Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) are educational institutions owned by Native American tribes intended to address the failure of the education system to support Indigenous students. Significant research has been done on the value of culturally sustaining pedagogy (CSP) and on TCUs, but little has been done to examine whether and how TCUs implement CSP. This study aims to fill that gap by examining teaching at Chief Dull Knife College (CDKC), a tribal college on the Northern Cheyenne reservation. Interviews were conducted with eight white faculty members and four Cheyenne administrators at CDKC. Analysis of the interviews revealed that the instructors saw building personal connections with students as the foundation of teaching at CDKC and that they engaged in attempts at individual adaptation and structural change to support such teaching. The Cheyenne administrators found these efforts valuable, but suggested that more needed to be done to foster a connection between the white faculty members and the Cheyenne community and culture. Ultimately, this study reveals that instructors at CDKC are attempting to implement CSP, but that there are still gaps in that implementation. The interviews suggest that further structural changes are needed at CDKC to better support CSP and ensure that students are receiving the support they need to succeed.

Changes linked to forest management institutions in diverse communities and cultural settings continue to attract research interest. However, comparative insights on their manifestations are lacking in Former British and Former French Cameroon. We trace the evolution of forest management institutions in the Kilum-Ijim and Santchou landscapes of Cameroon and analyse their compliance determinants, using key informant interviews (n = 12), focus group discussions (n = 6) and household surveys (n = 150). The results revealed a fairly stable culturally embedded institutional landscape in Kilum-Ijim, and a significant multiplication of structural institutions for Santchou. The logistic regression showed that perception and compliance with forest management institutions substantially depend on educational attainment, migration, membership in organisations, length of stay in the area and proximity of respondents to protected areas. The conclusion drawn is that landscapes which came under British colonial influence have fairly stable culturally embedded institutions, when compared to those that came under French influence. These site-specific traits shed light on the complexities linked to embedded institutions and their evolution. It further edifies theoretical perspectives on critical institutionalism. Studies on the source and content of the ‘last vestiges’ of these institutions are required.

Yes / In previous decades, the perception of Japan¿s employment practices has been strongly intertwined with its economic fortunes. From the 1970s, Japan¿s employment practices came to be seen as one of the cornerstones of its economic success. However, this perception changed, albeit with a substantial delay, when the economy proved incapable of returning to its former path of growth after the `bubble¿ burst at the end of the 1980s. Like so many of its economic institutions, the employment practices became the subject of substantial criticism in a debate on the revitalisation of Japan¿s economy. This study takes its position within this debate by discussing the likelihood, character, and economic consequences of change. Environmental changes, like the ageing of the population and the substantial decrease in economic growth, require Japanese firms to adapt their human resource management. However, the embeddedness of national practices limits the scope of firms to make these adjustments; and change is determined by the dialectics between their strategies and existing practices. The firm, as an institution, thus experiences the impact of both the embedded employment practices and the economic impact of environmental changes. Accordingly, it is at the centre of this study. Theories of the firm are used to discuss the contribution of employment practices on efficiency, capabilities, and competitive strength. Case-studies from four different industries ¿ automobile, electronics, construction, and retailing ¿ describe the adaptations made by individual firms. Subsequently, these findings constitute the basis for a discussion of industry-specific employment practices and provide an answer to whether developments such as the rise in performance-based pay and labour mobility have altered the logic of Japanese employment practices.

台商乃是兩岸政治經濟下，不同「身份資本」所孕育出來的特殊群體，特別是大陸特殊制度環境及大陸對台商制度規範下，所造成的高交易成本，使得台商為因應而運用下列三種方式 以降低交易成本：非制度化管道、制度化管道、抗衡促使制度變遷，進而參與制度創新的過程。 　　但在加入WTO之後，面對制度化及法制化的大陸制度環境變遷，台商應著重後二種的管道來降低大陸的高交易成本。 　　本文採用新制度經濟學中的交易成本理論來分析大陸對台商的制度規範及台商因應策略。 / Taiwanese investors are particular group who come from different “Capital of identity “ between Mainland China and Taiwan. Under high transaction cost caused by particular institution in China and China’s institutional regulation on Taiwanese investors, they have to take non-institutional way, institutional way and the way that they against current institution to improve institutional change and then join the procedure of institutional innovation in China. So, they can bring the transaction cost down. But after both sides have entered WTO and Taiwanese investors have to obey the regulation of WTO and they should put emphasis on latter two ways, that is institutional way and the way that they against current institution to improve institutional change and then join the procedure of institutional innovation in China to bring their transaction cost down. This dissertation analyzes the Taiwanese investors under Mainland China’s institutional regulation and their survival strategy in Transaction cost approach.

