The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the process of institutionalization and legitimization of development in Western Seridó (Rio Grande do Norte), and for that reason it was necessary to know and analyze the Organizational Field, the legitimation and the institutionalization process in the seven counties of Western Seridó. As far as methodology is concerned, we have used qualitative research and case study. The semistructured questionnaire and the interview were used as tools of research. Also, we have used research and documentary literature and direct observation. When defining the organizations to be researched, we sought those ones with a significant participation in development activities or being part of some forum or network of organizations dealing with the issues concerning the development in the semi-arid region. One approach used in order to define the participating organizations was to get an initial list from the Planning Board of Seridó region, which served as a basis to define the participating organizations. In this list, it was noticed that most organizations were in Caicó, an important town in that region. However, it was possible to do a research, at least on two leading organizations in the other six towns that make up the Western Seridó. As for data analysis, we have defined categories of analysis and, where necessary, we made use of content analysis. Among the results, it was noticed that West Seridó, despite being located in the Brazilian semi-arid region, a region with serious social, environmental and economic problems, has a good performance in areas such as health and education, reaching significant levels in FIRJAN rating of Municipal Development (IFDM). The employment and income rates were the lowest in every municipality in Western Seridó. Regarding the Organizational Field, it was noticed that there are internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) organizations participating in this field. They are not always related directly, and the exogenous organizations manage to have great power to influence public policies and to achieve resources for the region, even with organizations linked to the federal government or foreign organizations. The coercitive Isomorphism appears with the economic power and the legal power of the organizations that control the use of resources, and the legality of organizations, the regulative and cognitive isomorphism are related to the local institutions and to the identity of the people who make up the organizations. At this point, by using the questionnaires, it became clear there was a dispute between the local traditional groups, connected to Colonels and the new organizations of civil society. Regarding the legitimacy, it was noticed that the identity of the people from Seridó is really present in organizations and local institutions, and places, values, rules and myths help to explain people´s point of view about the development, and how they perceive the organizations working with this subject. The identity of the people from Seridó is characterized by resistance to environmental adversity and by affection to things from the region. Taking the answers, we notice that the legitimacy of the organizations working with development is much associated with solutions to the most pressing issues and practices of the community, such as the ones related to health, education and employment. Finally, the term development is in process of institutionalization, even with characteristics of deinstitutionalization and pre-institutionalization, because the term development from the 70s until the present day was being overhauled and we can say that Seridó has passed through several experiences, not always successful, which eventually contributed to lacking a common definition about the meaning of development. / Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar o processo de institucionalização e a legitimação do desenvolvimento no Seridó Ocidental do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, foi necessário conhecer e analisar o campo organizacional, a legitimação e o processo de institucionalização nos sete municípios do Seridó Ocidental. Na metodologia, utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa e o estudo de caso. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, utilizaram-se o questionário semiestruturado e a entrevista. Também se fez uso da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e da observação direta. Na definição das organizações a serem pesquisadas, buscou-se aquelas que tivessem uma significativa participação em ações de desenvolvimento ou que fizessem parte de algum fórum ou rede de organizações que articulassem as questões relativas ao desenvolvimento do semiárido. Uma das estratégias utilizadas para a definição das organizações participantes foi conseguir uma lista inicial com o Colegiado do Território da Cidadania do Seridó, que serviu de base para definir as organizações participantes. Nessa lista, percebeu-se que a maioria das organizações estava em Caicó, cidade polo regional. Entretanto, foi possível realizar a pesquisa com pelo menos dois líderes de organizações nas outras seis cidades que compõem o Seridó Ocidental. Para análise dos dados, foram definidas categorias de análise e, quando necessário, fez-se uso da análise de conteúdo. Entre os resultados, pôde-se observar que o Seridó Ocidental, mesmo estando localizado no semiárido brasileiro, uma região com graves problemas sociais, ambientais e econômicos, apresenta um bom desempenho em aspectos como saúde e educação, alcançando índices significativos no Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM). O indicador Emprego e Renda foi o de mais baixo índice em todos os municípios do Seridó Ocidental. No que se refere ao campo organizacional, nota-se que existem organizações internas (endógenas) e externas (exógenas) que participam desse campo, elas nem sempre se relacionam diretamente, e as organizações exógenas conseguem ter grande poder para influenciar políticas públicas e para conseguir recursos para a região, inclusive com organizações ligadas ao Governo Federal ou organizações estrangeiras. O isomorfismo coercitivo aparece através do poder econômico e do poder legal das organizações que controlam o uso de recursos, e a legalidade das organizações, o isomorfismo regulativo e o cognitivo estão relacionados com as instituições locais e com a identidade das pessoas que compõem as organizações. Nesse ponto, através dos questionários, ficou aparente uma disputa entre os grupos tradicionais locais, ligados aos ditos coronéis, e as novas organizações da sociedade civil. Com relação à legitimidade, nota-se que a identidade do seridoense é bem presente nas organizações, as instituições locais, através dos valores, das regras e dos mitos, ajudam a explicar o ponto de vista das pessoas sobre o desenvolvimento, e como elas percebem as organizações que trabalham com esse tema. A identidade do seridoense é marcada pela resistência às adversidades ambientais e pelo apego às coisas do lugar. Nota-se, nas respostas, que a legitimidade das organizações que trabalham com o desenvolvimento está muita associada à solução das questões mais urgentes e práticas da comunidade, como, por exemplo, as questões ligadas à saúde, à educação e ao emprego. Por fim, o termo desenvolvimento está em processo de institucionalização, inclusive com características de desinstitucionalização e de pré-institucionalização, pois da década de 70 até os dias de hoje o termo foi sendo reformulado e pode-se dizer que o Seridó passou por várias experiências, nem sempre exitosas, que acabaram contribuindo para não se ter uma definição comum do que seja desenvolvimento.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study is an extract from a cross-cultural research between Brazil and Portugal, which had the intention to know the social images of institutionalized and non-institutionalized children and youths as well as their families. Thereby, data collected in Brazil related to children in average and low socioeconomic status alongside with data on children in institutional care were used, configuring a quantitative and qualitative study. Study participants were 83 adults living in three municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state aged between 16 and 62 years-old (M = 31.99, SD = 11.46) who indicated 648 characteristics to describe children of different contexts (institutionalized and from average and low socioeconomic status). An open questionnaire was used and data analysis took place in three stages: the first stage consisted of content analysis, the second was a judges consensus analysis and the third was a frequencies analysis. These steps led to the final identification of 404 attributes associated with the aim of this study. The results showed a predominance of negative images related to children belonging to low socioeconomic status and institutionalized children, opposed to children belonging to an average socioeconomic status in which more positive images predominated. The Z test found significant differences in all categories of analysis to institutionalized children, and the negative aspects were more frequent than the positive ones. Moreover, institutionalized children were portrayed negatively when compared to children in average socioeconomic status in the categories Safety and Protection, Interpersonal Attitudes and Affection, and in the categories Safety and Protection and Affection when compared to children of low socioeconomic status, showing a process of stigmatization. This demonstrates that there are negative beliefs about poor and institutionalized children which interfere with their social integration due to discrimination, exclusion and stereotyping. It is up to society to promote changes that transform these preconceived