Los colaboradores son parte fundamental en el éxito de las organizaciones, por eso los líderes deben identificar cuál es el tipo de liderazgo adecuado para lograr los resultados que esperan en el desempeño organizacional. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido exponer diversas posturas sobre cómo impactan los estilos de liderazgo adoptados por el líder en el comportamiento del seguidor dentro de la organización, esto es, investigar cómo influyen los diferentes tipos de liderazgo en su comportamiento; cuya selección se llevó a cabo al observar la necesidad que tiene una organización de contar con el apoyo de sus colaboradores para lograr incrementar su rentabilidad y mantener su competitividad en el mercado. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de estudios donde se abordaron diversas corrientes de liderazgo, conceptos que se discutieron y evidenciaron que el estilo de liderazgo clásico y el liderazgo influyente pueden generar aspectos tanto negativos como positivos en el comportamiento del seguidor. Debido a que se han estudiado pocos estilos —lo que representó una limitación en este trabajo— se espera que esta investigación, desde el punto de vista práctico, ofrezca un marco de referencia que expone diversos tipos de liderazgo aplicables a las organizaciones y su efecto en el logro de los objetivos. / Los colaboradores son parte fundamental en el éxito de las organizaciones, por eso los líderes deben identificar cuál es el tipo de liderazgo adecuado para lograr los resultados que esperan en el desempeño organizacional. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido exponer diversas posturas sobre cómo impactan los estilos de liderazgo adoptados por el líder en el comportamiento del seguidor dentro de la organización, esto es, investigar cómo influyen los diferentes tipos de liderazgo en su comportamiento; cuya selección se llevó a cabo al observar la necesidad que tiene una organización de contar con el apoyo de sus colaboradores para lograr incrementar su rentabilidad y mantener su competitividad en el mercado. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de estudios donde se abordaron diversas corrientes de liderazgo, conceptos que se discutieron y evidenciaron que el estilo de liderazgo clásico y el liderazgo influyente pueden generar aspectos tanto negativos como positivos en el comportamiento del seguidor. Debido a que se han estudiado pocos estilos —lo que representó una limitación en este trabajo— se espera que esta investigación, desde el punto de vista práctico, ofrezca un marco de referencia que expone diversos tipos de liderazgo aplicables a las organizaciones y su efecto en el logro de los objetivos. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Dans certaines enquêtes auprès des entreprises, il n'est pas rare de s'intéresser à estimer le total ou la moyenne d'une variable qui, par sa nature, prend souvent une valeur nulle. En présence d'une grande proportion de valeurs nulles, les estimateurs usuels peuvent s'avérer inefficaces. Dans ce mémoire, nous étudions les propriétés des estimateurs habituels pour des populations exhibant une grande proportion de zéros. Dans un contexte d'une approche fondée sur le modèle, nous présentons des prédicteurs robustes à la présence de valeurs influentes pour ce type de populations. Finalement, nous effectuons des études par simulation afin d'évaluer la performance de divers estimateurs/prédicteurs en termes de biais et d'efficacité. / In business surveys, we are often interested in estimating population means or totals of variables which, by nature, will often take a value of zero. In the presence of a large proportion of zero-valued observations, the customary estimators may be unstable. In this thesis, we study the properties of commonly used estimators for populations exhibiting a large proportion of zero-valued observations. In a model-based framework, we present some robust predictors in the presence of influential units. Finally, we perform simulation studies to evaluate the performance of several estimators in terms of bias and efficiency.

