The objective of this thesis is to empirically assess how the tax incentives of Law 11,196/05 have affected the landscape of private industrial innovation in Brazil. The main point is to verify to what extent this tax relief has contributed to the fostering of innovation in the country. To achieve this broad objective, three specific research questions were devised as axes of investigation, and they are addressed in each of the stand-alone papers that comprise this thesis. I begin by assessing whether the incentives have impacted the volume of innovation investment of beneficiary firms. This first analysis also considers the effect of the policy on innovation outputs and firms\' performance. The second research question considers the behavioral additionality, estimating changes caused by the incentives on the composition of the bundle of innovation investments and on the type of innovation pursued by firms. The third investigation assesses whether the reduction of the tax burden has attracted international innovation investment by diverting it from alternative destinations, thus testing the \'footloose R&D\' argument for the Brazilian case. The first two papers use microdata on Brazilian firms from the Industrial Innovation Survey (PINTEC) and other sources, and the impact is estimated through propensity score matching with difference-in-differences. The third study relies on aggregate country data, mainly on activities of foreign affiliates of U.S. multinationals and international patent applications; and panel data estimators are applied to measure and test the correlation of the Brazilian policy with international innovation investment directed to other countries. The main findings of the thesis are: (a) the average impact of the policy on R&D expenditures in 2011 was around five hundred thousand Brazilian reais, or 6.8% of the mean R&D spending of beneficiary firms, which is less than the average benefit per firm in the same year, suggesting some level of crowding-out in the short-run; (b) incentives also positively affected the size of R&D personnel (average effect represents 16% of the average size of R&D staff); (c) the policy raised the chances of firms to innovate between 2009 and 2011 by 16%; (d) incentives positively impacted company\'s growth around 5% of the mean number of employees of incentivized enterprises in 2011; (e) R&D intensity of the bulk of innovative activities increased 9.5% because of the incentives; (f) part of the R&D increase was counterbalanced by a reduction effect on spending with acquisition of external knowledge and introduction of innovations in the market; (g) beneficiary firms hired more researchers with undergraduate degrees only as an effect of the policy (18.5% of the average number of their research personnel with such educational level); and (h) in the case of multinational groups, the increase in innovation investment does not seem to have been caused by the diversion of investment from other countries. The empirical investigations present clear evidence of the three dimensions of policy impact: input, output and behavioral additionality. A number of implications are drawn from the studies for the improvement of the policy design. / O objetivo desta tese é avaliar empiricamente os impactos dos incentivos fiscais da Lei 11.196/05 na inovação industrial brasileira. O ponto central é identificar em que medida essa redução tributária vem contribuindo para impulsionar a inovação no país. Para atingir esse objetivo, três perguntas de pesquisa foram concebidas como eixos de investigação, cada uma sendo abordada em um dos ensaios que compõem esta tese. A primeira questão é se os incentivos fiscais elevaram o volume de investimentos das empresas beneficiárias em inovação. Essa primeira análise também considera o efeito da política sobre os resultados desses investimentos e desempenho das firmas. A segunda parte pergunta de pesquisa considera os efeitos da política sobre o comportamento das empresas, estimando as mudanças ocasionadas na composição dos investimentos e no tipo de inovação perseguido pelas firmas. O terceiro ponto de estudo é se a redução da carga tributária atraiu investimentos internacionais em inovação em detrimento de outros países, testando o argumento de \'footloose R&D\' para o caso brasileiro. Nos dois primeiros trabalhos são utilizados microdados de empresas brasileiras constantes da Pesquisa de Inovação Industrial (PINTEC) e outras fontes, sendo aplicado o escore de propensão com diferenças-em-diferenças para estimar o impacto. O terceiro estudo baseia-se em dados agregados de países, essencialmente sobre atividades de filiais estrangeiras de multinacionais norte-americanas e pedidos internacionais de patentes, sendo aplicados estimadores de painel para mensurar e testar a correlação da política fiscal brasileira com o