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Om missgynnade och underordnade kvinnor i strikta klassificeringssystem ska förändra sin position krävs socialt deltagande och kollektiv handling, men hur? Flertalet Aymarakvinnor har upplevt att ”kapacitetslärande” åtgärder har varit framgångsrika, men till vilken nivå? Att vara del av samhälles fattigaste befolkning betyder ett liv under en mångfald sociala orättvisor. I den här uppsatsen argumenterar jag för att kapacitetslärande är ett potentiellt verktyg för social förändring. Detta gör jag genom att hänvisa till den informella utbildningen och det symboliska kapital som åtgärden omfattar, sett ur ett makt- och självbestämmande-perspektiv. Genom att förmedla de förhållanden som Aymarakvinnorna lever under, och med hjälp av intersektionalitetsteorin presenterar jag några av de faktorer som försvårar dessa att nå en radikal social förändring. Likväl är ursprungskvinnornas sociala påverkan och aktivism central i kampen för rättvisa. / If deprived and subordinate women in rigorous systems of stratification are to change their position, social agency and collective activism is needed, but how? Several Bolivian Aymara women have experienced processes of “capacity-building” to be a successful measurement, but to what extent? Being part of the poorest sectors of society implies being dominated by a diverse spectrum of social injustices. In this paper I argue that capacity-building may be a potential tool for social change. I will show this by referring to the informal education and the “symbolic capital” this embraces, seen from an empowerment perspective. By illustrating the conditions under which the Aymara women live, I will, with the help of intersectionality theory present some of the factors which impede them to bring about a radical social change. Nevertheless, the indigenous women’s agency and activism are crucial for the achievement of social justice.

Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti neformaliojo ugdymo pedagogų profesinių kompetencijų raišką procese. Darbe iškeltas tikslas konkretizuojamas su šiais uždaviniais: atskleistos ir apibūdintos neformaliojo ugdymo institucijų pedagogų kompetencijų raiškos teorinės prielaidos, įvardintos ir išanalizuotos devynios neformaliojo ugdymo pedagogų kompetencijos:pedagoginis išprusimas, veiklos prognozavimas ir planavimas, ugdymo proceso organizavimas, pedagoginis bendravimas ir bendradarbiavimas, kūrybinė, asmeninė, edukacinė, socialinė ir profesinė. Remiantis Vyriausybės nutarimais, aptartos visos svarbiausios su nagrinėjama tema susijusios sąvokos, vadovaujantis švietimo sistemos lygių galimybių, kontekstualumo, veiksmingumo, tęstinumo principais, švietimo tikslais ir uždaviniais. Pagal iš anksto susidarytą tyrimų programą buvo atliktas diagnostinis tyrimas, įgyvendinti iškelti tyrimo programoje tikslas ir uždaviniai, sudaryti klausimynas, aprašai. Apklausti šimtas dvylika Vilniaus vaikų ir jaunimo klubų ir moksleivių namų pedagogų ir dvylika vadovų. Diagnostinio tyrimo duomenys atskleidė, kad daugelis neformaliojo ugdymo įstaigų pedagogų didelį dėmesį skiria kompetencijų plėtotei ir tobulinimui. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad siekiant švietimo kokybės geresnių rezultatų, tobulinant veiklos planavimo, ugdymo proceso organizavimo, pedagoginio bendravimo ir bendradarbiavimo kompetencijas, pedagogams derėtų dažniau derinti savo veiklą su tėvais, kolegomis, ugdymo institucija, mokėti ir gebėti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the Thesis, the set object is concretized through the following tasks: the theoretical preconditions for the expression of competences of pedagogues of informal education institutions are disclosed and defined, nine competences of informal education pedagogues, such as pedagogical sophistication, prognostication and planning of the activities, organizing of the educational process, pedagogical communication and cooperation, creative, educational, social and professional competence, were identified and analyzed. On the base of decisions of the Government, all key concepts related to the subject under discussion were discussed upon, following the principles of equal opportunities, contextualises, efficiency and succession of the system of education as well as the objects and tasks of education. According to the previously developed programme of the investigation, the diagnostic investigation was carried out, the object and the tasks set in the programme were implemented, a questionnaire and descriptions were developed. One hundred and twelve pedagogues and twelve heads of Vilnius children and youth clubs and schoolchildren centers were interviewed. The data of the diagnostic investigation disclosed that a majority of pedagogues of informal education institutions pays a great attention to extension and improvement of their competences. The results of the investigation show that pedagogues should more frequently coordinate their activities with parents of the children as well... [to full text]