Cette thèse s'intéresse particulièrement aux sites de vente en ligne et à leurs réseaux sociaux. La propension des utilisateurs utiliser ces sites Web tels qu'eBay et Amazon est de plus en plus importante en raison de leur fiabilité. Les consommateurs se réfèrent à ces sites Web pour leurs besoins et en deviennent clients. L'un des défis à relever est de fournir les informations utiles pour aider les clients dans leurs achats. Ainsi, une question sous-jacente à la thèse cherche à répondre est de savoir comment fournir une information complète aux clients afin de les aider dans leurs achats. C'est important pour les sites d'achats en ligne car cela satisfait les clients par ces informations utiles. Pour surmonter ce problème, trois études spécifiques ont été réalisées : (1) Trouver les utilisateurs influents, (2) Comprendre la propagation d'opinion et (3) Agréger les opinions. Dans la première partie, la thèse propose une méthodologie pour trouver les utilisateurs influents du réseau qui sont essentiels pour une propagation précise de l'opinion. Pour ce faire, les utilisateurs sont classés en fonction de deux scores : optimiste et pessimiste. Dans la deuxième partie, une nouvelle méthodologie de propagation de l'opinion est présentée pour parvenir à un accord et maintenir la cohérence entre les utilisateurs, ce qui rend l'agrégation possible. La propagation se fait en tenant compte des impacts des utilisateurs influents et des voisins. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, l'agrégation des avis est proposée pour rassembler les avis existants et les présenter comme des informations utiles pour les clients concernant chaque produit du site de vente en ligne. Pour ce faire, l'opérateur de calcul de la moyenne pondérée et les techniques floues sont utilisées. La thèse présente un modèle d'opinion consensuelle dans les réseaux. Les travaux peuvent s'appliquer à tout groupe qui a besoin de trouver un avis parmi les avis de ses membres. Par conséquent, le modèle proposé dans la thèse fournit un taux précis et approprié pour chaque produit des sites d'achat en ligne / Online Social Networks are increasing and piercing our lives such that almost every person in the world has a membership at least in one of them. Among famous social networks, there are online shopping websites such as Amazon, eBay and other ones which have members and the concepts of social networks apply to them. This thesis is particularly interested in the online shopping websites and their networks. According to the statistics, the attention of people to use these websites is growing due to their reliability. The consumers refer to these websites for their need (which could be a product, a place to stay, or home appliances) and become their customers. One of the challenging issues is providing useful information to help the customers in their shopping. Thus, an underlying question the thesis seeks to answer is how to provide comprehensive information to the customers in order to help them in their shopping. This is important for the online shopping websites as it satisfies the customers by this useful information and as a result increases their customers and the benefits of both sides. To overcome the problem, three specific connected studies are considered: (1) Finding the influential users, (2) Opinion Propagation and (3) Opinion Aggregation. In the first part, the thesis proposes a methodology to find the influential users in the network who are essential for an accurate opinion propagation. To do so, the users are ranked based on two scores namely optimist and pessimist. In the second part, a novel opinion propagation methodology is presented to reach an agreement and maintain the consistency among users which subsequently, makes the aggregation feasible. The propagation is conducted considering the impacts of the influential users and the neighbors. Ultimately, in the third part, the opinion aggregation is proposed to gather the existing opinions and present it as the valuable information to the customers regarding each product of the online shopping website. To this end, the weighted averaging operator and fuzzy techniques are used. The thesis presents a consensus opinion model in signed and unsigned networks. This solution can be applied to any group who needs to find a plenary opinion among the opinions of its members. Consequently, the proposed model in the thesis provides an accurate and appropriate rate for each product of the online shopping websites that gives precious information to their customers and helps them to have a better insight regarding the products.