investimento internacional em inovação direcionado para outros países. As principais conclusões da tese são: (a) o impacto médio da política nos gastos em P&D em 2011 foi de aproximadamente quinhentos mil reais, ou 6,8% da média dos investimentos em P&D das firmas beneficiárias; esse valor é inferior ao benefício médio por firma no mesmo ano, o que sugere algum nível de crowding-out da política no curto prazo; (b) os incentivos também afetaram positivamente o tamanho das equipes de pesquisa (efeito médio representa 16% do tamanho médio das equipes de P&D); (c) a política elevou as chances das firmas inovarem no período de 2009 a 2011 em 16%; (d) os incentivos impactaram positivamente o crescimento das firmas em cerca de 5% da força de trabalho das firmas beneficiárias em 2011; (e) a intensidade de P&D no conjunto de atividades inovativas cresceu 9,5% devido à política; (f) parte do incremento em P&D foi contrabalanceada por um redução nos gastos com aquisição de conhecimento externo e introdução de inovações no mercado; (g) empresas beneficiárias elevaram a contratação de pesquisadores com diploma de graduação (18.5% do número médio de pesquisadores com esse nível educacional nas firmas beneficiárias em 2011); e (h) no caso de grupos multinacionais, o aumento nos investimentos em inovação não parece ter sido causado pela realocação de investimentos de outros países. As análises empíricas apresentam evidência das três dimensões de impacto da política fiscal: insumos, resultados e comportamental. Diversas lições são extraídas dos estudos para o aprimoramento do desenho da política.

Devido ao colapso da economia americana, em 2009, os Fluxos de Capitais foram somente da Ordem Econômica de US$ 1.8 trilhões, 82% menos do que em 2007 (US$ 10.5 trilhões). Em 2009, o volume de comércio diário de ativos foi de US$ 1.5 trilhões, com US$ 178 trilhões como ativos financeiros. Os Investimentos Internacionais produtivos são uma das bases da internacionalização de empresas e do capital. Ao estabelecer uma planta industrial e/ou adquirir ações de empresas, este fluxo transfronteiriço de capital aporta bens, tecnologia, novas práticas administrativas, inter alios actos, e se distingue do investimento bursátil de carácter meramente especulativo e apátrida do hot money. Escrito em 3 (três) capítulos, este trabalho prescruta, no plano internacional, as regras jurídicas dos fluxos produtivos e as Medidas de Comércio Relacionadas aos Investimentos (TRIMs) da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC). Estas contêm cláusulas de Restrições as Práticas de Negócios que impedem os Estados-Membros da OMC a realizarem políticas públicas de desenvolvimento nacional. Não se olvidando do diálogo das fontes normativas internacionais, uma vez que a OMC não está em isolamento clínico do direito internacional, assim, verifica-se um claro embate entre a Soberania Permanente aos Recursos Naturais e o Direito ao Desenvolvimento. Entre mais de 140 (cento e quarenta) casos julgados pelo ICSID, excepcionalemente, e somente em 1 (um), o Estado-hospedeiro venceu, feito o exame dos 2 (dois) grandes sistemas jurídicos de investimentos. A tríade (EUA, UE, Japão) mais Coreia do Sul querem um modelo ainda mais liberal de regras de investimentos na OMC. Discorre este trabalho sobre os mais de 2.500 (dois mil e quinhentos) Bilateral Investments Treaties (BITs) e os Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs), como o do NAFTA, draft do MAI, e as Instituições de Bretton Woods ligadas ao IED, e a interação com a Doutrina, Jurisprudência e tendências. A UNCTAD critica veementemente este conjunto de regras liberais, sejam os BITs, sejam as TRIMs. O núcleo irradiador deste trabalho é a Declaração Conjunta indo-brasileira, que propõe a Reforma das TRIMs (G/TRIMS/W/25) para permitir, por meio de compras locais e requisitos de performance, o manejo de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento nacional hoje proibidas. Este trabalho conclui ser a Reforma das TRIMs uma impraticabilidade diplomática, de modo que o direito ao desenvolvimento dar-se-ia como improvável exceção. / Due to the US economic downturn, the Capital Flows in 2009 were only from the economic order of U.S.$ 1.8 trillion, 82% less than 2007 (US$ 10.5 trillion). In 2009 the daily trading volume of assets were U.S.