自從民國89年農業發展條例修正後，新的農舍制度已經運行了六個寒暑，但由統計上的數據可得知個別農舍依然是農民們興建農舍時的主要選擇，顯見政府所欲提倡的集村興建農舍有其實施上的弱點。而在真正完成的集村農舍當中，起造人入住的真正目的，又多半與實際的農業經營管理無關。因此，集村農舍制度於制度設計與制度執行方面可能出現了若干的問題，導致政策實施的結果與政策初始的期望落差甚大。由於集村農舍制度的成效有限，反而更加襯托出個別農舍的備受青睞，這又明顯異於多數學者、官員對於個別農舍所持的負面態度。因此，吾人欲從這兩個並行制度的制度內容出發，以實際的案例進行農舍制度在規則、組織、執行層面的比較分析，據以提出下列的結論與建議。 一、研究結論 （一）個別農舍在搜尋成本、監督成本、執行成本、時間成本等交易成本上遠較集村農舍來得低廉，加上政府提供給集村農舍的誘因相對不足與個別農舍選擇的高度自由，使得目前農民在申請興建農舍時仍以個別農舍為主要的選擇。 （二）個別農舍有建築樣式的選擇自由、交易成本較低等優點，也有容易成為治安死角、公共設施不足等缺點；而集村農舍相對的有建築樣式的選擇不自由、交易成本較高等缺點，以及能夠守望相助、公共設施充足等優點。 （三）作為中央政府政策代理者的地方政府，時常會缺乏對於制度變遷的適應性（adaptation）與執行時的專業能力，加上又必須面對執政權力來源的選民壓力，所以其執行成效往往在中央政府之期待與地方選民之要求間做拉扯，而很有可能因此偏離了政策的原始理念。 二、政策建議 （一）儘速檢討集村農舍制度的偏差以回歸原始之優良理念，並僅允許集村結合原有的鄉村區去作興建，而不准許蛙躍式的、點狀式的集村興建。 （二）現在多數的個別農舍都是屬於別墅型的個別農舍與居住型的個別農舍，而與真正的農業生產經營沒什麼相關性，因此這些不符合農舍原始定義的個別農舍，應該沒有再繼續申請興建的理由，僅有農用型的個別農舍可以有限度的開放興建。 （三）目前農舍管理所面臨到的難題，多少都與完全地開放自然人進入農地市場有關，而在農發條例因為諸多現實的政治因素而難以付諸修改的情況之下，唯有從嚴認定欲申請興建農舍者的資格、加強稽查農舍的違規情形、取消部分農舍不合理的稅賦優惠，才有可能減少機會行為的發生與農舍的不斷蔓延。 （四）在中央政府組織ㄧ個事權統一的農地與農舍的主管機關，以減少目前農舍主管機關業務重疊的情形，並在地方政府正式設立一個專責農地與農舍問題的聯合審查小組，且直接地向中央的主管機關負責，以降低代理問題產生的機會。 關鍵詞: 個別農舍、集村農舍、交易成本、雙重代理、制度變遷、自我執行 、第三者執行 / The implementation of farmhouse institution has been 6 years since year 2000. From the official statistics, the individual farmhouse is still the main choice for farmers. This reveals that the cluster farmhouse which adopts and promotes by government authority has some shortcomings. In addition, the owners who own cluster farmhouse are nothing to do with agricultural operation. These may result from the rules and enforcement of cluster farmhouse. Therefore, this study conducts a comparative analysis of formal and informal rules of individual and cluster farmhouse so as to understand the reasons why farmers do not choose the cluster farmhouse with incentives provided by central government. The main conclusion and policy suggestions for farmhouse are as follows: 1. The transaction costs including searching cost, policing cost and enforcement costs for individual farmhouse is much low than that for cluster farmhouse. In addition, the incentive provided from government for cluster farmhouse is not enough. The above two reasons lead to the result that individual farmhouse is the main choice for farmers. 2. The advantage of individual farmhouse is the freedom of varied style choice and low transaction cost while its shortcoming is safety problem and lack of public facilities. The advantage and shortcoming of cluster farmhouse are opposite from individual farmhouse. 3. The implementation of farmhouse is influence by the lack of adaptation of local government, professional comprehensive and election pressure so that the implantation is different from the original basic concept of farmhouse. 4. Policy recommendation: （1） To review the original basic concept of farmhouse and to encourage the cluster farmhouse together with country district rather the scatter development. （2） To review the definition of farmhouse so that all the farmhouse can be use for agricultural function instead of accommodation. （3） To cancel the tax exemption for farmhouse that is not use for agriculture so as to prevent the opportunity behaviors. （4） To unify the responsible authority in central government so as to prevent the agency problems of implementation.