[pt] O design de software é uma preocupação fundamental na revisão de código, por meio da qual os desenvolvedores discutem ativamente e melhoram cada mudança de software. No entanto, a revisão de código é uma tarefa colaborativa influenciada por aspectos técnicos e sociais. Consequentemente, esses aspectos podem desempenhar um papel fundamental em como o design de software se degrada. Eles podem contribuir para acelerar ou reverter a degradação do design durante o processo de revisão de cada mudança. No entanto, há pouco entendimento sobre: (i) o impacto da revisão do código e suas práticas na degradação do design ao longo do tempo; e (ii) em que medida os aspectos sociais e técnicos estão relacionados com a redução ou aumento da degradação do design. Abordamos essas limitações motivadas por dois objetivos. Nosso primeiro objetivo é fornecer uma caracterização de como as revisões de código modernas afetam a degradação do design durante a manutenção do software. Consideramos vários aspectos técnicos e sociais para estudar o impacto das revisões de código, utilizando técnicas de aprendizado de máquina. Nosso segundo objetivo é explorar o papel dos aspectos técnicos e sociais em distinguir e predizer mudanças de design (não) impactantes durante as revisões de código. Uma mudança de design é considerada impactante quando varia a densidade e a diversidade dos sintomas de degradação (ou seja, cheiros de código). Esses objetivos foram abordados em dois estudos empíricos. Nosso primeiro estudo relata uma caracterização do impacto das revisões de código na evolução dos sintomas de degradação ao longo de cada revisão de código. Também levamos em consideração quando havia um objetivo explícito ou discussões sobre design de software. Nosso segundo estudo relata uma análise dos aspectos técnicos e sociais que influenciam as mudanças ao longo de todas as revisões em uma única revisão de código. Então, pudemos observar o papel dos aspectos sociais em distinguir e predizer mudanças impactantes no design. Nossos resultados mostram que a maioria das revisões de código tem pouco ou nenhum impacto na degradação, mesmo com discussões explícitas de design. Longas discussões e uma alta taxa de discordância dos revisores aumentam o risco de degradação. Os aspectos sociais e técnicos são capazes de distinguir mudanças de design (não) impactantes. Em resumo, nossos resultados nos forneceram uma melhor compreensão dos aspectos influentes que nos ajudam a derivar diretrizes para mitigar a degradação durante as revisões de código. Nossos resultados também fornecem insights para projetar novas ferramentas de revisão de código, também capazes de alertar os desenvolvedores com antecedência sobre o impacto prejudicial do design ao longo das revisões de código. / [en] Software design is a key concern in code review through which developers actively discuss and improve each software change. Nevertheless, code review is a collaborative task influenced by technical and social aspects. Consequently, these aspects can play a key role in how software design degrades. They can contribute to accelerating or reversing design degradation during the process of each single change s review. However, there is little understanding about: (i) the impact of code review and their practices on design degradation over time; and (ii) to what extent social and technical aspects are related to the reduction or increase of design degradation.We addressed these limitations driven by two goals. Our first goal is to provide a characterization of how modern code reviews impact design degradation during software maintenance. We consider various technical and socials aspects to study the code reviews impact. Our second goal is to explore the role of technical and social aspects in distinguishing and predicting (un)impactful design changes during code reviews, using machine learning techniques. A design change is considered impactful when it varies the density and diversity of degradation symptoms (i.e., code smells). These goals were addressed with two empirical studies. Our first study reports a characterization of the impact of code reviews on the evolution of degradation symptoms along each code review. We also took into consideration when there was an explicit goal or discussions around software design. Our second study reports an analysis of technical and social aspects influencing changes along all the revisions within a single code review. Then, we could observe the role of social aspects in distinguishing and predicting design impactful changes. Our results show that the majority of code reviews have little or no impact on degradation, even with explicit design discussions. Long discussions and a high rate of reviewers disagreement increase the risk of degradation. Both social and technical aspects are able to distinguish design (un)impactful changes. In summary, our results provided us with a better understanding of influential aspects that help us in deriving guidelines to mitigate degradation during code reviews. Our results also provide insights to design a new code review tool salso able to warn developers early about the harmful design impact along code reviews.

