Role-players in the South African automotive industry have responded positively to the Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP) policy regime. Since 1995, South African light motor vehicle manufacturers (original equipment manufacturers – OEMs) have become fully integrated into the global networks of their foreign parent companies. As South Africa‟s leading manufacturing sector, the increasing importance of the automotive sector is reflected in its exports, investments and contribution to the country‟s gross domestic product. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact of the MIDP on the export strategies of the South African light motor vehicle manufacturers (1995–2008). The main findings of the research are that, since 1995, the MIDP has been the primary factor impacting on the export strategies of South African OEMs. Without the programme, the industry would not have been able to cope with global competition. It is important to note that without the MIDP there would have been no significant growth in exports from South Africa. The research found that the country‟s trade arrangements with the EU and the USA have enhanced the impact of the MIDP. It was also found that, given South Africa‟s distance to foreign markets, the most important constraint when accessing these markets is the cost of logistics. In addition, the most important determinant of foreign-market pricing when setting the export price, aligned with the influence of the OEM parent companies, is costs relating to manufacturing, transportation and marketing. The role played by the MIDP in sourcing decisions is the most important factor that has contributed to an increase in light vehicle exports. Furthermore, the perceived level of influence when determining new export destinations would seem to be higher for the US-based and the Japanese-based OEMs than the European-based OEMs. The new Automotive Production Development Programme (APDP) (to be introduced in 2013), which aims to double vehicle production to 1,2 million units by 2020, will reflect a quantum leap in terms of processes, technologies and the scale on which the domestic industry currently operates. In order for the South African automotive industry to achieve both its and government‟s objectives it will require priority attention. / Business Management / D. Comm. (Business Management))

Research question: To examine what aspects affect some consumers to avoid e-bikes and others to desire them. Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to see if e-bikes have a symbolic value. We aim to see if e-bikes is associated as an environmentally friendly product. We will examine stereotypes and brand avoidance. Further we will see what attributes consumers associate with typical users of e-bikes. Theory: To test our research question we chose our main theory of the matching process between self-image and typical user. Prior studies on e-bikes in areas as typical users and environment were analyzed. Previous studies on e-bikes were analyzed in areas such as environment and typical users. Methodology: A survey was made on two groups who are underrepresented in sales of ebikes. Students aged 21-30 and cycling enthusiasts. Results and conclusions: • We found that e-bikes have symbolic value. • Many respondents perceive e-bike users as environmentally friendly, comfortable and lazy. • E-bikes being perceived as environmentally friendly can be a pre-purchase indicator for students, but not for cycling enthusiasts • Different groups of students have conflicting user imagery, one group describe e-bikers as lazy, and another group describe e-bike users as healthy • The stereotype that e-bike users are old is not very frequent • Viewing e-bike users as lazy influences impacts the perceived value and are likely to lead to brand avoidance

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Degani Cantoni.pdf: 851330 bytes, checksum: abb528b0c4faa0175c8f1c84bddc1358 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / The franchise sector in Brazil has grown significantly in recent years. The revenue of companies in the sector reached R $ 115.582 billion in 2013, with growth between 2012 and 2013 of 11.9%, and Brazil is the sixth country in the ranking of number of franchises, with 114,409 franchised units. Nevertheless, only 5% of Brazilian franchises operating abroad. Thus, to investigate and understand the factors that contribute decisively to the internationalization process remains relevant. This dissertation investigates what are the factors that precede the process of internationalization of Brazilian franchises that were successful in the internationalization process. Through descriptive exploratory study seeks to understand the phenomenon of internationalization of Brazilian franchises investigating the drivers of success in international operations. The multi-case study will be conducted in three garment sector companies (Colcci, Hering, Hope), franchising sector responsible for R$9.39 billions in revenue in 2013, with 12,1% growth rate from 2012 to 2013 (ABF, 2013). The garment sector is very representative in terms of quantity of brands international franchising, there are 18 garment brands, behind of Personal Accessories and Foot Wear (19 brands) and Beverages, Coffees, Sweets and Savories (19 brands). The results show that these networks franchises were influenced