterminer l’influence qu’exercent sur ceux-ci les facteurs démographiques, le syndrome de réponse inflammatoire systémique (SRIS), la dysfonction hépatique et l’administration d’un inhibiteur du cytochrome (CYP) 2C19. Méthode : Cent cinquante-six concentrations plasmatiques de pantoprazole provenant d’une population de 20 patients (âgés de 10 jours à 16.4 ans) à risque ou atteints d’une hémorragie gastroduodénale de stress, ayant reçu des doses quotidiennes de pantoprazole de 19.9 à 140.6 mg/1.73m2, ont été analysées selon les méthodes non compartimentale et de modélisation non linéaire à effets mixtes. Résultats : Une clairance médiane (CL) de 0.14 L/h/kg, un volume apparent de distribution de 0.20 L/kg et une demi-vie d’élimination de 1.7 h ont été déterminés via l’approche non compartimentale. Le modèle populationnel à deux compartiments avec une infusion d’ordre zéro et une élimination d’ordre un représentait fidèlement la cinétique du pantoprazole. Le poids, le SRIS, la dysfonction hépatique et l’administration d’un inhibiteur du CYP2C19 constituaient les covariables significatives rendant compte de 75 % de la variabilité interindividuelle observée pour la CL. Seul le poids influençait significativement le volume central de distribution (Vc). Selon les estimations du modèle final, un enfant de cinq ans pesant 20 kg avait une CL de 5.28 L/h et un Vc de 2.22 L. La CL du pantoprazole augmentait selon l’âge et le poids tandis qu’elle diminuait respectivement de 62.3%, 65.8% et 50.5% en présence d’un SRIS, d’un inhibiteur du CYP2C19 ou d’une dysfonction hépatique. Conclusion : Ces résultats permettront de guider les cliniciens dans le choix d’une dose de charge et dans l’ajustement des posologies du pantoprazole en soins intensifs pédiatriques dépendamment de facteurs fréquemment rencontrés dans cette population. / Aims : To characterize the pharmacokinetics of intravenous pantoprazole in a paediatric intensive care population and to determine the influence of demographic factors, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), hepatic dysfunction and concomitantly used cytochrome (CYP) 2C19 inhibitors on the drug’s pharmacokinetics. Methods : A total of 156 pantoprazole concentrations from 20 patients (aged from 10 days to 16.4 years) at risk for or with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, who received pantoprazole doses ranging from 19.9 to 140.6 mg/1.73m2/day, were analyzed using non compartmental and non linear mixed effects modelling (NONMEM) approaches. Results : The non compartmental results showed that median clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution and elimination half-life were 0.14 L/h/kg, 0.20 L/kg and 1.7 h, respectively. The best structural model for pantoprazole was a two-compartment model with zero order infusion and first order elimination. Body weight, SIRS, age, hepatic dysfunction and presence of CYP2C19 inhibitors were the significant covariates affecting CL, accounting for 75% of interindividual variability. Only body weight significantly influenced central volume of distribution (Vc). In the final population model, the estimated CL and Vc were 5.28 L/h and 2.22 L, respectively, for a typical five year old child weighing 20 kg. Pantoprazole CL increased with weight and age whereas the presence of SIRS, CYP2C19 inhibitors and hepatic dysfunction, when present separately, significantly decreased pantoprazole CL by 62.3%, 65.8% and 50.5%, respectively. Conclusion : These results provide important information to physicians regarding selection of a starting dose and dosing regimen of pantoprazole for paediatric intensive care patients based on various factors frequently encountered in this population.

Dans cet ouvrage sera décrite la synthèse de nouveaux analogues du sialyl Lewis X (sLex). A cet effet, nous avons préparé une librairie d’analogues synthétisée à partir d’une approche mettant en jeu un «espaceur» acyclique permettant d’avoir un biais conformationnel que nous avons défini comme la stratégie ATC-B. Nous avions déjà démontré que certains analogues portant un groupe benzoate en C-2 et en C-4 du galactose présentent une activité 50 fois supérieure à celle du sLex. Nous avions par ailleurs démontré qu’en l’absence du benzoate en C-2, l’activité devient alors trois fois plus faible. A présent, il paraissait interessant de synthétiser des analogues ayant seulement un groupe benzoate en C-4 pour evaluer l’impact de ce groupement sur la puissance de nos analogues. Par le passé, nous avions également mis en évidence le rôle des esters sur l’activité des analogues portant un «espaceur» acyclique dans le cadre de la stratégie ATC-B. Nous effectuerons donc des variations à ce niveau pour en évaluer l’impact. Enfin, nous avons préparé une nouvelle famille d’analogues de type dimère. Ceux-ci seront constitués de 2 unités des composés monomériques synthétisés précédemment. La synthèse de ces dimères fera l’emploi de la «Click Chemistry». Cette étude nous mènera a vous présenter la synthèse de ces composés et la méthodologie employée. / This work describes the synthesis of novel sialyl Lewis X (sLex) analogues. To this end, we have prepared a library of analogues by implementing a strategy that makes use of an Acyclic Tether which allows for defined Conformational Bias (ATCB strategy). We have previously shown that analogues bearing a benzoate group at both positions C-2 and C-4 of the galactose exert an activity 50-fold greater than that of sLex. Indeed, removing the benzoate at position C-4 while keeping the one at C-2 led to a three fold decrease in potency. We are currently preparing the corresponding analogues that have the benzoate only at position C-4 in order to fully evaluate its impact on the potency of the analogue. We have also previously elucidated the role of esters on the activity of analogues that have acyclic tether as part of the ATC-B strategy. Variations have been made at the level of the ester and their impact has been evaluated. Lastly, we have prepared a novel family of analogues consisting of two identical monomeric subunits linked together. Synthesis of these dimers was performed via «Click Chemistry». This study describes the synthesis of the compounds and the methodology employed.