L’engouement contemporain pour l’approche éducative instaurée par Maria Montessori est indéniable, tant dans les réseaux professionnels qu’au sein de la communauté scientifique, et ce, à travers le monde. La longévité de cette approche, sa large diffusion internationale et le fait qu’elle concerne désormais tant les soins aux bambin·es que le maintien de l’autonomie des personnes âgées en font un phénomène digne d’intérêt, comme en témoignent les nombreux ouvrages et articles scientifiques qui lui ont été dédiés au cours des dernières décennies. Une revue systématique du corpus scientifique relatif aux effets de l’approche Montessori sur les apprenant·es de différents ordres d’enseignement démontre que les études menées à ce jour obtiennent presque exclusivement des résultats favorables au groupe expérimental montessorien ou équivalents entre les groupes comparés, et ce, pour de nombreuses compétences. Cela dit, dans ce corpus prometteur, mais encore exploratoire, des limites méthodologiques importantes minent la validité et la fiabilité des résultats des études, comme le manque d’évaluation de la fidélité de l’implantation de l’approche Montessori dans les milieux scolaires desquels sont tirés les échantillons. En effet, le nom « Montessori » n’étant pas légalement protégé, toute école peut l’adopter, peu importe ses pratiques pédagogiques. La présente étude vise à dépasser ce problème de recherche. Ses objectifs sont les suivants : 1) déterminer les composantes essentielles du volet primaire (6 à 12 ans) du curriculum Montessori (VPCM), en portant une attention particulière à la façon dont les thèmes de l’éducation pour la paix et de la justice sociale y sont intégrés; 2) déterminer les facteurs contextuels influant sur la mise en œuvre du VPCM en milieu scolaire; 3) élaborer un modèle logique détaillé exposant les composantes essentielles du VPCM ainsi que les facteurs contextuels influant sur sa mise en œuvre. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, une étude de cas descriptive qui s’inscrit dans le courant de l’évaluation basée sur la théorie, associé à l’épistémologie du réalisme critique, a été réalisée. La collecte de données a consisté, d’une part, en l’observation participante d’une formation initiale des enseignant·es au VPCM accréditée par l’Association Montessori Internationale. D’autre part, des entretiens semi-dirigés portant sur les thèmes de l’éducation pour la paix et de la justice sociale ont été menés auprès de neuf formateur·rices et enseignant·es montessorien·nes. Enfin, un questionnaire en ligne relatif aux facteurs contextuels influant sur la mise en œuvre du VPCM a été rempli par 74 formateur·rices et enseignant·es certifié·es par l’AMI. Les résultats de recherche prennent la forme d’un texte descriptif exposant les composantes essentielles du VPCM en détail, suivi d’une synthèse des résultats relatifs aux composantes essentielles et aux facteurs contextuels influents, ainsi que d’une proposition de modèle logique du VPCM, qui constitue la représentation schématique et l’opérationnalisation des résultats de cette étude. Le tout pourra constituer les fondements de l’élaboration d’instruments pour l’évaluation de la fidélité de l’implantation du VPCM en milieu scolaire. Ainsi, cette étude contribue à dépasser la limite méthodologique majeure du corpus d’études menées sur les effets du curriculum Montessori que représente le manque d’évaluation de la fidélité de son implantation. / The contemporary enthusiasm for the educational approach introduced by Maria Montessori is undeniable, both in professional networks and within the scientific community, throughout the world. The longevity of this approach, its wide international diffusion, and the fact that it now concerns the care of toddlers as much as the maintenance of the autonomy of the elderly make it a phenomenon worthy of interest, as evidenced by the numerous scientific books and articles which have been dedicated to it over the past few decades. A systematic review of the scientific corpus relating to the effects of the Montessori approach on learners at different levels of education shows that the studies carried out to date almost exclusively obtain favourable results for the Montessori experimental group or equivalent results between the groups compared, and this, for many skills. That being said, in this promising but still exploratory corpus, significant methodological limitations undermine the validity and reliability of the results of the studies, such as the lack of evaluation of the fidelity of implementation of the Montessori approach in the schools where samples are drawn. Indeed, the name “Montessori” not being legally protected, any school can adopt it, regardless of its pedagogical practices. This study aims to overcome this research problem. Its objectives are as follows: 1) to determine the essential components of the elementary section (6 to 12 years) of the Montessori curriculum (ESMC), paying particular attention to the way the themes of education for peace and social justice are integrated into it; 2) to determine the contextual factors influencing the implementation of ESMC in schools; 3) to develop a detailed logic model outlining the essential components of the ESMC as well as the contextual factors influencing its implementation. To meet these objectives, a descriptive case study in line with the current of theory-based evaluation, associated with the epistemology of critical realism, was conducted. The data collection consisted, on the one hand, of participant observation of an initial teacher training in the ESMC accredited by the Association Montessori Internationale. On the other hand, semi-directed interviews related to education for peace and social justice were conducted with nine Montessori trainers and teachers. Finally, an online questionnaire on contextual factors influencing the implementation of ESMC was completed by 74 AMI-certified trainers and teachers. The results take the form of a descriptive text exposing the essential components of the ESMC in detail, followed by a summary of the results relating to the essential components and the influential contextual factors, and a proposition of a logic model of the ESMC, which constitutes the schematic representation and the operationalization of the results of this study. All of this could constitute the foundations for the development of evaluation instruments of the ESMC’s fidelity of implementation in schools. This study thus contributes to overcoming the major methodological limit of the corpus of studies carried out on the effects of the Montessori curriculum, which is the lack of evaluation of its fidelity of implementation.