social images about these children, enforcing what is proposed by current regulation that defend their rights and recognize their status as citizens. / Este estudo constitui-se em um recorte de pesquisa transcultural entre Brasil e Portugal, a qual teve como intuito conhecer as imagens sociais de crianças e jovens institucionalizados, não-institucionalizados e suas famílias. Assim, utilizou-se de dados coletados no Brasil referente às crianças, de estatuto socioeconômico médio e baixo, e às crianças em acolhimento institucional, e configura-se como de caráter quanti-qualitativo. Participaram do estudo 83 adultos, residentes em três municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul com idade entre 16 e 62 anos (M = 31,99, D.P = 11,46), que indicaram 648 características para descrever crianças de diferentes contextos (institucionalizadas, de estatuto socioeconômico médio e baixo). Foi utilizado um questionário aberto e a análise dos dados ocorreu em três etapas: a primeira etapa consistiu de uma análise de conteúdo, a segunda numa análise de juízes por consenso e a terceira em uma análise de frequências. Essas etapas permitiram a identificação final de 404 atributos associados ao foco do estudo. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram um predomínio de imagens negativas sobre as crianças pertencentes ao estatuto socioeconômico baixo, bem como as crianças institucionalizadas, em contraponto às crianças pertencentes ao estatuto socioeconômico médio, em que predominaram imagens mais positivas. O Teste Z identificou diferença significativa em todas as categorias de análise para a criança institucionalizada, sendo que os aspectos negativos foram mais frequentes que os aspectos positivos. Além disso, a criança institucionalizada foi retratada de forma negativa quando comparada à criança de estatuto socioeconômico médio nas categorias Segurança e Proteção, Atitudes Interpessoais e Afeto, e nas categorias Segurança e Proteção e Afeto quando comparadas às crianças de estatuto socioeconômico baixo, evidenciando um processo de estigmatização. Isso demonstra que existem crenças negativas sobre as crianças pobres e institucionalizadas que interferem na sua inserção social, visto a discriminação, exclusão e estereotipagem que sofrem. Cabe a sociedade mudanças que transformem essas imagens sociais pré-concebidas a respeito dessas crianças, fazendo valer o preconizado pelas normas vigentes que defendem seus direitos e reconhecem seu estatuto de cidadãs.

The aging process produces transformations, changes and adaptations in people's lives in different ways, revealing a vast field and still unknown by its scope and complexity, arises the need to reveal their subjectivities in search of understanding and knowledge construction. Thus, this study aimed to understand how institutionalized elderly people experience daily life and their sexuality. The methodological approaches used were of ethnographic inspiration, which used observations and informal conversations, recorded in a field diary. In this research the daily life is characterized by live every day in which develop aspects of personality and for this use the senses, mental abilities, emotions, passions and ideologies. And sexuality that has a large size, it is historical, social, unfinished and allows new meanings, and perhaps also to set it as a stark silence. Research has shown that the great challenge that involves the themes is to provide older people express their sexuality without guilt, with possibilities and fluidity and institutionalizing itself as a possible alternative and even necessary to contemporary family configurations. / O processo de envelhecimento produz transformações, mudanças e adaptações na vida das pessoas em diferentes aspectos, revelando um campo vasto e ainda desconhecido pela sua amplitude e complexidade, surge a necessidade de desvelar suas subjetividades na busca de entendimentos e da construção de conhecimentos. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou compreender como pessoas idosas institucionalizadas vivenciam o cotidiano e suas sexualidades. Os caminhos metodológicos utilizados foram de inspiração etnográfica, que utilizou observações e conversas informais, registradas em diário de campo. Nesta pesquisa o cotidiano caracteriza-se pelo viver de todos os dias, no qual se desenvolvem aspectos da personalidade e, para isso, utilizam os sentidos, aptidões mentais, emoções, paixões e ideologias. E a sexualidade, que possui uma dimensão ampla, é histórica, social, inacabada e permite novas significações, e, talvez, ainda, configure-se como um silêncio gritante. A pesquisa demonstrou que o grande desafio que envolve as temáticas é de proporcionar às pessoas idosas manifestar sua sexualidade sem culpabilidade, com possibilidades e fluidez e a institucionalização se anuncia como uma alternativa possível e até mesmo necessária às configurações familiares contemporâneas.