La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est la maladie auto-immune la plus fréquente d’une prévalence de 1%. Les cellules résidentes de la cavité synoviale, les fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), sont des acteurs majeurs de la PR. Leur activation par des récepteurs de l’immunité innée participe à l’acquisition d’un phénotype agressif menant à la destruction ostéo-articulaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué le rôle régulateur de miARN sur les voies de signalisation des Toll-like receptors (TLR). L’activation de TLR2 et de TLR4 dans les FLS induit la diminution de l’expression de plusieurs miARN, dont miR-19a et b (miR-19), alors que TLR2 est surexprimé. Nous avons pu ainsi montrer que miR-19 régule Tlr2 et que la transfection de mir-19 dans les FLS activés induit une diminution de l’expression de TLR2 et de la synthèse d’IL-6 et de MMP-3. Mir-19 appartient au cluster miR-17~92, dont l’expression est abaissée dans les FLS. Il code pour 6 miARN dont miR-20a. miR-20a est également sous-régulé après activation de TLR2 et TLR4 dans les FLS et les THP-1. Nous avons montré que miR-20a régule directement l’expression d’Ask1, impliquée et surexprimée après activation de TLR4. La transfection de miR-20a in vitro nous a permis de montrer que miR-20a contrôle l’expression d’ASK1 et induit une inhibition de la synthèse de cytokines majeures de la PR dans les FLS et les THP-1. Des résultats équivalents ont été obtenus ex vivo chez la souris. Ces travaux ont permis d’identifier dans les FLS rhumatoïdes des miARN anti-inflammatoires dont la baisse d’expression permet une augmentation de l’expression de TLR2 et d’ASK1. Ces miARN pourraient donc constituer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. / Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequently autoimmune disease with a prevalence of 1%. Resident cells of joints, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), act as key players in RA. Their activation through Pattern-recognition receptors leads to an aggressive phenotype, leading in the osteo-articular destruction of the joints. In this study, we aimed to discuss the link between Toll-like receptors (TLR) and miRNA pathway. We established the down-regulation of a few miRNA when FLS were activated through TLR2 and TLR4, including miR-19a and miR-19b (miR-19). We showed that miR-19 regulates directly Tlr2 and that transfection of miR-19 mimics leads to a decrease of IL-6 and MMP-3 synthesis in FLS. miR-19 belongs to the cluster miR-17~92, which is also down-regulated in activated FLS. This primary transcript encodes for 6 miRNA, including miR-20a, which is also down regulated upon TLR2 and TLR4 activation in FLS and further in THP-1, a monocyte cell-line. Then, we validated the predicted regulation of miR-20a on Ask1, an important kinase involved in TLR4 pathway. The transfection of miR-20a mimics in vitro represses ASK1 expression and inhibits several major cytokines in RA both in FLS and THP-1. Further, we confirmed these results on ex vivo experiments on peritoneal macrophages. These works allowed us to identify new anti-inflammatory miRNA that are downregulated and allow overexpression of TLR2 and ASK1 in RA FLS. These results open new experiments on in vivo models. All together, these data give new insights for identify new therapeutics in RA.