La ricerca approfondisce il contributo pedagogico degli Oratori alla formulazione di un concetto di cittadinanza planetaria. Gli oratori, istituzioni religiose italiane e contesti di formazione ed educazione rivolti alle giovani generazioni, stanno attualmente affrontando un’inedita sfida multiculturale: la crescente presenza di minori di origine straniera interpella questi dispositivi nella loro capacità di accoglienza, integrazione e accompagnamento dei giovani nello sviluppo di un senso di convivenza e cittadinanza in prospettiva planetaria, volto al rispetto e alla valorizzazione delle diversità nella costruzione di un bene comune condiviso. Attraverso l’utilizzo di strumenti di indagine quantitativa e qualitativa (interviste ai responsabili, focus group con adolescenti, indicatori di valutazione) e le attuali riflessioni sul tema dell’interculturalità e della cittadinanza planetaria, la ricerca approfondisce le potenzialità dell’educazione informale che prende forma nelle trame delle esperienze, degli apprendimenti e dei contesti quotidiani. / The research focuses on the pedagogical contribution of Oratories to formulate a global citizenship concept. Oratories, peculiar Italian religious institutions and educational contexts, are now involved in a multicultural challenge: the increasing participation of minors of foreign origins stimulates Oratories, as educational “devices”, to improve their capacity of reception and integration. Moreover, Oratories can educate minors creating a sense of living together and the concept of citizenship in global perspective, which aim should be the construction of a shared common good through the respect and valorization of human diversity. According to the current development on the intercultural and global citizenship and using quantitative and qualitative research methods (interviews with educators, focuses groups with teenagers, evaluation indicators), the research focuses on the role of informal education in a integral human development, through the social dimensions and everyday relationships, learning and experiences.

Keičiantis visuomenei, keičiasi ir mokykla, taip pat ir pedagogai, kurie rengia jaunąją kartą gyvenimui. Nuo dabartinių vaikų priklauso ne tik jų pačių, bet ir mūsų ateitis. Formuojat naujos mokyklos įvaizdį, jos vadovams iškyla būtinybė skatinti pedagogus įgyti ne tik profesinių, bet ir vadybos žinių bei įgūdžių.Ir tai gali būti laikoma viena svarbesnių ugdymo proceso modernizavimo ir optimizavimo prielaidų. Norint apsaugoti ugdytinius, juos išauklėti dorais žmonėmis ir ištikimais piliečiais mokytojas turi nuolat mokytis, tobulinti profesinę kvalifikaciją. Darbo tikslas ištirti pedagogų požiūrį į mokymasi visą gyvenimą galimybes sociologiniu aspektu.Tyrimo metu pasitvirtino abi iškeltos hipotezės, t.y.Lietuvoje nėra vieningos motyvuotos sisteminės metodikos, kuri kryptingai užtikrintų pedagogų norą mokytis visą gyvenimą ir tobulėti; mokymasis visą gyvenimą neatsiejamas su asmenybės saviraiškos saviugdos bei perspektyvesnėmis karjeros galimybėmis bei švietimo darbuotojų mokymasis, kvalifikacijos kėlimas yra prioritetiniai sistemos funkcionavimo veiksniai užtikrinantys tikslų bei kokybiškų resultatų efektyvumą.Išanalizavus ir apibendrinus respondentų atsakymus į klausimus, galima teigti, jog iš vadovų patirties pedagogai tobulinant kvalifikaciją susiduria su įvairiais sunkumais:metodų parinkimas seminarų metu,laikas,vieta,dokumentacijų gausa,finansavimas, motyvacija . / Changing society, changing school, including teachers, who are preparing the young for life. Since children today depends not only on their own, but also our future. In shaping the image of the new school, its leaders seem necessary to encourage teachers to acquire not only professional, but also the management of knowledge and skills. And it may be regarded as one of the more important of the educational process of modernization and optimization possibilities. To protect personnel, to educate people honest and loyal citizens, teachers must continually learn, improve their professional qualifications. Aim - To investigate the sociological aspect of teachers attitudes to lifelong learning opportunities for Lithuania. The study confirmed both hypotheses set in the beginning, that Lithuanian schools is not a single substantiated in a systematic methodology that focused teachers willingness to provide lifelong learning and improvement, lifelong learning is integral to personal freedom and self career opportunities and education staff learning and qualifications are the priority system element for ensuring the objectives of quality and performance efficiency. The analysis and synthesis of survey responses to questions, it appears that the leaders of the experience of educators to improve the qualifications are facing various difficulties: the use of selection workshops, time, location of the documentation is abundant, funding, motivation.