mainly by the company-level items and industry-level items in the franchise network operates. Each case was characterized by individual events-critical of their experience. The results also show the role of marketing in the internationalization of these companies, each company has its own specifications, but it was found a fundamental role: to partner committed to building the brand in the long term. learn more about the process of internationalization of Brazilian franchises identifying antecedent factors for internationalization and their relative importance. This study generates knowledge about the reality of internationalized Brazilian franchises by identifying the critical-history that influenced the process of internationalization of Brazilian franchises investigated nest multicase study. / O setor de franquias no Brasil tem crescido de forma expressiva nos últimos anos. O faturamento das empresas do setor atingiu R$ 115,582 bilhões em 2013, com crescimento entre 2012 e 2013 de 11,9%, sendo o Brasil o sexto país no ranking de número de franquias, com 114.409 unidades franqueadas. Contudo, apenas 5% das franquias brasileiras operam no exterior. Assim, investigar e entender os fatores que contribuem para o processo de internacionalização continua relevante. Esta dissertação analisa quais são os fatores que antecedem o processo de internacionalização das franquias brasileiras. Por meio de estudo exploratório-descritivo busca-se compreender o fenômeno da internacionalização das franquias brasileiras investigando- se os motivadores do sucesso em operações internacionais. O estudo multi-casos foi conduzido em três empresas do setor de vestuário, setor de franquia responsável pelo faturamento de R$ 9.39 bilhões de reais em 2013, tendo crescimento de 12,1% de 2012 a 2013 (ABF, 2013). O setor de franquia vestuário é bastante representativo em quantidade de marcas franqueadas internacionalmente, são 18 marcas internacionalizadas, ficando atrás apenas do setor Acessórios Pessoais e Calçados (19 marcas) e Bebidas, Cafés, Doces e Salgados (19 marcas). A pesquisa de campo foi conduzida com entrevistas semiestruturadas com diretores e gerentes responsáveis pela internacionalização das empresas. Os resultados mostram que estas redes de franquias foram influenciadas, principalmente, por itens de nível da empresa e por itens de nível da indústria em que a rede de franquias atua. Cada caso foi caracterizado por antecedentes-críticos específicos de sua experiência. Os resultados também mostram o papel do marketing na internacionalização destas empresas, cada empresa possui sua singularidade, mas, principalmente, o papel de estabelecer parcerias comprometidas com a construção da marca à longo-prazo. Este estudo gera conhecimento acerca da realidade das franquias brasileiras internacionalizadas por identificar os antecedentes-críticos que influenciaram o processo de internacionalização das redes de franquias brasileiras investigadas estudo multicaso.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sergio Garrido Moraes.pdf: 3743435 bytes, checksum: aa6019c8f177bca27d6262d46dd609e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-16 / The purpose of this study is to assess what would have greater impact on purchase intention of products from one country: those aspects of the country, widely researched topic in international marketing, or those aspects of the brand, whose relevance has been pointed out by authors as Samiee, Usunier and Diamantopoulos, sometimes to the detriment of the very concept of country-of-origin. To achieve this goal, the literature review indicated the constructs of country image and country affinity as relevant to assessing the impact of the country. To assess the impact of the brand, the indicated constructs were brand personality and self-brand connection. These constructs can be classified as predominantly affective (affinity and connection) and cognitive (image and personality). As the country to be evaluated, the United States was chosen because it is the source of most valuable brands in the world, and many of them bring to the construction of their identity aspects of American culture. The selected brands were Apple, Levi's and McDonald's, all of high penetration in the studied segment (youngsters), and in evidence both in the economic and cultural fields (high sales, high value, and trendsetters), as in the academic and political scenario (articles, books, anti-American demonstrations). The methodology consisted of a survey conducted with 367 university students from São Paulo, which is also characterized as the target of the brands studied. Data analysis was performed by using the structural equation model, for which they were tested causal relationships between constructs relating to the country and brand with the purchase intention of these brands. The results showed a greater influence on purchase intention of predominantly affective constructs, and among these, the construct of self-brand connection was especially strong and significant. Constructs studied in traditional marketing such as brand personality and image of the country did not result in significant impacts on purchase intentions. These results, however, may vary in intensity depending on the brand. Thus, the paper concludes by stating that the brand, especially those of high brand-equity, would have greater force in the