財產權的發展，具有將外部成本內部化，以及減輕租值消散的功能，同時也會影響誘因機制與市場行為，因此，建立可執行的財產權或契約系統，有助於降低交易成本，促進市場交易的效率。土地使用分區管制是政府用以界定財產權的一項重要工具，但在執行的過程中，會受到資訊不完全的因素所限制，而產生許多社會經濟衝突的問題，所以，在財產權界定不完全的情形下，分區管制制度的執行可能是一種負和、零和或正和的賽局。 在台灣的都市規劃管制制度下，土地使用分區管制一直被視為政府執行都市公共政策的重要工具，但是土地使用分區管制制度變遷的原因及對財產權配置的影響，很少被深入的探討，亦少有相關的實證研究予以論述說明。由於分區管制決策直接影響人民的土地財產權範圍，因此，以財產權為研究的焦點，連結制度及執行層面的動態分析，可以更深入地了解政策運作的過程，檢視分區管制制度設計的問題，藉以提供更佳的制度環境。本研究嘗試以新制度經濟學的基礎，基於財產權的觀點，連結制度變遷及執行層面的分析，研究所有權人及利益團體如何透過與政府的協商，改變土地使用分區管制制度，進而影響財產權配置的問題。在方法上，則透過賽局理論及個案研究，建立參與者行為互動模式及進行實證分析，以剖析制度變遷的原因及問題。 本研究除了進行以上所述的議題，亦同時關注制度選擇、容積移轉的問題，以及違規使用的行為，並將從一系列的行為分析中，進一步探究尋租行為對分區管制制度及經濟發展的影響。研究的結果，除了對分區管制制度提出具體的建議外，亦對制度變遷的行為及政府角色，提供更多的認知面向，值得作為都市研究的參考。 / Zoning institution is regarded as an important instrument for enforcing urban policy in Taiwan. Zoning not only control the quality of urban environment, but affect the price of real estate. However, the reasons of zoning institution changed and the factors influenced the assignment of property rights are very rarely investigated. The decision of zoning will directly influence the scope of landowners’ property rights. Thus, based upon the viewpoint of property rights, incorporated with institutional and enforcing dimension to conduct a dynamic analysis can deeply investigate the process of policy operation and the problems of institutional design so as to provide better institutional environment for zoning. This research, based on the property rights perspective and the approach of property rights analysis of New Institutional Economics, intend to investigate the change of zoning institution and its enforcement. The study pays special attention to the bargaining among private landowners, interest groups and government authority. In order to improve the institutional environment, this paper will also try to find the institutional problems in the process of enforcement through cases study. Cases study is used for further analysis the interaction among the actors participated so as to understand the processes of bargaining, re-assignment of property rights and the reasons of zoning institution changed. After the cases study, the research will address some suggestions of institutional design of zoning and try to review the policy of urban development and land use control in Taipei city. A promise suggestion on the institutional design of zoning will be provided for the reference of understanding and research on zoning institution and behaviors. In addition, the impact of the rent-seeking patterns and the production paths on the zoning behaviors resulting in the change of zoning institution are explored. The results of the research will make further suggestions to the issues of institutional design of zoning, and to the avoidance of the negative effects of rent-seeking behavior. Moreover, the source and process of institutional change of zoning related to rent-seeking behavior, and the ways government responds to the rent-seeking behaviors are provided for the reference of further study of urban planning.