Darbo objektas: Kūno kultūros mokytojų požiūris į neformalųjį fizinį ugdymą mokykloje. Tikslas: Nustatyti kūno kultūros mokytojų požiūrį į neformalųjį fizinį ugdymą Kauno rajono mokyklose. Tyrimo uždaviniai : 1. Nustatyti mokinių dalyvavimo sportinės krypties neformaliame ugdyme mastą ir pobūdį mokytojų požiūriu. 2. Išsiaiškinti mokinių dalyvavimo ir nedalyvavimo sportinės krypties neformaliame ugdyme priežastis mokytojų požiūriu. 3. Nustatyti sporto renginių organizavimo ypatumus mokytojų požiūriu. Tyrimo metodai: • Mokslinės literatūros analizė. • Anketinė apklausa. • Statistinių duomenų aprašomoji analizė Išvados: 1. Daugiausiai organizuojami 5-8 kl. krepšinio ir kvadrato neformalaus ugdymo būreliai, 9-12 kl. – krepšinio. Populiariausi sportinės krypties neformalaus ugdymo bureliai tarp vaikinų – krepšinis, o tarp merginų – aerobika. Daugiausiai mokinių lanko krepšinio neformalaus ugdymo būrelių. 2. Nustatėme, kad sportinės krypties neformalaus ugdymo būrelių nelankymo priežastys yra mokinių silpna motyvacija. Mokytojai skatina mokinių dalyvavimą sportinės krypties neformalaus ugdymo būrelyje įteikdami pagyrimo raštą. 3. Mokyklose dažniausiai organizuojamas sporto renginys – varžybos. Dažniausiai organizuojamos varžybos – krepšinio, konkursai – „Geriausi mokyklos sportininkai“, sporto šventės – Šokio sporto šventė, turnyrai – „Vasaris - mano sveikatos mėnuo“. Mokyklos sporto renginius dažniausiai organizuoja mokytojai, o dalyvauja mokytojai ir mokiniai. / Object: Physical education teachers' approach to non-formal school physical education. Aim: Set of physical education teachers' attitudes towards non-formal physical education Kaunas district schools. Objectives: 1. Set the direction of athletic participation of students in informal education scope and nature of the teachers' point of view. 2. Ascertain students 'participation and non-participation in sports cause the direction of non-formal education teachers' attitudes. 3. Set of sport events in terms of the specific organization of teachers. Methods: • Scientific literature analysis. • Questionnaire interview. • Statistical data descriptive analysis. Conclusions: 1. Most organized Grades 5-8 . basketball and informal education squared circles , 9-12 grade . - The basketball . The most popular sports trend of informal education groups among boys basketball - and the girls - aerobics. Most students attending informal education basketball circles . 2. We found that the trend of sporting informal education circles reasons for non-attendance of pupils is weak motivation. Teachers encourage students' participation in sports circle direction of informal education by presenting to them a letter of commendation . 3. In schools usually organized sporting event - the race . Mostly organized race - basketball competitions - best school athletes , sports festival - a celebration of dance sports , tournaments – „ February - the month of my health“. Schools sporting events are usually... [to full text]

Planetários e observatórios oferecem a possibilidade de desenvolver um ensino contextualizado de Astronomia, permitindo a realização de atividades educativas que proporcionam acesso a uma ciência escolar mais autêntica. Com isso em vista, esta pesquisa consistiu no desenvolvimento, aplicação e análise de minicursos sobre o Sol, para o ensino fundamental e física solar, para o ensino médio em um espaço não formal de educação, o Observatório Astronômico do CDCC/USP. Tópicos como a composição química, temperatura e evolução estelar foram ensinados a partir de experimentos clássicos em uma sala totalmente dedicada ao Sol, a Sala Solar com equipamentos de baixo custo. Os cursos enfatizaram atividades práticas, observacionais e questionadoras, como discussões sobre a natureza do Sol, manchas solares e proeminências, estimativas da temperatura da fotosfera, observaçã do espectro solar na região do visível e identicação das linhas de absorção entendendo como são produzidas e que tipo de informações podem ser extraídas a partir delas. O objetivo do curso do ensino fundamental foi mostrar que o Sol e um astro dinâmico e que influencia a Terra de diversas maneiras, além de contextualizar o conteúudo ensinado com atividades práticas. O objetivo do curso do ensino médio foi compreender o papel chave desempenhado pela espectroscopia na astrofísica e permitir abordagens interdisciplinares incluíndo física moderna e química no ensino de Astronomia. A metodologia de pesquisa consistiu de uma abordagem qualitativa com a realização de