$ 1.5 trillion with US$ 178 trillion as financial assets. The productive International Investments are one of the bases from the internationalization enterprises and of the capital. By establishing an industrial plant and/or acquire assets of companies, this cross-border flow of capital brings goods, technology, new management practices, inter alios acts. Distinguishing itself, by this way, from the stock market investment of purely speculative character and stateless, from the hot money. Written in 3 (three) chapters, this work search, in the international field, the legal rules from productive flows and the Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These clauses contains Restrictive Business Practices (RBP) that prevents States-Members from the WTO to carry out public policies of national development. Not forgetting the dialogue of sources from international rules, once the WTO is not in clinical isolation from the international law there is a clear clash between the Permanent Sovereignty on Natural Resources and the Right to Development. Between more than 140 (one hundred and forty) cases tried by ICSID, exceptionally and only one (one) the host-State won. Made the examination of the 2 (two) major legal systems of investments. The Triad (USA, EU and Japan) plus South Korea wants a model with more liberal investment rules in the WTO. Discusses this work on the more than 2500 (two thousand and five hundred) Bilateral Investments Treaties (BITs) and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) such as NAFTA, the MAI draft, and the Bretton Woods institutions related to FDI and the interaction with doctrine, jurisprudence and trends. UNCTAD strongly criticizes this liberal set of rules, not only the BITs, but also the TRIMs. The core matter from this work is the Indo-Brazilian Joint Statement on the Reform of the TRIMs (G/TRIMS/W/25), that proposes through local purchases and performance requirements the right of management of public policies for national development currently forbidden. This work concludes that the Reform of the TRIMs is a diplomatic impractibility, in a mode that the Right to development can be achieved as an improbable exception

O Direito e o investimento estrangeiro guardam uma relação muito íntima. Sabese que o Direito exerce o papel de induzir ou de reduzir o investimento estrangeiro, tendo em conta o tratamento legal conferido ao receber capital ou bens vindos do exterior. O núcleo central da presente tese é o estrangeiro. Costuma-se estudar a relação de investimento, porém é exatamente sobre a discriminação no tratamento conferido ao investidor estrangeiro que reside o principal papel a ser exercido pelo Direito Internacional do Investimento. Diante desta falha metodológica, a presente tese propõe-se estudar uma nova aproximação metodológica para o Direito Internacional do Investimento, sobretudo para adequar sua análise do contemporâneo Direito Internacional Público e seu princípio da cooperação internacional. Ao final da presente tese, conclui-se que o Direito Internacional do Investimento tem analisado as relações das chamadas Empresas Transnacionais e desconsiderado as pequenas e médias empresas, cuja participação no cenário internacional deve ser incentivada, em especial por meio do associativismo, entre empresas nacionais e estrangeiras. / The law and foreign investment maintain a very close relationship. It is known that the law plays the role of inducing or reducing foreign investment, taking into account the legal treatment given to capital or goods received from abroad. The core of this thesis is the foreigner. It is often study the investment relationship, but it is exactly on discrimination in treatment given to foreign investors that lay the main role to be exercised by international Law Investment. Given this methodological weakness, this thesis proposes to study a new methodological approach to the International Investment Law, mainly to adjust its analysis to contemporary International Law and its principle of international cooperation. At the end of this thesis, it is concluded that the International Investment Law already has explored the relationship of the Transnational Corporations and yet disregarded the small and medium companies, whose involvement in the international arena should be encouraged, in particular through associations, among national and foreign companies.

Over the last decades technological companies have grown significantly and impacted our societies both politically and economically.The significant amount of user data these companies collect and manage have economic as well as political impacts on our societies.  The busines model of social media companies has raised alerts and provoked calls for regulatory measures. The thesis investigated whether social media platforms ‘data’ can constitute a protected investment under a Bilateral Investment Treaty, and what is the position of the international investment law if any about the digital economy. The author made an analysis of data localization regulation to determine if tech companies can claim protection under a BIT to avoid potential issues of a domestic regulation. After the analysis of international legal instruments, BITs and scholar literature the results of the study concluded that data could constitute a protected investment under the wording of certain BITs.