目前台灣地區農村發展之生產與生活面功能係由農地重劃、農村社區土地重劃及農地興建農舍等三個制度執行來達成，其中透過農地重劃達經濟面之生產功能，而藉由農村社區土地重劃與農地興建農舍制度提供生活面之需求。然制度個別執行之結果，不僅導致生產農地之破壞與流失，亦增加農地利用之交易成本。面臨這些問題，生產農地之維護為當務之急。雖然長期以來農地重劃為維護農地生產力之主要制度，但由於農地重劃之發展受到制度變遷路徑相依之影響，不易因應社會變遷而改變其只具單一生產功能之制度內涵，故若要同時達到農村地區之生產與生活功能，或可透過農地重劃之制度調整解決問題並兼顧生產與生活功能之農村發展。 　　因此本研究基於制度變遷之理論基礎，針對台灣地區實施農地重劃之制度變遷進行分析，探討於社經環境變動過程，農地重劃所扮演角色之轉變，以為檢視現行農地重劃制度問題之基礎。並透過政府嘗試結合辦理農地重劃與農村社區土地重劃進行個案分析，揭示目前農村地區追求生產與生活功能同時兼備之必要性，以及於現行制度環境下，二個制度進行結合辦理之制度調整方向，產生了執行時程、重劃負擔及土地分配等問題與困難。故本研究進一步提出三個制度調整方案，利用ANP之多準則決策分析方法，評選出於多功能農地重劃之制度調整發展方向，為兼顧生產與生活等多功能目標之最佳制度調整方案。此外，針對多功能農地重劃制度之調整提出制度環境面與執行機制面之政策性建議，期望能對正在研擬與即將立法之農村再生條例草案中，整合型農地重劃之研擬與方向，提供於制度結合或制度創新上有所助益。 / Farmland consolidation institution in Taiwan has only been applied to improve the production environment during the past 50 years. Nowadays, due to the dramatic change of social and economic environment in Taiwan as well as the tendency of multifunctional rural community and agricultural development, the institution is due to proper consideration to be altered. In addition, the separately enforcement of three institutions i.e. farmland consolidation, building of farmhouse and rural community consolidation, results in the serious pollution of agricultural environment and the loss of high- quality farmland. How to adjust the current institution of farmland consolidation so as to reach the objectives of both better production and living environment in rural areas is an important issue. This study, based on the institutional change theory, investigates the changing role of farmland consolidation in Taiwan. Moreover, examines the problems of integrating farmland consolidation and rural community land readjustment at Shihfen area located in Tainan County Cigou Towship is examined. After literatures review and the investigation of farmhouse as well as farmland use problems, proposes three alternative institutions of farmland consolidation. Analytical Network Process (ANP) Approach is employed to evaluate. Furthermore, the criteria and implication of the choosing institution are discussed so as to benefit the framework of integrated farmland consolidation in the Bill of the Revival of Rural Community.

La tentative pour comprendre les changements affectant les modèles de gouvernance d’entreprise est un des débats sur les transformations du capitalisme à l’heure actuelle. L'Asie ne fait pas exception à ce phénomène. Les modes de gouvernance ont connu une évolution importante depuis la crise financière de 1997. Cette thèse cherche à rendre compte de ces transformations dans un cadre d’analyse du changement institutionnel. La conception de la gouvernance est appréhendée comme étant dépendante de l’environnement institutionnel dans lequel évolue la firme. L’étude de l’évolution des modes de gouvernance nécessite donc la compréhension du changement institutionnel.Sur cette base, nous développons l’hypothèse de l’hybridation et notre propre interprétation des changements de la gouvernance. L’hybridation est soumise à deux séries de forces : celles qui sont favorables aux changements et celles qui leur résistent. Le processus d’adaptation des nouvelles pratiques introduites génère à terme un modèle adapté aux conditions locales. Notre analyse empirique révèle que les évolutions récentes ont fait émerger une pluralité de modèles sur la zone asiatique : 3 modèles hybrides et 1 modèle qui est resté inchangé face aux réformes d’inspiration anglo-saxonne. Nous étudions également empiriquement les forces qui favorisent le changement ainsi que les facteurs de la résistance. Ce travail permet d’apporter une vision globale des mutations rencontrées dans la gouvernance dans la région asiatique. / Understanding of the changes in corporate governance lies at the heart of contemporary debates about transformation of capitalism. Asia is no exception to this phenomenon. Asia’s corporate governance has undergone significant changes since the financial crisis of 1997. Our study, based on the theory of institutional change, seeks to examine current transformations. The concept of corporate governance is viewed as being dependent on institutional environments in which the firm evolves. The analysis of the changes in corporate governance is therefore needed to understand institutional change.On this basis, we argue that the current transformation is experiencing a process of hybridization and we suggest a framework to understand ongoing corporate governance reform. Hybridization carries two opposed forces: drivers for change and resistance to change. But the dynamic process of adaption of newly imported practices leads to new model adapted to local conditions. Our empirical analysis allows us to apprehend the diverse pattern of corporate governance in the region of Asia even within the current context of adherence to the Anglo-Saxon model: we find three hybrid models and one other model which has not committed to the reform. We also study the sources of change and the factors that give rise to resistance. We provide an overview of the recent changes in corporate governance practice in Asian countries.