Longtemps, c’est en restant isolée que la population cadienne de Louisiane est parvenue à préserver son identité culturelle. À partir du tournant des XIXe et XXe siècles cependant, un mouvement croissant d’assimilation à la culture anglo-saxonne dominante modifie profondément la situation de cette population minoritaire. Si elle permet une amélioration sensible du niveau de vie des Cadiens, cette acculturation met aussi la culture franco-louisianaise en danger. Au début du XXIe siècle, la préservation de leur héritage linguistique et culturel suppose, en raison du contexte de mondialisation croissante, une stratégie de légitimation, à la fois endogène et exogène, qui leur permette ouverture et inscription dans le monde contemporain. Cette thèse analyse trois de leurs processus de revendication identitaire mis en œuvre aujourd’hui. Le premier est l’intégration de la Louisiane au monde francophone, parce que, à la différence d’autres langues en situation minoritaire, le français cadien a la possibilité de s’insérer dans l’ensemble linguistique et culturel constitué par la francophonie, particulièrement le réseau de solidarité et de partenariats en Amérique du Nord. Le deuxième processus, facteur crucial de la légitimation recherchée, est l’institutionnalisation, telle qu’elle s’exerce, de manière complémentaire, dans l’espace public, le programme scolaire d’immersion française et l’enseignement supérieur. Le troisième processus est la conscientisation de la jeunesse, étudiante ou dans la vie active, examinée à Lafayette, cœur de la Louisiane francophone, dans cette classe d’âge potentiellement en mesure de défendre l’avenir de la langue et de la culture vernaculaires. / Owing to its isolation, the Cajun population of Louisiana long succeeded in preserving its cultural identity. By the turn of the 20th century, however, an increasing movement of assimilation into the dominant Anglo-Saxon culture had profoundly changed the situation of this minority group. This allowed a significant improvement in the Cajun standard of living, but this acculturation also endangered French Louisiana culture. At the beginning of the 21st century, the preservation of Cajun linguistic and cultural heritage implies a strategy of legitimization in a context of increasing globalization, both within and outside the population, which allows it to open itself and embed into the contemporary world. This dissertation examines three of the processes implemented in today’s Cajun demands for recognition of cultural and linguistic identity. The first process pertains to Louisiana’s integration in the French-speaking world. Unlike other minority languages, Cajun French has the potential to fit into a wider French-speaking cultural complex, particularly the North American network of solidarity and partnership. The second process, which is a critical factor in the quest for legitimization, concerns the institutionalization in the public space, French immersion curriculum and higher education. The third process is youth awareness-raising, among students or in the working world, as represented in Lafayette, at the heart of French Louisiana. It is this age class that is potentially best poised to defend the future of the vernacular language and culture.

This thesis answers the research question: What role do institutions play in the adoption and non-adoption of Information Systems (IS) innovations? In exploring this question, institutional theory is used to develop an interpretation of behaviour by Micro and Small Enterprises (MSE) related to the adoption and non-adoption of IS innovation within the Taxco Silver Handicraft Sector. The research categorised the emergent data into established Mexican institutions, which allowed for the analysis of institutionalised responses to the introduction of new social structures. There is a need to understand behaviour related to adopting IS innovations through the beliefs of local agents. Interpretivist literature was used to explore how the adoption of IS innovations is influenced by the local context. This research developed a theoretical framework that combines Scott’s (2008) three-pillars of institutions (regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive); with the Seo and Creed (2002) framework for exploring the institutionalisation of IS innovations. This theoretical framework allowed for the exploration of the contestation between institutional entrepreneurs (agents advocating the adoption of new social structures) and those resilient to institutional change. This research makes a number of key contributions to the field of study. The development of a new theoretical framework is designed to assist future researchers in exploring the institutionalisation process. The methodological contribution emerges from the demonstrating the value of ethnographic case studies within handicraft sectors in developing economies. The practical contribution of this research lies in increasing our understanding of how and why new social structures are developed.

This dissertation is a comparative study of the formal institutionalization of Chicana/o Studies programs in four-year colleges and universities between 1970 and the present, and of how variations in institutionalization create different community engagement dynamics for Latina/o populations both on- and off-campus. This research examines the impact of program and university-level characteristics on the formal institutionalization of these programs and the embedding of community engagement within program mission statements. Moreover, the dissertation examines tensions, balancing acts, and trade-offs between achieving program stability and satisfying legitimizing demands of academic labor. Program-level characteristics include formal classification as either a Chicana/o Studies program or cognate (e.g., Mexican American Studies, Hispanic Studies, Latin American Studies, etc.) or a more generalist ethnic studies program (e.g., ethnic studies, cultural studies, American Studies, etc.). University-level characteristics include locus of control (i.e., public or private universities), institutional wealth, total student body and minority enrollments, histories of campus protest, and regional diffusion. The findings indicate complex and distinguishable relationships among program classification, formal program institutionalization, and community engagement prospects; and that predictors for institutionalization partially predict efforts to work with minority populations off-campus. Complicating these relationships suggests a need to consider variations in program-level institutionalization and dedicate future work to this level.