Objetivo geral: estudar a síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica após a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e a sua relação com marcadores inflamatórios. Objetivos específicos: 1) avaliar a prevalência de síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS), sepse e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (DMO); 2) avaliar a relação da SIRS, sepse e DMO com certos biomarcadores; 3) avaliar a relação desses biomarcadores com mortalidade no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com CEC em crianças; 4) estudar a cinética do soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1), procalcitonina (PCT), proteína C reativa (PCR) neste grupo; 5) comparar os níveis séricos de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR entre pacientes sépticos e com SIRS. Desenho: estudo de coorte retrospectivo e prospectivo. Setting: unidade de terapia intensiva cardiológica (UTIC). Medidas: saturação venosa central de oxigênio, lactato arterial, glicose sérica, dosagem de troponina I, contagem total de leucócitos no sangue periférico, PCR, presença de SIRS, sepse e DMO foram avaliados nos cinco primeiros dias de pós-operatório na coorte retrospectiva. Na coorte prospectiva as amostras foram colhidas no préoperatório, na chegada à unidade de tratamento intensivo, no primeiro (1PO), segundo (2PO) e terceiro (3PO) dias de pós-operatório para dosagem específica de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR. Resultados: A coorte retrospectiva incluiu 121 pacientes com mediana de idade de 9 meses [IQ 4-75], de peso de 7Kg [IQ 4,3-14,7], de tempo de circulação extracorpórea de 56 minutos [IQ 43-81] e de clampeamento aórtico de 27 minutos [IQ15,2-51,7]. A mediana de tempo de internação em UTIC foi de 4 dias [IQ 2-8]. Os defeitos septais foram os mais frequentemente encontrados em 48% (58), seguidos de Tetralogia de Fallot. As taxas de mortalidade e de sepse neste grupo foram de 7,4% (9) e 27,7% (33) respectivamente. SIRS esteve presente em 50,8% (61) e DMO em 22,3% (27) na chegada da UTI. A presença de SIRS não infecciosa e DMO não relacionada à sepse foram mais frequentes em todos os dias de pósoperatório. O risco de mortalidade foi avaliado e sepse no 1PO teve o maior odds ratio (OR) = 31,71 (IC95: 2,6-393,8), seguido da presença de disfunção renal no 3PO, OR = 14,1 (IC95: 2,9 -66,6). A glicose sérica nas 6 horas de PO com OR = 2,4 (IC95: 1,03-5,7), a saturação venosa central de oxigênio do 1PO com OR = 12,2 ( IC95: 2,6-55,7) bem como o lactato arterial do 1PO com OR = 24,1 ( IC95: 4-112) mostraram-se com melhores poderes discriminativos para sepse, DMO e mortalidade respectivamente. Na coorte prospectiva foram incluídos 31 pacientes com medianas de idade de 11 meses [IQ 6-42], de peso de 8,1Kg [IQ 6-14], de tempo de CEC de 58 minutos [IQ 45-84], de clampeamento de 32 minutos [IQ 32-32] e de temperatura durante a CEC de 31ºC. A mediana de tempo de internação na UTI foi de 7 dias [IQ2-8]. Os defeitos septais foram os mais frequentes em 54,8% (17), seguidos da Tetralogia de Fallot. Ocorreram 6,5% (2) de óbitos e 12,7%(4) de sepse. A SIRS esteve presente em 45,8%(14) na chegada da UTIC. Observou-se elevação significativa dos níveis séricos de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR após a CEC. Os níveis medianos de sTREM-1 e da PCR estão acima dos níveis normais em todos os momentos avaliados, sendo a mediana do sTREM-1 de 143,6 pg/ml no préoperatório; de 96,9 pg/ml após a CEC; de 140,2 pg/ml após 24h da CEC; de 191,5 pg/ml após 48h (p < 0,05); e, de 193,3 pg/ml após 72h. Os níveis medianos de PCT estão acima dos normais somente no 3PO, considerando-se um ponto de corte de 0,5 ng/ml. Comparando-se os níveis medianos de PCR, PCT e sTREM-1 entre sépticos e não infectados não houve diferença significativa. Conclusões: Durante a primeira semana de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com CEC em crianças a presença de febre/hipotermia bem como de leucocitose está mais frequentemente relacionada à SIRS não infecciosa do que à sepse. Existe associação de mortalidade com sepse, síndrome de baixo débito e disfunção cardíaca, respiratória e renal tardias neste grupo. Os achados em relação à cinética da PCR e PCT confirmam os dados da literatura: diminuição dos níveis em 48h pós CEC. Os achados são originais em relação à cinética do sTREM-1. Não houve diferença nos niveis séricos de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR entre sépticos e não infectados, entretanto novos estudos são necessários devido à amostra pequena. / Main objective: To study the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) and its relationship with inflammatory markers. Secondary objectives: 1) To assess the prevalence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); 2) to evaluate the relationship of systemic response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction with certain biomarkers, 3) to evaluate the relationship of these biomarkers with mortality after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 4) to study the kinetics of sTREM-1, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) in this group 5) compare serum sTREM-11, PCT and CRP in patients with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Design: prospective and retrospective cohort. Setting: cardiac pediatric intensive care unit. Measurements: venous oxygen saturation (SvcO2), arterial lactate, glucose, troponin, total leukocyte count and C reactive protein, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were evaluated in the first 5 post-operative days. The samples of the prospective study were taken in the pre-operative period, on arrival in the intensive care unit, and on the first (POD1), second and third post-operative days for dosing CRP, PCT and sTREM-1. Main results: The retrospective cohort included 121 patients with a median age of 9 months [IQR: 4-75] ,median