The aim of the study was to investigate the changing role of the secondary school principal in building sustainable communities. It is supposed that communities that are not sustainable affect secondary schools. The focus is on how the secondary school principal should go about building, sustaining and uplifting the school community. The direct and indirect involvement of secondary school principals in community issues, could contribute to sustainability within the community, which gradually becomes a reality. The task of the secondary school principal is realised through the results of effective educative teaching and learning practices. Through literature study it was found that the role of the secondary school principal in enhancing sustainable communities would contribute to the upliftment of communities. The qualitative approach was successful in obtaining information about how the changing role of the secondary school principal in building sustainable communities is viewed. Recommendations were made concerning research findings for stakeholders and officials to note. / Educational Studies / M.Ed(Education Management))

The aim of the study was to investigate the changing role of the secondary school principal in building sustainable communities. It is supposed that communities that are not sustainable affect secondary schools. The focus is on how the secondary school principal should go about building, sustaining and uplifting the school community. The direct and indirect involvement of secondary school principals in community issues, could contribute to sustainability within the community, which gradually becomes a reality. The task of the secondary school principal is realised through the results of effective educative teaching and learning practices. Through literature study it was found that the role of the secondary school principal in enhancing sustainable communities would contribute to the upliftment of communities. The qualitative approach was successful in obtaining information about how the changing role of the secondary school principal in building sustainable communities is viewed. Recommendations were made concerning research findings for stakeholders and officials to note. / Educational Studies / M.Ed(Education Management))

MGS / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / Political participation has more to do with various procedures than voting only. The United Nations (2015) argues that politics has to do with freedom of speech, working together without gender biasness, capacity to take part in the public sphere, ability to be registered as a political contender and campaign, be voted and be able to hold office at all stages of government leadership. Therefore, world-over men and women should be equal in order to participate in all areas of decision making in party-politics. Unfortunately, this has not been easy for women as there have been several barriers to their participation. This is because gender equality has been implemented on paper than in practice. This is due to the fact that many people have been socialised to believe that men are more powerful than women. This practice is deeply engraved into the social systems extending to the economic and political spheres leading to women being regarded powerless and unable to take up decision making or influential political positions in many nations. The gender biasness becomes even more apparent in political parties, women are often appointed to positions relating to administration and nurturing roles as compared to the strategic positions. Women continue to be marginalized as men still continue to be regarded as the custodians of leadership positions this study aims to examine the political disparities between men and women as they determine who should be nominated and elected leading to many women being disregarded. Qualitative approach was used for data collection using semi-structured interviews.Data was then analysed using the thematic analysis to draw themes from the research as well as participants’ responses. Non-probability sampling was used to choose participants of the study using the purposive or judgmental sampling. Moreover, a gender audit was made with regards to gender representation in the Vhembe District political arena. Information for the audit was acquired through the help of key informants. Findings of the research observed that in the Vhembe District, besides the existing barriers against women’s ascendency to positions of political power, women have been finding a way up to influential political positions, even though many are still concentrated at the very low positions as councillors. Hence, besides the unprecedented number of women politicians, equal gender relations have not been achieved in the district. Furthermore, the findings indicated that, political people in the district are less aware of gender policies as well as government efforts aimed at doing away with gender inequalities in the sector. In this regard, this research is a significant instrument in highlighting the disparities that exist between men and women which disadvantage mainly women by holding them back from accessing equal influential political positions.