Since the early 1990s, institutional approaches to organizations have increasingly focused on explaining the role of agency in processes of institutional creation and transformation. The paradox of embedded agency, the question of how actors can become motivated and enabled to transform supposedly taken-for-granted practices, structures and norms has become the fundamental puzzle of contemporary institutional theory. Recent attempts to resolve this puzzle under the label of “institutional work” focus on practices aimed at creating, maintaining, and disrupting institutions, but portray them as planned, discrete episodes that unfold in isolation from everyday organizational or social life. Thereby, the label highlights institutionalists’ current neglect of work in its literal meaning as actors’ everyday occupational tasks and activities. The detachment of institutional work from practical work constitutes a significant blind spot in institutionalists’ understanding of agency and calls for research that examines the reciprocity of institutions and work. Drawing on illuminating constructs from theories of practice, this study extends existing field-level approaches to the paradox of embedded agency. It argues for a practice-based institutionalism that focuses on individual actors and the role of their collective micro-level praxis in constituting macro-level institutions. It re-connects institutional arguments to every-day activity rather than organizational or managerial action, unpacks the micro-practices and micro–politics by which actors negotiate institutional contradictions and demonstrates the reciprocity of institutions and work. The research addresses the detachment of institutional and practical work through a single-case study of a global law firm’s banking group. It explores what banking lawyers do when they ‘do deals’ and how their practical work may attain institutional relevance. Positioned at the intersec-tion of local laws, international financial markets, commercial and professional logics, banking lawyers operate across multiple institutional frameworks. Observations and accounts of their work provide particularly rich insights into the dynamics of institutional persistence and change, because they illustrate empirically how contradictory institutionalized concepts, practices and logics are experienced, negotiated, and constituted at work.

L’allaitement maternel est reconnu comme la façon optimale de nourrir les nourrissons et les jeunes enfants. Néanmoins, le Québec présente des taux d’allaitement parmi les plus faibles au Canada. Dans un tel contexte, le gouvernement provincial plaça l’allaitement comme l’une de ses priorités de santé publique et il publia, en 2001, la politique L’allaitement maternel au Québec : Lignes directrices (LD). Cette étude a pour but de comprendre les processus d’émergence, d’élaboration et de mise en œuvre des LD. Il s’agit d’une étude de cas unique qualitative. Les données ont été recueillies par des entrevues et un groupe de discussion auprès de personnes engagées dans ce domaine et par la recension documentaire. Une analyse thématique déductive-inductive a été réalisée en utilisant la théorie institutionnelle. Les LD ont émergé à partir d’un mouvement professionnel qui a collaboré avec le ministère de la Santé et des Services sociaux pendant la phase d’élaboration et le début de la phase d’implantation de la politique. Au fil du temps, la prise de décisions a été centralisée, les mécanismes de concertation sont devenus désuets et les relations entre les acteurs concernés sont devenues moins coopératives. L’inconfort et le mécontentement avec cette nouvelle façon de gérer le dossier allaitement ont favorisé l’émergence d’un nouveau mouvement professionnel. L’étude conclut cependant que les acteurs concernés par l’allaitement au Québec visent l’atteinte du même but et que la collaboration est possible même dans un domaine très institutionnalisé comme celui de la santé, la preuve étant la formulation consensuelle des LD. / Breastfeeding is the optimal way of feeding infants and young children. Nevertheless, breastfeeding rates in Quebec are among the lowest in Canada. Within this context, the government of Quebec included breastfeeding among its public health priorities, and in 2001 published the policy L’allaitement maternel au Québec : Lignes directrices (Breastfeeding in Quebec: Guidelines; LD). Using a qualitative single case study design, this study aimed to understand the processes of emergence, development and implementation of the LD. Institutional theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. Data were collected through individual interviews and a focus group with professionals involved in the process under examination, as well as documentary analysis. Deductive-inductive thematic analysis was performed on transcribed verbatim. The LD emerged from a professional movement which worked in close collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Social Services in the initial phases of policy development and implementation. Over time, however, the decision making was centralized, consultation mechanisms became obsolete, and the relationships between different institutional actors became less cooperative. The discomfort and dissatisfaction with the Ministry’s new way of managing the Quebec breastfeeding policy triggered the emergence of a new parallel professional movement. The study concludes, however, that even in a highly institutionalized domain such as health, those committed to breastfeeding in the province could work together as they aim to reach the same goal, i.e., higher rates of breastfeeding. The initial consensual formulation of the LD proves that, in this particular institutional field, collaboration is possible.