weight of 7Kg [IQR: 4.3-14.7] , median CPB time of 56 minutes [IQR:43-81], median clamping time of 27 minutes [IQR: 15.28-51.75]. The median ICU stay was 4 days [IQR:2-8]. Septal defects were the most frequent, reaching 48% (58), followed by Tetralogy of Fallot. Mortality and sepsis rate was 7.4% (9) and 27.7% (33) respectively. SIRS was present in 50.8% (61) and MODS in 22.3% (27) at the ICU arrival. The presences of non-infectious SIRS and of non-sepsis-related MODS were also more frequent throughout the postoperative days. Mmortality risk was assessed, and sepsis in the first postoperative day had the highest odds ratio (OR) = 31.71 [CI95: 6 to 393.8], followed by renal dysfunction on the third day, OR = 14.1 [CI95: 2.9 to 66.6]. The 6hPO glucose with OR = 2.4 [CI95: 1.03 to 5.7], the SvcO2 POD1 with OR = 12.2 [CI95: 2.6 to 55.7] and POD1 lactate with OR = 24.1 [CI95: 4-112] showed better discriminative power for sepsis, MODS and mortality respectively. The prospective cohort included 31 patients with a median age of 11 months [IQR: 6-42], median weight of 8.1Kg [IQR: 6-14], median CPB time of 58 minutes [IQR: 45-84], median clamping time of 31 minute [IQR: 21-50] and median temperature of 32°C during CPB [IQR: 32-32]. The median ICU stay was 7 days [IQR: 2- 9]. Septal defects were the most frequent, at 54.8% (17), followed by Tetralogy of Fallot. Mortality rate was 6.5% (2) and incidence of sepsis was 12.7% (4). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was present in 45.8% (14) of cases upon arrival at the ICU. We observed significant elevation of serum sTREM-1, PCT and CRP after CPB. The median levels of sTREM-1 and CRP levels are above normal levels at all time points evaluated with a sTREM-1 median of 143.6 pg/ml preoperatively, of 96.9 pg / ml after CPB, of 140.2 pg/ml after 24 hours of CPB, of 191.5 pg/ml after 48 h (p < 0.05) and 193.3 pg/ml after 72 h. Median PCT levels are above normal only in 3PO, considering a cutoff of 0.5 ng/ml. Comparing the median serum levels of CRP, PCT and sTREM-1 between septic and uninfected no significant difference was found. Conclusions: During the first week post-cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in children the presence of fever / hypothermia and leukocytosis is more often related to non-infectious SIRS than sepsis. There is an association of mortality with sepsis, low output syndrome and cardiac dysfunction, and later renal and respiratory dysfunction in this group. The findings in relation to the kinetics of CRP and PCT confirm preview literature: decreased levels in 48 hours after CPB. The findings are unique compared to the kinetics of sTREM-1. There was no difference in serum levels of sTREM-1, PCT and CRP between septic and uninfected, however further studies are needed due to the small sample.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Hypertension is a multifactor clinical condition, which is accompanied by a low-grade inflammation and alterations in platelet function. These modifications may be related to an imbalance in the regulation of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP and AMP), adenosine and acetylcholine (ACh) levels. This regulation is performed by purinergic [NTPDases, ecto-5 - nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase (ADA)] and cholinergic [Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)] system enzymes, present in blood, respectively. These enzymes can be modulated by regular practice of physical exercise, which has been recommended for the treatment of hypertension. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six swimming training weeks on blood pressure, on purinergic and cholinergic systems enzymes activities in blood as well as on platelet aggregation and classic inflammatory markers in rats with hypertension induced by methyl Nω-nitro-L-arginine ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) administration. In order to better understand chronic changes, we also evaluated the effect of a single acute bout of exercise on the activity of the enzymes already mentioned. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 10): control, exercise, LNAME and exercise L-NAME. After 60 days of treatment, animals were euthanized and platelets, lymphocytes, whole blood and serum were used for experimental determinations. The results showed that swimming training was able to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive rats, and to prevent the increase in NTPDase, ecto-5'-nucleotidase and ADA activities in lymphocytes and platelets. This probably contributed in preventing platelet aggregation. Chronically, swimming was also effective in preventing the increase in AChE (in lymphocytes and whole blood) and BuChE (in serum) activities. Regarding to the expression of NPTDase1, exercise per se triggered a reduction in the expression of this enzyme, but had no significant effects in hypertensive rats. The prevention of the increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein levels and myeloperoxidase activity generated by swimming practice reinforces the fact that exercise reduced inflammation in hypertensive rats. In response to a single acute bout of exercise, was observed an increase in the activity of cholinergic system enzymes in whole blood, lymphocytes and serum, and purinergic system enzymes in platelets. However, there was a decrease in the activity of NTPDase and ADA in lymphocytes. It can be concluded that this study allowed us to unveil, in part, the mechanisms related to the protective processes arising from regular physical exercise on hypertension related to inflammation and platelet aggregation. The results also reinforce the importance of measuring the purinergic and cholinergic systems enzymes as parameters of inflammatory response. Also, it is concluded that regular physical exercise has antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the activity