questionários escritos, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e lmagens. Antes dos cursos, muitos alunos concebiam o Sol como sendo uma esfera quente de fogo, as manchas solares como sendo buracos no Sol e as proeminências como magma expelido por vulcões. Após a realizaçã dos cursos os alunos apresentaram ideias sobre o Sol e aspectos de física solar mais próximas das aceitas hoje em dia pela comunidade cientca. Esta pesquisa não ficou restrita aos ganhos cognitivos dos alunos após a realização dos minicursos, pois considerou a interação de diferentes contextos responsáveis pela aprendizagem em museus de ciências. Isso foi possível pelo referencial teórico adotado: o Modelo Contextual de Aprendizagem de Falk e Dierking. Trabalhar conteudos astronômicos de forma interdisciplinar e ao mesmo tempo de maneira ativa e questionadora traz alguns desafios para as equipes de instituições como o Observatório. As atividades elaboradas nos centros de ciências devem ter como principal objetivo despertar o interesse do aprendiz pela ciência, mas também destacamos a necessidade da oferta de minicursos para voluntários, pois a linguagem, conteúdos e metodologias em atividades mais longas podem facilitar abordagens interdisciplinares e integradoras da Astronomia com outras áreas do conhecimento científico pouco exploradas nas salas de aula. Isso pode ocorrer quando o projeto pedagógico da escola é construído coletivamente, envolvendo museus de ciências, professores, escola e alunos buscando conciliar propostas de um ensino de ciências que considere o contexto fora da escola e que ao mesmo tempo tenha relação com o que o aluno está estudando em sala de aula. / Observatories and planetariums offer the possibility of developing contextualized astronomy teaching by fostering educational activities that provide access to a more authentic school science. Thus, this research consisted in developing, applying and evaluating courses about the Sun for middle, junior high school students and solar physics for high school students in an informal educational space, the CDCC/USP Astronomical Observatory. Topics of chemical composition, temperature and stellar evolution were taught in a room totally dedicated to the study of the Sun, a Solar Room, designed with simple and inexpensive equipment. The course strongly emphasized practical, observational and inquirybased activities, such as estimation of the solar surface temperature, observation of the visible solar spectrum, identication of solar absorption lines, understanding how they are produced, and what kind of information can be extracted from the observed spectral lines. Some of the course goals were to foster the comprehension of the key role played by spectroscopy in astrophysics, to contextualize contents with practical activities, and to allow interdisciplinary approaches including modern physics and chemistry in physics teaching. The research methodology consisted of a qualitative approach by fillming the whole course and performing written questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Before the courses were applied most students conceived the Sun as a hot sphere composed of fire, sunspots as holes in the Sun and solar prominences as magma expelled by volcanoes. After the courses students presented ideas about the Sun and solar physics more closely related to the ones accepted by contemporary science. This research was not restricted to students\' cognitive gains after concluding the courses, since it considered the interaction of different contexts responsible for learning in science museums. This was possible due to the theoretical framework adopted: The Contextual Model of Learning of Falk and Dierking. Some challenges have to be faced by institutions such as the Astronomical Observatory in order to teach astronomy in an interdisciplinary form and with inquiry-based activities The activities developed at science centers must have as their main objective to motivate the public towards science, but it is also important to offer courses for volunteers, since language, contents and methodologies in longer activities can facilitate interdisciplinary approaches of Astronomy with other areas of scientic knowledge seldom explored in classrooms. This can happen when the school\'s educational project is collectively constructed including science museums, teachers, school and students by seeking to enhance teaching proposals that consider the out of school context and is related to contents taught in the classroom.