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las redes sociales han provocado un gran cambio en la manera en la que los eventos deportivos son consumidos en la actualidad, ya que consiguen generar una conversación y ser aglutinadores de un seguimiento que en muchos casos era impensable a través de los medios tradicionales. Tanto para los grandes eventos y los deportes de masas, pero muy especialmente para los deportes minoritarios, también llamados de nicho, todas las acciones en medios digitales cobran gran importancia. En este contexto de medios sociales en el deporte, la red social Twitter genera grandes debates y se posiciona como líder de la conversación en torno a los diferentes temas de actualidad deportivos o para el seguimiento de temas deportivos más específicos. El dinamismo de Twitter se basa en la participación individual, propiciando que diferentes usuarios conduzcan la conversación social gracias a su capacidad de influir. Por ello identificar tanto las dimensiones y variables, como los usuarios con mayor capacidad de generar influencia en esta red social se considera de gran importancia. En nuestra tesis, utilizando de manera combinada dos metodologías como el SNA y el AHP se propone una medida de la influencia en Twitter basada en variables obtenidas de la propia plataforma de Twitter (número de tweets, número de retweets y número de seguidores) y otras calculadas a partir del Análisis de Redes Sociales (outdegree, indegree y PageRank). Para componer este índice se utilizó el Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica, y se analizaron dos ediciones de un evento deportivo de un deporte de nicho: el ciclismo en Pista. Analizando la conversación generada en torno al mundial de Londres 2016 bajo el hashtag oficial #TWC2016, y el mundial de Paises Bajos de 2018 con el hashtag de la ciudad organizadora #Apeldoorn2018 , se constató que la dimensión autoridad formada por las variables número de retweets y pagerank era la que mayor ponderación obtuvo, un 62%, frente a la popularidad con un 29% y la actividad con un 8,4%. Además se consiguió identificar a los usuarios más influyentes de cada uno de los eventos, concluyendo que las cuentas con mayor influencia en Twitter eran las relacionadas con los deportistas participantes y organización del evento. En los eventos se pudo comprobar la importancia de la participación de los organizadores en la conversación generada, ya que en el evento de Londres, donde el perfil organizador fue uno de los más influyentes fueron más de 55.000 los tweets registrados, frente a los 19.000 de Apeldoorn, donde el organizador ocupó posiciones muy inferiores en este ranking de la influencia. Nuestra investigación adquiere gran importancia en esta área de los deportes de nicho, ya que puede resultar de gran interés para el estudio de la dependencia y origen cultural y geográfico de los deportes de nicho, y cómo posibles organizaciones pueden identificar las cuentas más influyentes que pueden redundar positivamente en la generación de menciones y beneficios para posibles patrocinadores. De hecho en nuestra tesis se refleja la creación de diferentes clusters geográficos en torno a los deportistas de un mismo país, y la importancia de determinados perfiles para ampliar el tamaño de estos grupos. / [CA] Les xarxes socials han provocat un gran canvi en la manera com els esdeveniments esportius són consumits actualment, ja que aconsegueixen generar una conversa i ser aglutinadors d'un seguiment que en molts casos era impensable a través dels mitjans tradicionals. Tant per als grans esdeveniments i els esports de masses, però molt especialment per als esports minoritaris, també anomenats de nínxol, totes les accions en mitjans digitals cobren gran importància. En aquest context de mitjans socials a l'esport, la xarxa social Twitter genera grans debats i es posiciona com a líder de la conversa al voltant dels diferents temes d'actualitat esportius o per al seguiment de temes esportius més específics. El dinamisme de Twitter es basa en la participació individual, i propicia que diferents usuaris condueixin la conversa social gràcies a la seva capacitat d'influir. Per això identificar tant les dimensions i les variables com els usuaris amb més capacitat de generar influència en aquesta xarxa social es considera de gran importància. A la nostra tesi, utilitzant de manera combinada dues metodologies com el SNA i l'AHP es proposa una mesura de la influència a Twitter basada en variables obtingudes de la pròpia plataforma de Twitter (nombre de tweets, nombre de retweets i nombre de seguidors) i altres calculades a partir de l'Anàlisi de Xarxes Socials (outdegree, indegree i PageRank). Per compondre aquest índex es va