In the world we live in today, the international trade and economy is becoming more and more dependent on data. Data that can be transferred across borders and during the last couple of years there is an observable trend that the cross-border data flows is increasing. The increase of the cross-border data flows is a result of the vast boom in the global digitalization.  Businesses and enterprises can use the data accessible in multiple kinds of ways, follow and keep control of production chains, follow the demand of consumers, and make alterations to the products following the requests of the consumers. This is improving the efficiency and productivity of the businesses. The free flow of data across borders does not only have positive effect for the businesses, but also from a larger perspective, it also contributes to the welfare of countries, and provide new possibilities and opportunities. Despite the fact that the free flow of data has its great effects on both businesses and the welfare of states, states are imposing restrictions on cross-border data flows. The restrictions in place are of deferent kinds, some makes it mandatory to store or process data, while other restrictions are harsher and could provide a ban or cut off on cross-border data flow.  In the legal system of international investment law, the fair and equitable treatment standard is a standard found in treaties, bilateral and multilateral. The standard is protecting the forging investors.  If a state is enforcing a restriction with an effect equivalent to a ban on cross-border data flow, what is the relation of that restriction to the fair and equitable treatment standard?

National security has emerged as a pivotal issue in the domains of international politics and law. Its scope has expanded significantly in contemporary contexts. Host States can leverage national security as a defence within International Investment Law (IIL). From the perspective of Customary International Law (CIL), host States may invoke Article 25 of the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), namely the plea of necessity, as a national security defence to preclude wrongfulness. Certain bilateral investment treaties incorporate an essential security exception clause, known as the 'non-precluded measures provision,' which further complicates the application of Article 25 of ARSIWA. Consequently, the investor-State-dispute-settlement tribunals have rendered divergent conclusions, revolving around the applicability of the CIL-based national security defence, its relationship with treaty-based defences, and the interpretation of Article 25 of ARSIWA. The employed methodologies are doctrinal research and critical legal studies (CLS). CLS examines the interaction between international politics and law, uncovering the structural biases inherent in international legal institutions that reflect the preferences and interests of dominant decision-makers. By structuralism, CLS posits that the indeterminacy of international law enables decision-makers to interpret laws according to their preferences. Thus, it is imperative to analyse the reasons behind the tribunals' conclusions. Additionally, legal positivism underpins CLS, making doctrinal research a prerequisite for CLS analysis. The materials used include CIL, treaties, precedent cases, and general principles of law. Neoliberalism plays a significant role in the CLS analysis of IIL. The CMS v Argentina Tribunal dismissed the plea of necessity, establishing a high threshold for invoking ARSIWA, indicative of a neoliberal bias aimed at preserving the neoliberal economic order. Conversely, the LG&E v Argentina Tribunal, while still imposing relatively stringent requirements for invoking ARSIWA, approved the national security defence based on the same facts. This Tribunal displayed hypocrisy by upholding a neoliberal bias while pursuing international capital's sustainable exploitation. The Unión v Egypt Tribunal dismissed the plea of necessity, adopting an ostrich policy by avoiding the issue of public safety, which resulted in a straw-man fallacy. This Tribunal appeared confused about neoliberalism after the 2008 Global Financial Crisis and opted to hedge its bets. Issues such as the differences between ordoliberalism and neoliberalism, the European Union's Strategic Autonomy, and the hegemonic rivalry between the United States and China, may potentially shape a new structural bias in the Huawei v Sweden Tribunal.