determination of purchase intent than the constructs for the country. The research, however, cannot be generalized, since investigated a group non representative of the population, but provides evidence that can be expanded in future studies, like the investigation of brands with weak brand-equity, other countries, other segments of market and other product categories. / O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o que teria maior impacto na intenção de compra de produtos de um país: os aspectos relativos ao país de origem, tema vastamente pesquisado no marketing internacional, ou os aspectos relativos a marca, cuja relevância vem sendo apontada por autores como Samiee, Usunier e Diamantopoulos, às vezes em detrimento do próprio conceito de efeito país-de-origem. Para atingir esse objetivo, a revisão da literatura indicou como constructos relevantes para avaliar o impacto do país os de imagem de país e afinidade com país; para avaliar o impacto da marca, os constructos foram personalidade de marca e conexão do self com a marca. Esses constructos podem ser classificados como predominantemente afetivos (afinidade e conexão do self) e cognitivos (imagem e personalidade). Como país a ser avaliado, foi escolhido os Estados Unidos, pois é a origem das marcas mais valiosas do mundo, e muitas delas agregam à construção de sua identidade aspectos da cultura americana. As marcas selecionadas foram Apple, Levi s, e McDonald s, todas de alta penetração no segmento estudado (jovens), e em evidência tanto no cenário econômico e cultural (altas vendas, alto valor, formadoras de tendências), quanto acadêmico e político (artigos, livros, manifestações antiamericanas). A metodologia empregada constituiu-se em um survey realizado com 367 estudantes universitários da cidade de São Paulo, que também se caracterizavam como público-alvo das marcas estudadas. O tratamento e a análise dos dados foram realizados mediante o uso do modelo de equações estruturais, pelo qual foram testadas relações de causalidade entre constructos relativos a país e marca com a intenção de compra dessas marcas. Os resultados demonstraram maior influência na intenção de compra dos constructos predominantemente afetivos e, entre estes, o constructo conexão do self com a marca mostrou-se especialmente forte e significativo. Constructos tradicionalmente estudados no marketing, como personalidade de marca e imagem de país não resultaram em impactos significativos na intenção de compra. Esses resultados, no entanto, podem variar de intensidade dependendo da marca. Assim, o trabalho conclui afirmando que a marca, especialmente aquelas de alto brand equity, teria maior força na determinação da intenção de compra do que os constructos relativos a país. A pesquisa, no entanto, não pode ser generalizada, pois investigou um grupo não representativo da população, mas oferece indicativos que podem ser ampliados em novos estudos, como a investigação de marcas de frágil brand-equity, de outros países, de outros segmentos de mercado e de outras categorias de produto.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Oliveira Osorio.pdf: 1862567 bytes, checksum: 813428c042e3674960ae7b2861eeff3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / Even sectors which usually offer products with a high degree of similarity as agribusiness can develop brand strategies, which are potentially capable of promoting a greater perceived value by consumers. Brazil is a world leader in the production and export of various agricultural products, and agribusiness is one of the most important sectors of national economy. This paper discusses how the Origin of the Product (national or imported), Perceptions and Attitudes of Consumers about Food Production Processes and Brand Equity assigned by Consumers to Certification Processes, affect the formation of Brand Equity in agricultural commodities. The aim was the characterization of consumer`s attitudes and perceptions that influences the formation of Brand Equity, throughout an empirical study conducted with Brazilian pork consumers. A literature review on branding strategies and their applications for agribusiness is presented. A theoretical construct with six research hypotheses were tested, using a structural equation model. Based on the results obtained from a sample with 132 consumers (interviewed about consumption of Brazilian pork), three out of the six original hypotheses were supported. A second questionnaire about the consumption of imported pork, with 52 respondents, was used to compare means between groups by ANOVA, in order to study the effect of information on the origin of the product on consumer´s attitudes and perceptions. Managerial recommendations based on the confrontation of the results with literature review are presented. Through a better understanding of factors that affect Brand Equity for agricultural commodities, this study sought to suggest Branding strategies that can assist organizations to offer products with higher perceived value by consumers, and thus achieve greater competitive advantage. / Mesmo segmentos como o agronegócio, que em geral oferecem produtos com alto grau de similaridade, podem desenvolver estratégias de marca, as quais potencialmente são capazes de promover uma maior percepção de valor por parte dos consumidores. O Brasil é um dos líderes mundiais na produção e exportação de vários