Practising science in Peru means facing adversity. Due to the country’s recent economic growth and despite its weak institutions, there is a growing (yet insufficient) interest in raising the investment in science, technology and innovation activities. However, how are scientists and engineers overcoming these difficulties? To answer these questions, this research focuses in the study of the experts engaged in scientific practice through the analysis of a particular case: the nanotechnology experts. The main hypothesis of this research is that to overcome these adversities, the nanotechnology experts have developed a peculiar scientific ethos, expressed by an individualized access to knowledge, networks and resources. Taking that into account, the main goal will be to characterize the current institutional situation of science and technology in Peru regarding scientific research. / Hacer ciencia en el Perú es enfrentarse a la adversidad. En una coyuntura que se caracteriza por suprecariedad institucional y en la que, al mismo tiempo, se ha comenzado a demandar inversión en ciencia, tecnología e innovación, cabe preguntarse por los modos en que los actores superan día a día estas dificultades. En ese sentido, la propuesta consiste en acercarse a estos actores del conocimiento a partir del estudio de un caso particular: el de los expertos en nanotecnología. La hipótesis propuesta es que, para superar dichas adversidades, los expertos han desarrollado ciertos mecanismos individuales y colectivos que tienen como base una ética científica particular que se expresa a través del interés individual por generar y acceder a más conocimientos. A partir de ello, se intentará caracterizar el panorama institucional de la ciencia y la tecnología en relación con la investigación científica.

Tidigare studier har visat att den digitala utvecklingen är en stor del i dagens samhälle, inte minst för organisationer. Digitalisering kan kortfattat beskrivas som ett skifte från analogt till digitalt. En stor del av den tidigare forskningen inom detta område har berört hur redovisningen påverkas generellt. Studien undersöker olika organisationers redovisningsprocess och hur processen påverkas av digitalisering. Olika organisationer ser strukturmässigt olika ut och de agerar då även olika när det gäller förändringar, digitaliseringsförändringar. I studien är digitalisering ett centralt begrepp, digitalisering innebär att organisationer kan använda förnyade digitala hjälpmedel som lagrar, sammanställer och arkiverar redovisningen.   Syftet med studien är att undersöka på vilket sätt redovisningsprocessen i olika organisationer har påverkats av digitaliseringen. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ metod tillämpats där fyra organisationer har intervjuats. Analysen är genomförd utifrån presenterad empiri i relation till teoretiska referensramen. Utifrån studiens resultat är slutsatsen att grunderna i redovisningsprocessen är oförändrade i de olika organisationerna. Däremot har tillvägagångssätten i redovisningsprocessen i de olika organisationer påverkats av digitaliseringen. / Previous studies show that digitalization development is a central part of today's society and is an important role for organisations. Digitalization can be explained as a shift from analogue to digital. Previous research within the subject has researched how accountancy is generally affected. This study explores different organisations  accounting process and how the process is affected by digitalization. Different organisations vary regarding structure and also acts different regarding digitalization changes. In the study, digitalization is a central construct and means that organisations can use renewed and digital aid that accommodate, compile and archive accounting.  The purpose of this study is to research how the accounting process in various organisations is affected by digitalization. To achieve the purpose, a qualitative method was applied, and four organisations has been interviewed. The analysis is carried through from a presented empire in relation to the theoretical framework. This study shows that the basics in accounting process remains the same in the different organisations. However the digitalization has affected the approach within the accounting process.