I minori stranieri non accompagnati sono considerati i nuovi protagonisti dei processi migratori e costituiscono a partire da questo secolo un vero e proprio soggetto migratorio. Il seguente lavoro presenta un quadro generale di riferimento giuridico-normativo per mettere a fuoco la questione dei minori stranieri non accompagnati sia in Italia che in Europa e nello specifico in Spagna, Francia, Inghilterra. Inoltre, vengono prese in considerazione le tematiche educative di questi minori presenti in Italia. La letteratura presa in esame insegna che i minori stranieri non accompagnati presentano molti bisogni educativi associati all’esperienza della migrazione, all’età adolescenziale e al fatto di trovarsi in Italia, da soli, senza adulti legalmente responsabili per loro. Si sottolinea, dunque, il necessario intervento educativo che l’educatore è chiamato a svolgere attraverso un’azione di sostegno e accompagnamento competente. In questo lavoro si presenta infine, attraverso una ricerca esplorativa, le rappresentazioni che gli educatori intervistati dell’associazione Gruppo Abele, della cooperativa Esserci e dell’Oratorio S. Luigi di Torino e della cooperativa CSAPSA di Bologna, hanno rispetto all’educativa di strada, come intervento pedagogico volto ad aiutare i minori stranieri non accompagnati in processi di integrazione e socializzazione. / The unaccompanied children are the new protagonists of migratory processes and since this century, they are a new and real migratory subject. This work presents a normative and juridical reference frame in order to show the question of unaccompanied children both in Italy and in Europe, and especially in Spain, France and UK. In addition it considers educational topics of these minors in Italy. The considered literature underlines many educational needs of unaccompanied children, which are related to migration experience, to adolescence, to be in Italy alone without legally responsible adults. The thesis wants to underline the necessary pedagogical intervention that is educator is called to develop through an action of qualified accompaniment and support.. The last part of present work is an explorative research which describes the educators’ representations about informal education in street, that is a pedagogical intervention due to help unaccompanied children towards integration and socialization processes. The interviewees are from Gruppo Abele Association, social cooperative Esserci, parish recreation Centre S.Luigi in Turin and from cooperative CSAPSA in Bologna.

Despite the abundance of karst terrains and the important role they play in a wide variety of roles including supplying freshwater drinking supplies, no single, comprehensive study investigates the role of informal education for the improved understanding and protection of the terrains. Commonly overlooked anthropogenic karst disturbances partially occur because of the poor dissemination of scientific information to the general populace and policymakers and budgetary and time constraints of municipalities, thus generating a need to use informal education to fill these shortcomings. The purpose of this study was to: 1) establish the status of and quantify the amount of karst-related informal education efforts pursued in the United States and abroad, 2) reveal if any differences in the nature of educational material exist with ownership (i.e. private vs. governmental) at karst attractions, and 3) evaluate the outcomes of increasing the educational karst material presented to show cave visitors through guided tours. The results of this study reveal that karst education is overall lacking in the United States and internationally, the focus of most recent educational endeavors is bats, and educational programs for children far outnumber the quantity of programs available to adult learners. This research also reveals that disconnects between the actuality of current show cave program characteristics and tour guide and manager opinions about informal karst education are abundant. Furthermore, although differences exist in the nature of the educational material presented to visitors during guided tours, the quality and quantity of material at both privately- and publicly-owned facilities is often significantly lacking. Yet, through field-based research this research proves minimal changes to tour content and guide re-training, can result in successfully increasing visitor karst knowledge while simultaneously maintaining the entertainment value of show cave operations.

There is a divide between what students are being taught within the science classroom and what they experience out in the real world. This study sought to explore possible relationships between a socioscientific issues embedded curriculum and outcome variables addressing environmental attitude and knowledge, oral and written argumentation and critical thinking skills. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to examine both within and between class differences as well as individual differences between the beginning and end of a semester of elementary school. Results indicated that socioscientific issues assist students in developing their critical thinking skills while also providing students the opportunity to be exposed to and participate in local and global environmental issues influencing the community at large. Statistical significance was found between groups in regards to attitude toward the environment, the qualitative interviews did indicate that some students provided more advanced argumentation skills by articulating alternate viewpoints on controversial environmental topics. Theoretical implications regarding the use of socioscientific issues in the classroom are presented.