produtos agropecuários, e o agronegócio é um dos segmentos mais importantes da economia nacional. O presente trabalho aborda como a Origem do Produto (nacional ou importado), as Percepções e Atitudes dos Consumidores frente os Processos de Produção dos Alimentos, e o Valor de Marca atribuído pelos Consumidores aos Processos de Certificação, afetam à Formação do Valor de Marca (Brand Equity) em commodities agropecuárias. O objetivo foi caracterizar, por meio de um estudo empírico realizado com consumidores brasileiros de carne suína, as percepções e as atitudes dos consumidores que influenciam à formação do Valor da Marca (Brand Equity). Uma revisão de literatura sobre estratégias de Branding e suas aplicações para o agronegócio é apresentada. Seis hipóteses de pesquisa foram testadas, constituindo assim um constructo teórico que foi analisado por meio de um modelo de equações estruturais. Baseado nos resultados obtidos a partir de uma amostra que contou com 132 consumidores entrevistados sobre o consumo da carne suína brasileira, foram suportadas três das seis hipóteses propostas. Um segundo questionário relativo ao consumo de carne suína importada, com 52 respondentes, foi utilizado para a comparação das médias entre os grupos através da análise de variância ANOVA, a fim de estudar o efeito da informação sobre a origem do produto sobre as percepções e atitudes dos consumidores. Recomendações gerenciais baseadas nos resultados obtidos confrontados com a revisão teórica são apresentadas. Por meio de um melhor conhecimento do comportamento do Valor da Marca (Brand Equity) para commodities agropecuárias, este estudo procurou contribuir sugerindo estratégias de Branding capazes de auxiliar na oferta de produtos com maior valor percebido pelos consumidores, e que assim, ofereçam maior vantagem competitiva para as organizações.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:09:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Luiza Vasques Piccioli.pdf: 4068332 bytes, checksum: a47638a822b0b54d95ac608b8bd4134f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / This study is dedicated to the analysis of the Value Co-Creation Management and its relation to the market oriented strategy in foreign and Brazilian multinational companies. It is based on a theory review in which three main topics are discussed: (1) Marketing concepts evolution and the strategic orientation to market; (2) competitive advantage development and the value co-creation management; (3) foreign and Brazilian multinational companies, subsidiaries' role and the global Marketing management. The qualitative nature research developed on the market used the methodology of multiple case studies, following the protocol proposed by Yin (2001). This study was performed in 4 multinational companies, among them two Brazilian and two foreign ones, directly with the areas that are responsible for value co-creation management. In total, eight interviews were performed, being two per company, between the months of October and December 2012. After analysis, the research pointed not only to market orientation as a predecessor of co-creation management, but also to the value discipline chosen by the company as a strategical driver to co-creation implementation. In relation to Brazilian and foreign multinational companies, it was possible to identify that the management style is related to the organizations characteristics rather than their nationalities. As a contribute, this study fills a gap by bringing closer the subjects of Marketing orientation of co-creation practices and co-creation management in multinational companies. / Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a gestão da co-criação de valor e sua integração com a estratégia de orientação para mercado em empresas multinacionais estrangeiras e brasileiras. O estudo do tema parte de uma revisão teórica, em que são considerados três tópicos: (1) a evolução dos conceitos de marketing e a orientação estratégica para mercado; (2) a construção de vantagem competitiva e a gestão da co-criação de valor; (3) as empresas multinacionais estrangeiras e brasileiras, o papel das subsidiárias e a gestão do marketing global. A pesquisa de campo, de natureza qualitativa, utilizou o método de estudo de caso múltiplo, seguindo o esquema protocolar proposto por Yin (2001). Este estudo foi realizado junto a quatro empresas multinacionais, sendo duas multinacionais estrangeiras e duas empresas multinacionais brasileiras, junto as áreas responsáveis pela gestão da co-criação de valor. Foram realizadas oito entrevistas, com dois profissionais de cada empresa pesquisada. As entrevistas ocorreram entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2012. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontam não apenas a orientação para mercado como um antecedente da gestão da co-criação, mas também a disciplina de valor escolhida pela empresa como uma diretriz estratégica para a implementação da co-criação. Com relação à comparação entre empresas multinacionais brasileiras e estrangeiras, foi possível verificar que a forma de gestão está atrelada as características organizacionais das empresas multinacionais e não a sua nacionalidade. Como contribuições, este estudo preenche uma lacuna ao aproximar o tema orientação para mercado da prática da co-criação e a gestão da co-criação em empresas multinacionais.

