Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-23T20:07:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielFerreiraSantos.pdf: 2541300 bytes, checksum: 33cb0782043a688ec9476e645bc46ee5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T20:07:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielFerreiraSantos.pdf: 2541300 bytes, checksum: 33cb0782043a688ec9476e645bc46ee5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-19 / This study aimed to analyzing the application of a teaching methodology based on musical instruments practices in U.E.B. Gomes de Sousa school. This institution is located in the suburb of Sao Luis named as Vila Maranhão. The methodology is characterized as a complementary way to the music art teaching and learning process of the students enrolled in the final levels of the elementary school. Moreover, its contributions on the thinking about the applicability and importance of instrumental teaching as well as its capability to offer a vision of how musical education and instrumental practices can integrate the curriculum of the basic education were taken in account. For a better comprehension regarding to the reality of this method, it was conducted a profound research on the instrumental music teaching programs adopted in other countries educational systems. To improve the practice used here, the methodology used by teachers and teaching strategies that can be consistent and enrich the approach of this research were analyzed. Among them, it could be mentioned the Suzuki philosophy, the fundamental learning theory based on Edwin Gordon, and the usage of the teaching collective method tools knows as orchestra Da Capo Tutti from Prof. Dr. Joel Barbosa. As the main methodological procedure in order to carrying out this research work, it was done a kind of research-action. This aimed to make links between theory and practice on the application of instrumental project onset practices by investigating their contributions and results on the educational, social and political outcomes for the area of instrumental music education. The results achieved allowed to perceive the challenges on the issues about the curriculum concepts and implementation of instrumental training programs to provide a complementary background to the students enrolled in the basic education system. Furthermore, the results enable to evaluate the significant gains during the construction process of various diversity ways to be followed in the music learning. To sum up, through all the research carried out and pedagogical suggestions, it was possible to confirm that the instrumental teaching process applied to the elementary school acted as a strengthening way to consolidate the music teaching in this context. Moreover, was observed a natural interest in musical art from the part of youth people and comprehensiveness that this practice offers. Finally, this practice serves as a model of idealization for an effectiveness way to implement musical instruments teaching routine in all Brazilian schools. / Este estudo objetivou a aplicação de uma metodologia de ensino voltada à prática de instrumentos musicais na escola U.E.B. Gomes de Sousa, localizada na Vila Maranhão, como forma complementar ao ensino e aprendizagem musical dos alunos das series finais do ensino fundamental e suas possíveis contribuições na reflexão acerca da aplicabilidade e importância do ensino instrumental, bem como, oferecer uma visão de como a educação musical e a prática instrumental podem integrar o currículo da educação básica. Para uma melhor compreensão desta realidade, realizamos um levantamento sobre os programas do ensino musical instrumental em sistemas educacionais de outros países. Para melhor fundamentar nossa prática, analisamos o trabalho de pedagogos e de estratégias de ensino que podem coadunar e enriquecer nossa abordagem, no qual, apresentamos a filosofia Suzuki, a teoria da aprendizagem fundamentada em Edwin Gordon e à utilização do método coletivo de ensino de instrumentos de orquestra Da Capo Tutti do Prof. Dr. Joel Barbosa. Como principal procedimento metodológico na realização deste trabalho de pesquisa, lançamos mão da pesquisa-ação, visando tecer elos entre a teoria e a prática diante da aplicação do projeto de iniciação instrumental, investigando suas possíveis contribuições e resultados educacionais, sociais e políticos para área da educação musical instrumental. A partir dos resultados alcançados foi possível perceber os desafios sobre as questões acerca da concepção dos currículos e da implementação de programas de formação instrumental que contemplem alunos da Educação Básica, além de ser capaz de avaliar os significativos ganhos na construção da diversidade de caminhos da educação musical. Enfim, por meio de todo o estudo realizado e das sugestões pedagógicas apresentadas, foi possível confirmar que o ensino instrumental aplicado à escola básica pode servir como meio de fortalecimento do ensino de música neste contexto, haja visto o interesse natural dos jovens pela arte musical e a abrangência educacional que este ensino oferece, servindo como como modelo para a idealização de um percurso para o ensino instrumental e sua implementação efetiva nas escolas brasileiras.