purinergic and cholinergic systems enzymes in hypertension. It is suggested that these responses have been derived from the adaptations that occur in the body due to each acute stimulus that promotes enough impact to break homeostasis and promote beneficial adaptations. Thus, moderate aerobic exercise has a key role in acting as an adjuvant in the treatment of hypertension. / A hipertensão é uma condição clínica multifatorial que, na maioria dos casos, está acompanhada de um quadro inflamatório de baixo grau e alterações nas funções plaquetárias. Essas modificações podem estar relacionadas a um desequilíbrio na regulação dos níveis de nucleotídeos de adenina (ADP, ADP e AMP), da adenosina e da molécula acetilcolinesterase (ACh), que é realizada pelas enzimas do sistemas purinérgico [NTPDases, ecto-5 -nucleotidase e adenosina desaminase (ADA)] e colinérgico [Acetilcolinesterase (AChE) e Butirilcolinesterase (BuChE)] presentes no sangue, respectivamente. A atividade dessas enzimas pode ser modulada pela prática regular de exercícios físicos, a qual tem sido recomendada para o tratamento da hipertensão. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de seis semanas de natação sobre a pressão arterial, a atividade de enzimas dos sistemas purinérgico e colinérgico em sangue, bem como sobre a agregação plaquetária e marcadores inflamatórios clássicos em ratos com hipertensão induzida através de administração de metila Nω-Nitro-L-arginina cloridrato de éster (L-NAME). Com o objetivo de melhor compreender as alterações crônicas, avaliouse, também, o efeito de uma única sessão aguda de exercício sobre a atividade das enzimas já mencionadas. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos (n = 10): Controle, Exercício, L-NAME e L-NAME Exercício. Após 60 dias de tratamento, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e as plaquetas, os linfócitos, o sangue total e o soro foram usados para as determinações experimentais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o treinamento com natação foi capaz de reduzir a pressão sanguínea em ratos hipertensos, além de prevenir o aumento da atividade das enzimas NTPDase, ecto-5 -nucleotidase e ADA em linfócitos e plaquetas, o que provavelmente contribuiu para prevenir a agregação plaquetária. Cronicamente, a natação também foi eficaz na prevenção do aumento da atividade das enzimas AChE em linfócitos e sangue total e BuChE em soro. Com relação à expressão da NPTDase1, o exercício per se gerou a redução da expressão desta enzima, mas não apresentou efeitos significativos nos ratos hipertensos. A prevenção do aumento dos níveis de colesterol, triglicerídeos, proteína C-reativa e mieloperoxidase gerada pela prática da natação reforça o fato de que o exercício reduziu a inflamação em ratos hipertensos. Como resposta a uma única sessão aguda de exercício, verificou-se o aumento da atividade das enzimas dos sistemas colinérgico em sangue total, linfócitos e soro e do sistema purinérgico em plaquetas. Entretanto, ocorreu a diminuição da atividade da NTPDase e da ADA em linfócitos. Pode-se concluir que este estudo permitiu desvendar em parte os mecanismos relacionados aos processos protetores advindos da prática regular de exercício físicos na hipertensão relativos aos processos inflamatórios e à agregação plaquetária. Os resultados ainda reforçam a importância da dosagem das enzimas dos sistemas purinérgico e colinérgico como parâmetros da resposta inflamatória. Conclui-se, também, que a prática regular de exercício físico possui efeitos antitrombóticos e antiinflamatórios através da modulação da atividade das enzimas dos sistemas purinérgico e colinérgico na hipertensão. Sugere-se que estas respostas tenham sido provenientes das adaptações ocorridas no organismo decorrentes de cada estímulo agudo, que gerou estímulos suficientes para quebrar a homeostase do organismo e promover adaptações benéficas. Desta forma, o exercício físico aeróbico moderado possui um papel fundamental na atuação como coadjuvante no tratamento da hipertensão.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The musculoskeletal disorders are in the most common injuries observed in individuals in the primary care, occupational health, and in sports medicine. Among these disorders, the contusion is described as a direct traumatic lesion that impairs the functioning of the skeletal muscle system. An acute event of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), on the other hand, could be considered as one of the main issue involved in the pathophysiology of a musculoskeletal disorder. Among the main strategies employed in the treatment of a lesion is the reduction of the temperature of the tissues with the therapeutic aim, this mechanism is defined as cryotherapy. Although the clinical efficacy of the cryotherapy is well established in the literature, the mechanisms involved in its therapeutic effects are unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the cryotherapy in the treatment of a contusion and of an acute event of blood I/R in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Thus, we investigated the effects of cryotherapy under the biochemical and morphological changes related with a contusion (Article 1) and with an acute event of I/R (Manuscript 1), as well as the mechanisms involved in the genesis of its therapeutic effects. The treatment with cryotherapy determined a significant reduction in the oxidative damage since that limited the lipid peroxidation and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and also limited the lost of the cellular viability in the skeletal muscle tissue injured after a contusion (Article 1) and after an acute event of I/R (Manuscript 1). In this context, the levels of non enzymatic antioxidants, such as the levels of non protein thiols (-SH), and enzymatic antioxidants, such as the catalase enzyme (CAT), were also maintained similar to the observed in non