En considérant les problèmes communs aux pays en développement, tels que la rareté des ressources, les inégalités sociales, les problèmes dans les infrastructures et les institutions existantes, entre autres, on voit une vaste zone à explorer, encore un lieu de recherche à fort potentiel de transformation sociale.Cette recherche se justifie alors de ces préoccupations avec le contexte urbain des pays en développement et les initiatives des nouvelles initiatives de transformation, à travers du développement des micro-pratiques par les organisations de la société civile.L'objectif global de cette recherche concerne la compréhension du processus d'institutionnalisation de nouvelles pratiques de transformation des zones urbaines dans les pays en développement.Nous avons cherché tout au long de cette recherche à compléter l'objectif proposé concernant la compréhension de nouveaux moyens de transformation de l'espace urbain des pays en développement comme un processus non linéaire et complexe d'institutionnalisation et ainsi certaines contributions théoriques et empiriques ont été développées.L'importance de cette étude implique directement le problème qui l’a motivé, à savoir, les caractéristiques du contexte urbain dans les pays en développement. Cette étude a exposé une nouvelle façon de comprendre un processus d'institutionnalisation complexe, non linéaire et non déterministe, par le biais des micro-pratiques urbaines développées et mises en œuvre par les organisations de la société civile et en collaboration. / Considering issues regarding developing countries as the resource scarcity or social inequalities, infrastructural problems, and in vogue institutions, among others, it is recognizes that there is a wide open field to be explored and it is also a big locus of research with high social transformation potential. Thus in order to understand such problematics and the possibilities of transformation, new approaches are needed, as well as new organizational forms and new mechanisms to be engendered to address such changes, through the development of new practices, different from the traditional ones already practiced in developed countries. Thus considering the developing country scenario, there are huge differences and needs to focus initiatives and practices, according to the specific characteristics of such environment. It is not possible to consider with the same analytical lens, theories and tools used to understand the institutional context in developed countries. Although it is important to regard that both contexts present problems, but the nature and type of problems are very diverse. In this way it is possible to understand that it is in the urban scenario in developing countries that new practices are being developed to transform it somehow, being alternative forms to public r private initiatives (major social responsibility actions). The main aim of this research is thus to understand new transformation practices of the urban space in developing countries as a complex and nonlinear institutionalization process. In order to achieve this aim, two theoretical streams were explored that are neoinstitutional theory and more specifically institutionalization approaches. And the second theoretical approach is the activity theory, inside the spectrum of practice approaches, it is used in this research as a theoretical and analytical tool to embrace the growing complexity of the institutionalization processes as this of the urban space transformation through the development of micro practices. In order to surpass traditional institutionalization frameworks that considers the process as linear and deterministic, it is also possible to consider that there is no existing general framework in literature that guides researchers to a deep understanding of all the intrinsic complexity in institutionalization processes and its different elements. In this context, the aim of this research is to develop a more structured theoretic and analytic framework able to encompass all the elements, collectivity, non-linearity and complexity of the institutionalization process with the presentation of the activity system. Moreover, the concept of micro urban practices is developed in this research in order to achieve and specify the empiric field. This concept specifies activities developed with little resources and low cost, and deployed by civil society agents in a collaborative way in search for transformation of a specific urban space or even for the transformation of people’s engagement with the city and the space they live in. Finally, a few contributions could be developed in this research. The first one considers the deployment of the activity theory as a theoretical and analytical tool to encompass the inherent complexity of the institutionalization process that were not yet explored in the literature (until the moment). Another contribution concerns the innovative character of the studied organizations. This research is composed of two case studies of civil society and bottom up organizations that are focused in solving structural problems in Brazil through the development of micro practices.

v anglickém jazyce: The dissertation thesis deals with the issue of stability and the change of the Czech party system through the prism of the theory of party system institutionalization formulated by political scientist Scott Mainwaring and his followers. In the context of the development of the Czech party system between 2002 and 2017, when multiple changes to the systemic format and mechanism occurred, it seeks to identify the degree of systemic deinstitutionalization and, above all, to reveal its causes. The changes in format associated with the increase in out-of-system volatility and the emergence of new actors in the 2010, 2013 and 2017 elections are the result of processes identified at the individual level of political parties as units of the system. Therefore, the theories of institutionalization of political parties formulated by Angela Panebianco and Vicky Randall and Lars Svasand are used to examine the degree of intra-party institutionalization. The prism of these theories identifies the causes of the internal deinstitutionalization of political parties, given the small number of their membership bases, the excessive dependence on state and private funding sources of the party, as well as the internal disunity and party secession. Key words: party system institutionalization...