Uppsatsen handlar om förekomst av improvisation i tidig instrumentalundervisning på kultur- och musikskolor. Jag avsåg undersöka hur instrumentallärare beskriver sin undervisning, i vilken utsträckning de använder improvisation på lektionerna, genom att låta ett urval av lärare svara på frågor i en enkät. En annan del av arbetet bestod av att studera 25 pianoböcker som riktar sig till unga nybörjare. I dessa läromedel letade jag efter hur vanligt förekommande improvisationsmoment var. Det framgår av min enkät att användande av improvisation under lektionen varierar bland respondenterna. I min läromedelstudie visar det sig improvisationsmaterial vara relativt ovanligt och förekommer endast sporadiskt. Jag talar i uppsatsen också om hur improvisation kan integreras i instrumentalundervisningen med syfte att ge eleven rum för kreativitet och personlighet. Jag önskar att mitt arbete kan motivera lärare att låta sina elever improvisera på sina instrument för att öka spelglädjen och nå de positiva effekter improvisation kan ge. / This study aims to elucidate the presence of improvisation in early instrumental teaching in culture- and music schools. Two issues will be explored within this context. Firstly I intended to examine how instrumental teachers describe their teaching and the extent to which they use improvisation in class, by inviting a selection of teachers to answer a questionnaire. The second aspect of the work consisted of the study of 25 piano books for young beginners. In these teaching materials the presence and frequency of improvisational moments were examined. The results suggested that the use of improvisation during lessons varies between respondents. Furthermore, the findings from the study of piano books for young beginners demonstrate that improvising material is relatively rare and occurs only sporadically. Suggestions are made for how improvisation can be integrated into instrumental teaching to encourage students to develop creativity and personality in their music. It is hoped that this study can encourage teachers to support their students to improvise on their instruments. This would likely increase students’ creativity and achieve positive effects associated with improvisation.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka musiklärares syn på och hantering av elevers övning. Data har samlats in genom intervjuer med fyra instrumentalpedagoger som arbetar på kulturskola/gymnasiet/folkhögskola eller musikhögskola. Två av informanterna arbetar i huvudsak inom den klassiska genren och två arbetar inom både den klassiska och afro-genren. Intervjuformen var kvalitativ med en övergripande huvudfråga och sedan öppna följdfrågor. Analysen av data är gjord utifrån ett designteoretiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visar att alla informanter använder flera resurser parallellt för att skapa förutsättningar för att elever ska lära sig öva. Hur balansen mellan resurserna ser ut varierar både beroende på vilken arbetsplats informanterna befinner sig på samt i vilken ålder eleverna är. Resultatet visar även att informanterna ser spelandet på instrumentet som ett hantverk och att övning krävs för att bli bättre på hantverket. I diskussionen jämförs lärarnas önskemål med utbildningarnas krav och riktlinjer samt elevernas sociala omgivning. Diskussionen belyser även övning i relation till design och multimodala resurser. / The purpose of this study is to examine music teachers’ views of and management of pupils’ exercise. Data were collected through interviews with four instrumental teachers working in arts school/high school/college or university. Two of the informants work mainly in the classical genre and two in both the classical genre and the Afro-genre. The interview method was qualitative, with an overall main question and then with open follow-up questions. The analysis of the data was performed from a perspective of design theory. The result shows that the respondents use multiple resources simultaneously to create the conditions for the students to learn how to practice. How the balance between resources looks vary both depending on the workplace of the informants and the age of the pupils. The result also shows that the informants see the playing of an instrument as a craft and that practice is necessary to becoming better at the craft. The discussion compares teachers’ preferences with the educational program requirements and guidelines as well as the pupils’ social environment. The discussion furthermore highlights exercise in relation to the design and multimodal resources.