injured muscles. The treatment with cryotherapy was effective in maintain the activities of enzymes sensitive to the oxidative stress, such as the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) and calcium (Ca2+) ATPases enzymes, similar to the observed in the tissues non injured both after a contusion (Article 1) and after as acute event of I/R (Manuscript 1). According to the histopathological analysis the cryotherapy treatment reduced the morphologic structure changes an also the presence of blood cells indicatives of hemorrhagic or inflammatory process in the skeletal muscle injured both after a contusion (Article 1) and after an acute event of I/R (Manuscript 1). In general, the results observed in this study indicate that an important mechanism by which the cryotherapy exerts its therapeutic effects is related with the reduction in the inflammatory response intensity in the site of the lesion. These results are indicated by the limited amount of inflammatory cells observed in the histopathological analysis and corroborated by the reduced activity of the myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme activity in the injured skeletal muscle tissue that was treated with cryotherapy. Furthermore, the cryotherapy limited the mitochondrial changes in the injured skeletal muscle tissue since that decreased the reactive species formation and maintained the mitochondrial membrane functionality both after a contusion (Article 1) and after an acute event of I/R (Manuscript 1). This result was indicated by the reduced swelling and limited impairment in the membrane potential (Δψ) in mitochondria of the injured skeletal muscle, and by the maintenance of the antioxidant levels similar to the observed in mitochondria of non injured skeletal muscle. Finally, the results of this study indicate that an acute event of I/R could be considered as an important mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of a musculoskeletal disorder since that determined biochemical and morphological changes similar to the observed after a skeletal muscle contusion. / As lesões musculoesqueléticas estão entre as maiores causas de lesões observadas em indivíduos nas áreas de primeiros socorros, na saúde ocupacional e na medicina do esporte. Dentre estas, a contusão é descrita como uma lesão traumática direta que compromete o funcionamento do sistema musculoesquelético. Um evento agudo de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R), por sua vez, pode ser considerado como um dos fatores fundamentais envolvidos na fisiopatologia de uma lesão musculoesquelética. Dentre as principais estratégias empregadas no tratamento de uma lesão está a redução na temperatura dos tecidos com o objetivo terapêutico, mecanismo este definido como crioterapia. Apesar da eficácia clínica os mecanismos pelos quais a crioterapia exerce os seus efeitos terapêuticos são pouco elucidados. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da crioterapia no tratamento de uma contusão e de um evento agudo de I/R sanguínea no músculo gastrocnêmio de ratos. Desta forma, investigamos os efeitos da crioterapia sobre as alterações bioquímicas e morfológicas relacionadas a uma contusão (Artigo 1) e a um evento agudo de I/R (Manuscrito 1), bem como os mecanismos envolvidos na origem de seus efeitos terapêuticos. O tratamento com a crioterapia determinou uma redução significativa no dano oxidativo ao limitar a peroxidação lipídica e a formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), e também por limitar a perda da viabilidade celular no tecido muscular lesado após uma contusão (Artigo 1) e após um evento agudo de I/R (Manuscrito 1). Neste contexto, os níveis de antioxidantes nãoenzimáticos, tais como os níveis de tióis não-protéicos (-SH), e enzimáticos, tais como a enzima catalase (CAT), também foram mantidos semelhantes aos observados em músculos não lesados. O tratamento com a crioterapia foi efetivo em manter as atividades de enzima sensíveis ao estresse oxidativo, tais como a lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e as enzimas sódio/potássio (Na+/K+) e cálcio (Ca2+) ATPases, semelhantes as observadas nos tecidos não lesados tanto após uma contusão (Artigo 1), quanto após um evento agudo de I/R (Manuscrito 1). De acordo com as análises histopatológicas o tratamento com a crioterapia reduziu as alterações na estrutura morfológica e também a presença de células sanguíneas indicativas de processo hemorrágico ou inflamatório do tecido muscular lesado tanto após uma contusão (Artigo 1), quanto após um evento agudo de I/R (Manuscrito 1). Em geral os resultados observados neste estudo indicam que um importante mecanismo pelo qual a crioterapia exerce os seus efeitos terapêuticos está relacionado à redução na intensidade da resposta inflamatória no local da lesão. Este resultado foi indicado pela limitada quantidade de células inflamatórias observada nas análises histopatológicas e corroborado pela reduzida atividade da enzima mieloperoxidase (MPO) no tecido muscular lesado e submetido ao tratamento com a crioterapia. Além de reduzir a intensidade da resposta inflamatória, a crioterapia limitou as alterações mitocondriais no tecido muscular lesado ao diminuir a formação de espécies reativas e ao manter a funcionalidade da membrana mitocondrial tanto após uma contusão (Artigo 1), quanto após um evento agudo de I/R (Manuscrito 1). Este resultado foi indicado pelo reduzido inchaço e pelo limitado comprometimento no potencial de membrana mitocondrial (Δψ), além da manutenção dos níveis de antioxidante semelhantes aos observados em mitocôndrias de músculos não-lesados. Por fim, os resultados deste estudo indicam que um evento agudo de I/R pode ser considerado como um importante mecanismo envolvido na fisiopatologia de uma lesão musculoesquelética uma vez que determinou alterações bioquímicas e morfológicas semelhantes às observadas após uma contusão muscular.