[pt] A Globalização promove inúmeras oportunidades para as empresas incluindo o acesso a múltiplos mercados, novas receitas, conhecimentos e tecnologias capazes de incrementar sua competitividade. Paralelamente, gera uma série de ameaças num ambiente crescente de instabilidade mundial que provém de conflitos geopolíticos e sociais, alguém de riscos econômico-financeiros. Mais ainda, a solidicação de um sistema econômico global em desequilíbrio é um dos principais motivos dos conflitos e dos riscos. Estas vertentes da Globalização, tanto positivas quanto negativas, causam distúrbios e oscilações agressivas aos mercados criando desafios à gestâo estratégica corporativa global. As abordagens teóricas do processo de Globalização das empresas, disponíveis na literatura levam em conta as vertentes de ameaças e oportunidades, no entanto de forma desordenada. Este estudo propõe uma análise qualitativa das principais abordagens existentes com o objetivo de identificar os desafios da gestão corporativa de empresas em transformação global sob essas duas vertentes. Mais ainda, demonstra que a busca de alternativas para sua sobrevivência e independência doméstica, requer a revisão da forma de suas funções administrativas e a formulação e implementação de suas estratégias, de maneira a definir a estrutura necessária para a expansão de seus negócios. É demonstrado também que vislumbrar novos mercados requer diversas habilidades dinâmicas, mas também sistematização para administrar desafios externos e internos. / [en] Globalization provides several opportunities to companies, including access to multiple markets, new revenues, knowledge and technologies, that increases their competitivity. On the other hand, it generates a series of threats within an environment of worldwide growing instability, originated from social and geopolitical conflicts, together with financial and economical risks. Moreover, the solidification of an unstable global economical system is at the heart of such conflicts and risks. Such aspects of the Globalization process, both the positive and negative ones, may cause aggressive disturbances and oscillations in the markets creating challenges to the global corporate strategic management. The modern approaches to managerial globalization process take into account both these aspects, opportunities and threats, however in an unordered way. In this work we present a qualitative analysis of the main approaches to global companies, aiming to pinpoint the challenges of corporate management of companies under globalization. Moreover, we demonstrate that a search for alternatives to a company's survival and domestic independence requires a change of perspective regarding their administrative functions and the formulation and implementation of their strategies, in order to define the necessary infrastructure to allow its business growth. It is also shown that a search for new markets requires several dynamic abilities but also a systematic method to manage internal and external challenges.

[pt] O problema de sobrecarga de informação é um dos mais sérios enfrentados atualmente. Para tentar resolver esse problema, áreas distintas como Gestão do Conhecimento, Web Semântica e Modelagem de Aplicações Hipermídia têm utilizado soluções parecidas que consistem basicamente na estruturação semântica da informação, para que ela seja mais facilmente acessada. Esta dissertação propõe uma infra-estrutura baseada em técnicas e algoritmos clássicos da área de Inteligência Artificial, que aproveita a crescente disponibilidade de modelos relativos a um domínio para permitir que as aplicações onde os mesmos estão definidos realizem inferências sobre o domínio em questão. Isso possibilita a introdução de diversas novas funcionalidades nessas aplicações. Foram propostas e desenvolvidas quatro novas funcionalidades, a principal sendo a busca semântica. As novas funcionalidades foram testadas com grande sucesso em duas aplicações: o site do Departamento de Informática da PUC-Rio e o Portal do Conhecimento a respeito da obra do grande pintor brasileiro Candido Portinari. / [en] The information overload problem is one of the most challenging problems being faced today. In order to solve this problem, different areas such as Knowledge Management, Semantic Web and Hypermedia Applications Modeling have used similar solutions that consist basically of semantically structuring the information so it can be better accessed. This dissertation proposes an infrastructure based on classic algorithms and techniques of Artificial Intelligence that utilizes the increase in the availability of domain specific models to enable the applications where they are defined to make inferences about these particular domains. These inferences enable the creation of new functionalities in these applications. Four new functionalities were proposed and implemented, the most important being a semantic search. The new functionalities presented were successfully tested in two existing applications: the website of the Computer Science Department of PUC-Rio and the Portinari Knowledge Portal that presents all the work of the famous brazilian painter Candido Portinari.