Syftet med studien är att beskriva tre fiollärares förhållningssätt till musikteori i undervisningen. Detta görs med forskningsfrågorna: Hur definierar fiollärarna begreppet musikteori? Vilka musikteoretiska element erfar fiollärarna att de integrerar i undervisningen?Hur erfar lärarna att de arbetar med musikteori i fiolundervisningen?och Vilka svårigheter förknippar lärarna med fenomenet musikteori i fiolundervisning? Studiens kunskapsteoretiska utgångspunkt är interpretativism och den vetenskapsfilosofiska utgångspunkten fenomenologi. För att uppnå syfte och svara på frågeställningar har semistrukturerade intervjuer gjorts med tre fiollärare. I resultatet beskrivs deras förhållningssätt till musikteori i undervisningen kategoriserade i fyra teman: Fiollärarnas definition av begreppet musikteori, Att arbeta med musikteori i fiolundervisning, Val av musikteoretiskt lektionsinnehåll och Svårigheter med musikteori i fiolundervisningen. I resultatet framkommer många skillnader och olikheter i de intervjuade lärarnas utsagor, men alla berör ämnet notläsning och betonar vikten av att koppla musikteoriundervisning till spel på fiolen. I studiens avslutande kapitel diskuteras resultatet i förhållande till tidigare litteratur och forskning samt till studiens vetenskapsfilosofiska perspektiv fenomenologi. / The purpose of the present study is to describe three violin teachers approach to music theory in teaching. The study has three research questions: How does the violin teachers define the term music theory? What kind of music theory elements do violin teachers experience that they integrate into their teaching? In what way do the teachers experience that they work with music theory in violin education?and What are the music teachers experiences of the phenomenon music theory in violin education?The theoretical foundation of the study is interpretativism and the philosophical perspective is phenomenology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the three violin teachers. In the result, their approach to music theory in violin teaching is categorized into four themes: The violin teachers definitions of music theory, To work with music theory in violin teaching,  choice of music theoretical lesson contentand Difficulties with integrating music theory in violin teaching. The results reveals that there is differences between the teachers' approaches. However, all the teachers reported that they emphasize note acquisition  and the importance of combining music theory with playing the violin. Finally, the results are discussed in relation to previous literature and research, as well as to phenomenological perspectives.

Syftet med studien är att få en fördjupad inblick i hur instrumentallärare behandlar musikteori i sin undervisning för elever i grundskoleålder. Forskning tyder på att elever väljer bort musikteori som ämne på grund av bristande intresse. För att få en bild av i vilken mån instrumentallärare integrerar musikteori i sin undervisning gjorde jag korta strukturerade intervjuer med ett större antal musiklärarstudenter. Jag gjorde också djupintervjuer med fyra instrumentallärare som på ett aktivt sätt integrerar musikteori i sin undervisning. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt i studien har jag använt mig av teorier om lärande. I resultatet visas två olika arbetssätt över hur musikteori kan läras. Det ena sättet sker genom att lära ut musikteorin i mindre delar, motiverade utifrån det eleven spelar. Det andra sättet är att presentera musikteoretiska helheter, ”system”. Resultatet visar också på två olika förhållningssätt till musikteori som ämne. I det första förhållningssättet betonas teorins praktiska funktion. Den ger alla som sysslar med musik ett gemensamt språk att samlas runt. I det andra betonas teorins musikaliskt konstnärliga funktion. Teorin utvecklar en förmåga att se och höra sammanhang och enskildheter i musiken, och detta skapar en förståelse och medvetenhet hos musikerna, vilket i sin tur öppnar för ett självständigare och rikare musicerande. / The study aims to gain a deeper insight into how music teachers apply music theory in their teaching of pupils at the compulsory school age. Research suggests that students opt out of music theory as a subject because of a lack of interest. To get an idea of the extent to which instrumental teachers integrate music theory in their teaching, I have interviewed a large number of music student teachers through a structured interview. I also interviewed four instrumental teachers who actively integrate music theory in their teaching, and had access to their methodology and approach to the subject. I have used theories of learning as the theoretical basis of the study. The results are shown by two different approaches in how theory can be taught. One method is by presenting music theory into smaller parts, motivated by what the student plays. The other method is to present the music theoretical entities, a "system". The results also indicate two different approaches to music theory. The first theory emphasizes practical function. It gives everyone involved in music a common language to gather around. The second theory emphasizes musically artistic function. The theory develops an ability to see and hear the context and details of the music, and this creates an understanding and awareness in musicians, which in turn allows for a more autonomous and richer music.