Objetivo geral: estudar a síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica após a cirurgia cardíaca com circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e a sua relação com marcadores inflamatórios. Objetivos específicos: 1) avaliar a prevalência de síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SIRS), sepse e disfunção de múltiplos órgãos (DMO); 2) avaliar a relação da SIRS, sepse e DMO com certos biomarcadores; 3) avaliar a relação desses biomarcadores com mortalidade no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com CEC em crianças; 4) estudar a cinética do soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1), procalcitonina (PCT), proteína C reativa (PCR) neste grupo; 5) comparar os níveis séricos de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR entre pacientes sépticos e com SIRS. Desenho: estudo de coorte retrospectivo e prospectivo. Setting: unidade de terapia intensiva cardiológica (UTIC). Medidas: saturação venosa central de oxigênio, lactato arterial, glicose sérica, dosagem de troponina I, contagem total de leucócitos no sangue periférico, PCR, presença de SIRS, sepse e DMO foram avaliados nos cinco primeiros dias de pós-operatório na coorte retrospectiva. Na coorte prospectiva as amostras foram colhidas no préoperatório, na chegada à unidade de tratamento intensivo, no primeiro (1PO), segundo (2PO) e terceiro (3PO) dias de pós-operatório para dosagem específica de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR. Resultados: A coorte retrospectiva incluiu 121 pacientes com mediana de idade de 9 meses [IQ 4-75], de peso de 7Kg [IQ 4,3-14,7], de tempo de circulação extracorpórea de 56 minutos [IQ 43-81] e de clampeamento aórtico de 27 minutos [IQ15,2-51,7]. A mediana de tempo de internação em UTIC foi de 4 dias [IQ 2-8]. Os defeitos septais foram os mais frequentemente encontrados em 48% (58), seguidos de Tetralogia de Fallot. As taxas de mortalidade e de sepse neste grupo foram de 7,4% (9) e 27,7% (33) respectivamente. SIRS esteve presente em 50,8% (61) e DMO em 22,3% (27) na chegada da UTI. A presença de SIRS não infecciosa e DMO não relacionada à sepse foram mais frequentes em todos os dias de pósoperatório. O risco de mortalidade foi avaliado e sepse no 1PO teve o maior odds ratio (OR) = 31,71 (IC95: 2,6-393,8), seguido da presença de disfunção renal no 3PO, OR = 14,1 (IC95: 2,9 -66,6). A glicose sérica nas 6 horas de PO com OR = 2,4 (IC95: 1,03-5,7), a saturação venosa central de oxigênio do 1PO com OR = 12,2 ( IC95: 2,6-55,7) bem como o lactato arterial do 1PO com OR = 24,1 ( IC95: 4-112) mostraram-se com melhores poderes discriminativos para sepse, DMO e mortalidade respectivamente. Na coorte prospectiva foram incluídos 31 pacientes com medianas de idade de 11 meses [IQ 6-42], de peso de 8,1Kg [IQ 6-14], de tempo de CEC de 58 minutos [IQ 45-84], de clampeamento de 32 minutos [IQ 32-32] e de temperatura durante a CEC de 31ºC. A mediana de tempo de internação na UTI foi de 7 dias [IQ2-8]. Os defeitos septais foram os mais frequentes em 54,8% (17), seguidos da Tetralogia de Fallot. Ocorreram 6,5% (2) de óbitos e 12,7%(4) de sepse. A SIRS esteve presente em 45,8%(14) na chegada da UTIC. Observou-se elevação significativa dos níveis séricos de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR após a CEC. Os níveis medianos de sTREM-1 e da PCR estão acima dos níveis normais em todos os momentos avaliados, sendo a mediana do sTREM-1 de 143,6 pg/ml no préoperatório; de 96,9 pg/ml após a CEC; de 140,2 pg/ml após 24h da CEC; de 191,5 pg/ml após 48h (p < 0,05); e, de 193,3 pg/ml após 72h. Os níveis medianos de PCT estão acima dos normais somente no 3PO, considerando-se um ponto de corte de 0,5 ng/ml. Comparando-se os níveis medianos de PCR, PCT e sTREM-1 entre sépticos e não infectados não houve diferença significativa. Conclusões: Durante a primeira semana de pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca com CEC em crianças a presença de febre/hipotermia bem como de leucocitose está mais frequentemente relacionada à SIRS não infecciosa do que à sepse. Existe associação de mortalidade com sepse, síndrome de baixo débito e disfunção cardíaca, respiratória e renal tardias neste grupo. Os achados em relação à cinética da PCR e PCT confirmam os dados da literatura: diminuição dos níveis em 48h pós CEC. Os achados são originais em relação