This research focuses on one of the least studied cultural dimension, “indulgence versus restraint” (IVR) and how it affects consumer behavior, international marketing, and global business operations in the U.S. and Mongolia. This project is the first research on IVR in Mongolia since the country is rarely studied and there is no available data for this cultural dimension. Samples of undergraduate business students (as consumers) from both countries were studied through surveys. The findings support that Mongolians and Americans are different regarding the “indulgence” cultural dimension. This paper has a significant contribution to the cross-cultural literature regarding the indulgence cultural dimension and its applications in global business and marketing and advertising strategies.

臺灣地區蘊藏的天然資源不多，對外銷的倚賴度偏高；而國際化過程中，密切掌握顧客的需要，做好價值單元的管理，是企業得以成功的關鍵；而就近年來宏基、統一等企業購併歐美公司的案例來看，通路往往是企業最主要的考量；行銷通路是生產者與消費者之間主要連結的管道，而這种管道的建立通常必須花費相當多的時間與資本，是其他競爭對手不易模仿者，可形成企業的競爭優勢。本研究嘗試以內外部環境因素、通路管理、通路績效對國際行銷通路進行探討，希望能達成以下目的： 1.探討內外部環境因素對通路結構、政策及通路管理的影響。 2.探討通路結構、政策、通路管理的決策。 3.探討通路結構、政策與通路管理對通路績效的影響。 4.探討企業體進行國際化時，通路結構、政策與通路管理方式的變化與演變，以及對通路績效的影響。 本研究採用個案研究法進行，以我國的高科技產業，特別是電子資訊業具有外銷實績的廠商作為研究的對象。研究結果發現： 就通路結構而言：當地通路結構反映了當地顧客的消費行為，因此與當地通路結構的搭配極其重要；應使企業資源、規模與市場規模間密切的配合，以發揮競爭上的優勢；較小的企業可選擇採出口、經銷商、分公司等循序漸進的方式進入市場，在獲利與風險間取得一個平衡；重視產品特性與通路管理間的組合，視產品特性選擇不同的通路長度。通路商的選擇則以銷績效、信用與財務狀況最受重視，而綜效的發揮也是企業先擇通路夥伴時重要的考量之一。 而就通路管理而言，高控制力的通路一般擁有較佳的績效；而其中實質的作業支援是對強化通路成員關係最直接的方式；近年來資訊業來逐次降價的趨勢，使通路管理中的價值單元管理更為重要；而當企業因企業的發展而須對通路結構進行調整時，原有通路結構與成員的管理問題須格外注意。 / For lack of Natural Resoure in Taiwan, the dependency of exporting is much higher; It is the key successful factor that a copany keep the needs of customers and execute value-chain management well in the process of internationalization; It is channel why some well-known companies, such as Acer Group, President Group etc., merged foreign companies; Marketing channels is the way to connect producers and customers, difficult to build, costing and time-consuming, theefore, it can become the competitive advantage. In the research, internal and external environment factors, channel structure, channel management, channel performance will be discussed. The major objects includes: 1. discuss the effects among environment factors, channel structures channel policies, and channel management. 2. discuss the decisions of channel structuresm channel policies,and channel management. 3. discuss the effects of channel structures, channel policies, and channel management to channel performance. 4. discuss the changes of channel structures, channel policies, and channel management in different stages of internationalization. The research is analyzed through cade study, and the primary data were collected form hi-tech manufacturers, especially from computer and electronic manufactures. The empirical findings are summarized as follows: For channel Structures: The channel structures reflect local buying behaviors, then a company should depend on comany resources and company size to select the best mode to enter. A small-scale company could enter a foreign market through exporting, distributors, branch offices, step by step; in other words, the optimal entry mode is considering between profits and risks. The channel length depends on the complexity of products. The most important factors to select channel members are selling performance and credit status, moreover, the synergy effect is another key factor. For Channel Management: The channel in higher control performs better generally. The relationship among channel members could be hardened by substantial operation support directly. Recently, it is common for the prices of electronic products to slump step by step, thus the value-chain management is more important. Facing the changing of channel structures, it should pay more attention to the channel management of original members.