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation binds to the line of research Education and Arts LP4, from the Graduate Program in Education of the Federal University of Santa Maria/RS, and to the Group of studies FAPEM (CNPq): Training, action and research in Music Education. The research objective was to analyze readings and usages of cello teacher, active in the southern region of Brazil, about methods used in the initiation of children. To this end, it was necessary a review and a brief analysis of the methods, as well as investigates how these books are adapted and supplemented in different realities. The study had the theoretical contribution of Roger Chartier referential (1997, 1999, 2002a and 2002b), considering the musical text a reading object constituted of materiality and liable to interpretation. For the realization of the work, the musical methods were studied while textbooks for instrumental teaching, as well as aspects relating to the repertory and musical development in the stage of initiation. For this, it was sought to establish a dialogue with the authors of the areas of Education and Music, in interfaces with Music Education. In this sense, were used as benchmarks studies of authors such as Anne-Marie Chartier (2007) and Alain Choppin (2004), in the area of Education; Garbosa (2003, 2009), Souza (1994), Penna (2008), Torres (2009), França and Swanwick (2002), Pleeth (1982) and Maciente (2008) in the area of Music, among others. Methodologically, the research, of a qualitative nature, had as its main data sourced the talks of cello teachers, considering their readings and experiences in the use of methods. From the study, it was noted that some methods are chosen as the basis for the work of initiation, however, the proposals from authors do not paralyze the practices of the teachers, there is freedom in reading and great diversity of uses. The methods are chosen and supplemented, in accordance with the needs of the community of readers cellists. The results also point to the influence of textbook in the dissemination of musical education proposals that prioritize the making music at the expense of an education focused on technique and on the performance. / A presente dissertação vincula-se à linha de pesquisa Educação e Artes LP4, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria/RS, e ao grupo de estudos FAPEM (CNPq): Formação, ação e pesquisa em Educação Musical. A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar as leituras e usos de professores de violoncelo, atuantes na região sul do Brasil, acerca dos métodos utilizados na iniciação de crianças. Para tanto, foi necessário um levantamento e uma breve análise dos métodos, assim como investigar de que modo esses livros são adaptados e complementados em diferentes realidades. O estudo teve como aporte teórico o referencial de Roger Chartier (1997, 1999, 2002a e 2002b), considerando-se o texto musical um objeto de leitura constituído de materialidade e passível de interpretação. Para a realização do trabalho, os métodos musicais foram estudados enquanto livros didáticos para o ensino instrumental, assim como quanto aos aspectos referentes ao repertório e ao desenvolvimento musical na etapa de iniciação. Para tanto, procurou-se estabelecer um diálogo com autores das áreas de Educação e de Música, em interfaces com a Educação Musical. Neste sentido, foram utilizados como referenciais estudos de autores como Anne-Marie Chartier (2007) e Alain Choppin (2004), na área de Educação; Garbosa (2003, 2009), Souza (1994), Penna (2008), Torres (2009), França e Swanwick (2002), Pleeth (1982) e Maciente (2008) na área da Música, entre outros. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como principal fonte de dados a fala dos professores de violoncelo, considerando-se suas leituras e experiências no uso dos métodos. A partir do estudo, constatou-se que alguns métodos são escolhidos como base para o trabalho de iniciação, entretanto, as propostas dos autores não engessam as práticas dos professores, há liberdade na leitura e grande diversidade de usos. Os métodos são escolhidos e complementados, segundo as necessidades da comunidade de leitores violoncelistas. Os resultados apontam também para a influência do livro didático na divulgação de propostas de educação musical que priorizem o fazer musical em detrimento de um ensino focado na técnica e na performance.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-19T17:29:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9245207 bytes, checksum: e18f96b9b74564baa6c917552ea31490 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T17:29:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 9245207 bytes, checksum: e18f96b9b74564baa6c917552ea31490 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / Research on popular music teaching have gone through development in recent years, gaining, as a result, considerable importance and legitimacy, especially within the context of research in music education. Based on this fact, the present work shows the results of a study on popular music teaching, contemplating most specifically the teaching of the brass instruments in the Brazilian Federal Universities and UNICAMP. This thesis aims to present, to analyze and to discuss about the main didactic materials employed by these teachers on Brazilian popular music teaching to brass instruments, reflecting and pointing guidelines for the insertion of Brazilian popular music on french horn teaching. The research methodology included bibliographical studies, documental research, questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and the empirical experiences consolidated by the author’s expertise both as a performer and a teacher of the instrument at Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte and in other parts of Brazil. The research cleared that the popular music teaching should be developed from parameters adequate to the diversity of manifestations that constitutes this phenomenon on society. It became clear that on Brass instruments teaching formative proposals that contemplate Brazilian popular music are still rare, if compared to the insertion of these instruments on the reality of the studied universities. As a consequence, the main didactic materials are quantitative limited, being more used general proposals related to interpretative dimensions of Brazilian popular music. Having the information collected as a basis, it was possible to understand that the insertion of the popular music on the horn teaching should be done from guidelines that contemplate from the specificities of Brazilian popular music to the singularities of the instrument / Os estudos sobre o ensino da música brasileira popular (MBP) têm se expandido nos últimos anos, ganhando espaço e legitimidade, sobretudo no âmbito das pesquisas em educação musical. Considerando essa realidade, esta tese apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa acerca do ensino instrumental, contemplando mais especificamente o ensino da música brasileira popular para instrumentos de metal e saxofone em universidades federais brasileiras e na UNICAMP. A tese tem como objetivo geral apresentar, analisar e discutir os principais materiais didáticos utilizados no ensino da música brasileira popular para instrumentos de metal, refletindo e apontando, a partir desses materiais, diretrizes para a inserção da MBP no ensino da trompa. A metodologia da pesquisa abrangeu estudos bibliográficos, pesquisa documental, questionários, entrevistas semiestruturadas, bem como experiências empíricas consolidadas a partir da atuação do autor como trompista e professor do instrumento na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte e em outras localidades do país. A pesquisa evidenciou que o ensino da música popular precisa ser desenvolvido a partir de parâmetros adequados à diversidade de manifestações que caracteriza tal fenômeno na sociedade. No âmbito do ensino de instrumentos de metal, ficou evidente que propostas formativas que contemplam a MBP ainda são escassas, se comparadas à ampla inserção desses instrumentos na realidade das universidades investigadas. Como consequência, os materiais didáticos contemplados são quantitativamente limitados, sendo mais utilizadas propostas gerais relacionadas à dimensões interpretativas da música brasileira popular. Com base nas diferentes informações coletadas, foi possível inferir que a inserção da música popular no ensino da trompa em cursos de graduação deve ser trabalhada a partir de diretrizes que integrem às especificidades da MBP às singularidades do instrumento.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2015-05-26T11:44:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 779548 bytes, checksum: 9ba78a9c3da6f0f49e931cd8f729230c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-26T11:44:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 779548 bytes, checksum: 9ba78a9c3da6f0f49e931cd8f729230c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-24 / Music education has undergone a number of changes in recent centuries. These changes do not happen in isolation but interact and are interdependent events with another knowledge areas. Dominant paradigm in musical instrument teaching, since the establishment of music education model appeared at eighteenth century conservatorie, has roots in Newtonian-Cartesian thinking. Nowadays can be observed a change of mindset from almost all areas, is the rise of new paradigms fleeing from fragmentation, mechanization and mind-body dissolution that the old paradigm suggests, these new paradigms are heading to a holistic and integrative vision. The aim of this study was to observe and analyze imagery utilization in guitar student's daily practice, as it considered them a key component in these emerging paradigms. Data were gathered with three UFPB bachelor's guitar students. Were observed the student's study routines, data analysis gave the understanding of the current state of the relationship and interactions between knowledge of the cognitive sciences and the musical instrument teaching / learning process in our context today. / A educação musical vem sofrendo uma série de mudanças nos últimos séculos. Essas mudanças não acontecem de forma isolada mas interagem e são interdependentes aos acontecimentos de outras áreas do conhecimento. O paradigma dominante no ensino de instrumento, desde a implantação do modelo de ensino de música surgido nos conservatórios do século XVIII, tem raízes no pensamento newtoniano-cartesiano. Na atualidade é possível observar uma mudança na forma de pensar de praticamente todas as áreas, é o surgimento de novos paradigmas que fogem da fragmentação e mecanização, da separação entre mente e corpo que sugere o paradigma antigo e se encaminham a uma visão holística e integradora. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi de observar e analisar a utilização de imagens mentais na prática diária de estudantes de violão, por considerá-las um componente fundamental desses paradigmas emergentes. Foram colhidos dados com três estudantes de violão do bacharelado em música da UFPB. Observaram-se as rotinas de estudo dos alunos e, a partir da análise dos dados, foi possível compreender o estado atual das relações e interações existentes entre o conhecimento das ciências cognitivas e o ensino/aprendizagem de instrumento no nosso contexto na atualidade.