à cinética do sTREM-1. Não houve diferença nos niveis séricos de sTREM-1, PCT e PCR entre sépticos e não infectados, entretanto novos estudos são necessários devido à amostra pequena. / Main objective: To study the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) and its relationship with inflammatory markers. Secondary objectives: 1) To assess the prevalence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS); 2) to evaluate the relationship of systemic response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction with certain biomarkers, 3) to evaluate the relationship of these biomarkers with mortality after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), 4) to study the kinetics of sTREM-1, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) in this group 5) compare serum sTREM-11, PCT and CRP in patients with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Design: prospective and retrospective cohort. Setting: cardiac pediatric intensive care unit. Measurements: venous oxygen saturation (SvcO2), arterial lactate, glucose, troponin, total leukocyte count and C reactive protein, presence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were evaluated in the first 5 post-operative days. The samples of the prospective study were taken in the pre-operative period, on arrival in the intensive care unit, and on the first (POD1), second and third post-operative days for dosing CRP, PCT and sTREM-1. Main results: The retrospective cohort included 121 patients with a median age of 9 months [IQR: 4-75] ,median weight of 7Kg [IQR: 4.3-14.7] , median CPB time of 56 minutes [IQR:43-81], median clamping time of 27 minutes [IQR: 15.28-51.75]. The median ICU stay was 4 days [IQR:2-8]. Septal defects were the most frequent, reaching 48% (58), followed by Tetralogy of Fallot. Mortality and sepsis rate was 7.4% (9) and 27.7% (33) respectively. SIRS was present in 50.8% (61) and MODS in 22.3% (27) at the ICU arrival. The presences of non-infectious SIRS and of non-sepsis-related MODS were also more frequent throughout the postoperative days. Mmortality risk was assessed, and sepsis in the first postoperative day had the highest odds ratio (OR) = 31.71 [CI95: 6 to 393.8], followed by renal dysfunction on the third day, OR = 14.1 [CI95: 2.9 to 66.6]. The 6hPO glucose with OR = 2.4 [CI95: 1.03 to 5.7], the SvcO2 POD1 with OR = 12.2 [CI95: 2.6 to 55.7] and POD1 lactate with OR = 24.1 [CI95: 4-112] showed better discriminative power for sepsis, MODS and mortality respectively. The prospective cohort included 31 patients with a median age of 11 months [IQR: 6-42], median weight of 8.1Kg [IQR: 6-14], median CPB time of 58 minutes [IQR: 45-84], median clamping time of 31 minute [IQR: 21-50] and median temperature of 32°C during CPB [IQR: 32-32]. The median ICU stay was 7 days [IQR: 2- 9]. Septal defects were the most frequent, at 54.8% (17), followed by Tetralogy of Fallot. Mortality rate was 6.5% (2) and incidence of sepsis was 12.7% (4). Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was present in 45.8% (14) of cases upon arrival at the ICU. We observed significant elevation of serum sTREM-1, PCT and CRP after CPB. The median levels of sTREM-1 and CRP levels are above normal levels at all time points evaluated with a sTREM-1 median of 143.6 pg/ml preoperatively, of 96.9 pg / ml after CPB, of 140.2 pg/ml after 24 hours of CPB, of 191.5 pg/ml after 48 h (p < 0.05) and 193.3 pg/ml after 72 h. Median PCT levels are above normal only in 3PO, considering a cutoff of 0.5 ng/ml. Comparing the median serum levels of CRP, PCT and sTREM-1 between septic and uninfected no significant difference was found. Conclusions: During the first week post-cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in children the presence of fever / hypothermia and leukocytosis is more often related to non-infectious SIRS than sepsis. There is an association of mortality with sepsis, low output syndrome and cardiac dysfunction, and later renal and respiratory dysfunction in this group. The findings in relation to the kinetics of CRP and PCT confirm preview literature: decreased levels in 48 hours after CPB. The findings are unique compared to the kinetics of sTREM-1. There was no difference in serum levels of sTREM-1, PCT and CRP between septic and uninfected, however further studies are needed due to the small sample.