fer servir el AHP i es van analitzar dues edicions d'un esdeveniment esportiu d'un esport de nínxol: el ciclisme de Pista. Analitzant la conversa generada al voltant del mundial de Londres 2016 sota el hashtag oficial #TWC2016, i el mundial de Països Baixos de 2018 amb el hashtag de la ciutat organitzadora #Apeldoorn2018 , es va constatar que la dimensió autoritat formada per les variables nombre de retweets i pagerank era la que més ponderació va obtener, amb un 62%, davant de la popularitat amb 29% i l'activitat amb el 8,4%. A més es va aconseguir identificar els usuaris més influents de cadascun dels esdeveniments, concloent que els comptes amb més influència a Twitter eren aquells relacionats amb els esportistes participants i l'organització de l'esdeveniment. En aquests esdeveniments es va poder comprovar la importància de la participació dels organitzadors en la conversa generada, només a l'esdeveniment de Londres, on el perfil de l'organitzador va ser un dels més influents, es van registrar més de 55.000 tuits, davant dels 19.000 de Apeldoorn , on l'organitzador va ocupar un lloc molt més baix en aquest rànquing de l' influència La nostra recerca adquireix gran importància en aquesta àrea dels esports de nínxol, ja que pot resultar de gran interès per a l'estudi de la dependència i l'origen cultural i geogràfic dels esports de nínxol, i com possibles organitzacions poden identificar els comptes més influents que poden redundar positivament en la generació de mencions i beneficis per a possibles patrocinadors. De fet, la nostra tesi reflecteix la creació de diferents clústers geogràfics al voltant d'esportistes d'un mateix país, i la importància d'alguns perfils per ampliar aquests grups. / [EN] Social networks have caused a great change in the way sporting events are currently consumed. They generate a conversation that in many cases was unthinkable through traditional media. Both for major events and mass sports, but especially for minority sports, also called niche sports, every action in digital media are very important. In this context of social media in sports, the social network Twitter generates great debates and positions itself as the leader of the conversation around the different current sports topics or for the monitoring of more specific sports topics. Twitter's dynamism is based on individual participation, allowing different users to lead the social conversation thanks to their ability to influence. Therefore, identifying both the dimensions and variables, as well as the users with the greatest ability to generate influence in this social network, is considered of great importance. In our thesis, using in a combined way two methodologies such as the SNA and the AHP, a measure of the influence on Twitter is proposed based on variables obtained from the Twitter platform (number of tweets, number of retweets and number of followers) and others calculated from the Social Network Analysis (outdegree, indegree and PageRank). To compose this index, the Analytical Hierarchy Process was used, and two editions of a sporting event of a niche sport were analyzed: Track cycling. Analyzing the conversation generated around the 2016 London World Championship under the official hashtag #TWC2016, and the 2018 Netherlands World Championship with the organizing city's hashtag #Apeldoorn2018 , it was found that the authority dimension formed by the variables number of retweets and pagerank was the one that obtained the highest weight, 62%, compared to popularity with 29% and activity with 8.4%. In addition, it was possible to identify the most influential users of each event, concluding that the accounts with the greatest influence on Twitter were those related to the participating athletes and the organization of the event. In these events, verifying the importance of the participation of the organizers in the generated conversation, was possible, just in the London event, where the organizer profile was one of the most influential, more than 55,000 tweets were registered, compared to 19,000 of Apeldoorn, where the organizer ranked much lower in this ranking of influence. Our research acquires great importance in this area of niche sports, since it can be of great interest for the study of the dependency and cultural and geographical origin of niche sports, and how potential organizations can identify the most influential accounts that can positively result in the generation of mentions and benefits for potential sponsors. In fact, our thesis reflects the creation of different geographical clusters around athletes from the same country, and the importance of some profiles to expand the size of these groups. / Lamirán Palomares, JM. (2022). La influencia en redes sociales durante los eventos deportivos: "Los casos de Twitter en los Mundiales de Ciclismo en Pista de Londres (Reino Unido) 2016, y Apeldoorn (Países Bajos) 2018" [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/190811 / Compendio