Syftet med studien är att utforska och beskriva hur några cellolärare ser på fenomenet den spelande kroppen. I arbetets bakgrundskapitel ges en forskningsöversikt av musikers hälsa och skadeförebyggande instrumentalundervisning samt ett avsnitt om ”musikerergonomi”. Bakgrunden visar att musiker är en yrkesgrupp som har en stressig och pressande arbetsmiljö. Detta i kombination med hög belastning på vissa kroppsdelar leder till problem med bland annat smärtor. Studiens vetenskapsfilosofiska perspektiv är fenomenologi där ett livsvärldsperspektiv är utgångspunkten tillsammans med Merleau-Pontys och syn på kroppen som subjekt. I metodkapitlet presenteras studiens valda metod vilken är semistrukturerad intervju som i föreliggande studie videofilmas. I resultatet presenteras cellolärarnas syn på den spelande kroppen i tre meningsenheter. Den första, den levande kroppen tar upp kroppen som helhet, andning och kroppars olikheter. Där visas att cellolärarna har en helhetssyn på kroppen där cellisters olikheter behöver tas i beaktning och andningen ses som central. Andra meningsenheten kroppskännedom delas in i avsnitten att närvara i sin kropp, vanans makt, när kroppsligt engagemang blir negativt och när det gör ont. Meningsenheten beskriver hur cellolärarna ser på att uppleva den egna kroppen och känna efter samt vikten av att vara vaksam på smärtor och spänningar. I den tredje och sista meningsenheten kroppslig omsorg presenteras samspel mellan kropp och cello, avspänning, uppvärmning, stretch och yoga och annan träning. Där presenteras cellolärarnas syn på hur cellospelet kan ske med fokus på avspänning samt övningar med och utan instrument för att ta hand om kroppen. Avslutningsvis diskuteras resultatet i relation till tidigare presenterad litteratur och ett fenomenologiskt perspektiv. Diskussionen delas in i två delar där den första den spelande kroppen, visar hur kroppen ses om en helhet med sittställning och andning som centrala delar. Därtill erfar cellolärarna att grundkonditionen är av vikt för den spelande kroppens välbefinnande. I den andra delen kroppens syntes visas hur kroppsmedvetenhet och vanor är faktorer som enligt cellolärarna skapar förutsättningar och välmående för den spelande kroppen. Avslutningsvis diskuteras hur cellon som yttre objekt kan införlivas i den levande kroppen och på så vis bli en del av en helhet i form av den spelade kroppen. / The aim of this study is to explore and describe the views of some cello teachers on the phenomenon the playing body. In the background chapter of the work you will find a presentation of previous research of musicians’ health and injury prevention in music education and a section about “musician ergonomics”. The background shows that being a musician is an occupation with a stressful and pressing work place environment. This in combination with high strain on some body parts leads to problems such as pain. The science philosophical perspective of the study is phenomenology where a life-world perspective is the starting point together with Merleau-Ponty´s view on the body as the subject. In the method chapter, the method of the study is presented which consists of semi-structured interviews that are documented with video. In the result, the cello teachers’ views on the playing body is presented in three meaningful units. The first, the living body takes up the body as a whole, breathing and bodies differences. There it is shown that the cello teachers have a holistic approach on the body where cellists’ differences need to be taken into account and the breathing is seen as essencial. The second meaningful unit body awareness is divided into to be present in the body, force of the habit, when bodily involvement becomes negative and when it hurts. The meaningful unit describes how the cello teachers view the experience of the own body and being attentive to feelings and the importance of being alert to pain and tension. In the third and final meaningful unit bodily care, interaction between body and cello, relaxation, warm-up, stretch and yoga and other exercise, are presented. It introduces the celloteachers’ view on how cello can be played with focus on eliminating tensions and exercises with or without instruments for bodily care. Lastly the result is discussed in relation to previously presented literature and a phenomenological perspective. The discussion is divided into two parts, where the first, the playing body, shows how the body is seen as a whole, with sitting position and respiration being central subjects. In addition the cello teachers witness that basic condition is of importance for the well-being of the playing body. In the second part the synthesis of the body it shows how bodily awareness and habits are factors that according to the cello teachers create opportunities and well-being for the playing body. Finally there is discussion on how the cello as an exterior object can be incorporated with the living body and in that way become part of a whole in the shape of the playing body.

Syftet med föreliggande kvantitativa studie har varit att ta reda på i vilken utsträckning musik- studerande elever och studenter upplever att de kan öva strukturerat och effektivt samt om sång- och instrumentallärare, inom ramen för sin undervisning, lär sina elever detta. Avsikten var också att ta reda på om det med anknytning till detta finns samband eller variationer bland respondenterna kopplat till någon av bakgrundsfaktorerna kön, instrument, genre eller skol- form. Med positivism och objektivism som vetenskaps- och kunskapsteoretiska utgångspunkter valdes enkät som forskningsmetod där två olika enkäter konstruerades, en till elever och stu- denter och en till lärare. Enkäterna distribuerades sedan till gymnasieskolor, folkhögskolor och musikhögskolor runt om i Sverige. Resultatet visar att lärarnas svar och eleverna och studen- ternas svar skiljer sig markant, där lärarna i högre utsträckning anger att de bistår sina elever med övningsmetoder och vägledning. Tidigare forskning pekar på att lärare tenderar att tro att de lär sina elever att öva i högre utsträckning än vad de faktiskt gör, vilket är något som disku- teras i förhållande till föreliggande studies resultat. Vidare visar resultatet att genre kan vara den mest avgörande faktorn för i vilken utsträckning elever och studenter får möjlighet att lära sig att öva inom ramen för sång- och instrumentalundervisningen. Elever och studenter inom den klassiska genren anger nämligen i signifikant högre utsträckning att de får vägledning i sin övning jämfört med elever och studenter inom genren jazz/pop/rock. Av resultatet framgår också att majoriteten av eleverna och studenterna önskar mer stöd och vägledning i sin övning. Avslutningsvis förs därför en diskussion om huruvida utlärning av övning är ett moment som tydligare bör framhävas i kursplaner och styrdokument. / The purpose of the present quantitative study has been to investigate the extent to which stu- dents feel that they can practice in a manner that is structured and effective. Additionally, the purpose was to examine whether song and instrumental teachers, within their regular teaching, also teach their students how to practice. The intention was furthermore to find out whether there are any connections or variations among the respondents linked to any of the background factors: gender, instrument, genre or school form. Based on positivism and objectivism as the- ories of science and knowledge, questionnaires were chosen as research method, in which one questionnaire was designed for students and one for teachers. The questionnaires were then distributed to upper secondary schools, folk high schools and music colleges around Sweden. The result shows that the teachers' answers and the students' answers differ markedly, where the teachers, to a greater extent, indicate that they assist their students with practice methods and guidance. Previous research indicates that teachers tend to think that they teach their stu- dents to practice to a greater extent than they actually do, which is something that is discussed in relation to the results of the present study. Furthermore, the results show that genre can be the most decisive factor for the extent to which students are given the opportunity to learn to practice within their lesson. Students in the classical genre indicate to a much greater extent that they receive guidance in their practice compared to students in the jazz/pop/rock genre. The result also shows that the majority of the students wants more support and guidance in their practice. Therefore, a final discussion is held about the aspect of teaching students how to prac- tice and whether this aspect maybe need to be clarified in syllabuses and steering documents.