全文共分一冊，四章約計三萬字餘。 本文內容旨在探討小型開放經濟體系，於接受技術優越國家的外人投資，而且此一外 人投資伴隨著技術移轉之後，對國內經濟的各種影響。 各種效果概述如左： 要素報酬效果： 係分析技術移轉後對本國工資率、租金率的影響，進而分析對國內所得分配的影響。 要素重分配及產出效果： 係分析技術移轉後對國內資本、勞動分配的影響，進而分析進口競爭財的產量的影響 。 交易條件效果： 係分析技術轉後，引起國內可口財、可進口財的產量變化，再加上需求面的影響，而 影響了本國交易條件。 實質所得效果： 係在分析接受了技術移轉之後，對本國福利水準究竟是有利抑或是不利；若有利，則 政府應鼓勵是項外人投資；若不利，則政府應禁止是項外人投資。 技術移轉與貿易型態： 係在分析本國可進口財部門接受移轉之後，是否可能由可進口財部門轉變成可出口財 部門，即是否有可能使本國貿易型逆轉 。 其次，本文亦針對資本移動、技術移轉及商品移動間，究竟為代替關係抑或為互補關 係來分析。

The Concept of Investment in International Agreements on Investment Protection The definition of investment is the key task for correct scope of application of rights and obligations, arising from investment contracts and for establishment of tribunals' jurisdiction above disputes, arising from contracts of investment character. The Work goal is analysis of individual bilateral, multilateral and versatile legal acts, containing the term "investment", from the international law viewpoint. It contains brief historical development and clarification of requirements that the investment must fulfill so that the investor, no matter whether a natural person or a juridical person, could claim protection of his/her investment, provided in compliance with relevant investment protection agreements. In spite of general cultural, political and geographical variety of the acts analyzed, it is possible to observe an effort to find common elements that the investment should contain and that are based, in particular, on their economic significance. The introductory chapter deals briefly with historical understanding of an investment in the context of international business development, beginning with the diplomatic protection institute, amended in international customary law. The second chapter pursues...

En dépit des tensions régionales et de l'étroitesse de son marché intérieur, le Liban présente toujours de multiples atouts et le potentiel d'occuper une place pionnière en matière d'investissement international parmi les pays voisins. Pour la mettre effectivement en oeuvre, cette position requiert une volonté politique déterminée à cet effet. Or, cette politique doit nécessairement et impérativement être traduite par l'adoption d'une stratégie nationale de développement en vue de la mise en place d'un régime juridique compétitif favorable à l'investissement étranger de standards internationaux. Le régime juridique libanais actuel relatif aux investissements étrangers ne suffit pas pour achever cet objectif dû aux lacunes structurelles du système administratif et judiciaire. Dans le contexte actuel, les éléments considérés jadis comme facteurs d'attractivité du pays, tels que sa position géographique et son économie de marché libre, commencent à perdre de leur valeur en matière d'investissement international s'ils ne sont pas consolidés par une législation consciente favorisant l'investissement étranger. Aussi méritoires que soient les efforts d'attraction des investissements étrangers, il n'en reste pas moins que le degré d'attractivité du pays reste décevant dû à certains facteurs limitatifs et contraintes (les tensions provoquées par les agitations politiques internes et régionales). Or, ces obstacles semblent être les plus délicats à franchir et constituent sans doute une barrière à l'investissement international. Leur abolition apparaît comme un préalable incontournable pour l'attraction des investissements étrangers au pays. / Any investment project is basically an act of faith on the part of the foreign investors based on the actions of the host State. Despite regional tensions and the narrowness of its domestic market, Lebanon still has many strengths and potential to occupy a pioneer position compared to neighboring countries. However, such a position requires a determined political will which must be reflected by the adoption of a national development strategy for the establishment of a competitive legal regime open to foreign investment and adapted to international standards. In a general context marked by a decline in foreign direct investment, Lebanon must advocate a policy that is attractive and adapted to the needs and expectations of foreign investors. This would require: first, the reform of the current legal environment of foreign investment through the adaptation of the legal corpus, then the implementation of a plan for systematic development based on international standards. Thus, the priority of the Lebanese authorities should consist in ending any possible obstacle in the internal market towards foreign investment. Despite some advantages, the current Lebanese legal regime for foreign investment is not enough to complete this objective due to structural weaknesses of the administrative and judicial systems. The country's degree of attractiveness remains disappointing due to certain limiting factors and constraints (tensions caused by internal and regional political turmoil). These obstacles seem to be the most difficult to overcome. Their abolition appears as a key prerequisite for attracting foreign investment in the country.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Van Noije.pdf: 2887986 bytes, checksum: 3ddc1dc0976b1193c00fcbdd97eca207 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper analyzes the external vulnerability of the Brazilian economy, especially in the financial sphere, arising from the International Investment Position and the flow of income for the period 1953 to 1963. Therefore, it is reported that the stocks of external assets and liabilities are determined by the balance of current account (obtained from the Balance of Payments) and the variations of the same value (which can not be obtained by the Balance of Payments), and presents a methodology alternative to the simple sum of flows to infer the values of liabilities and foreign assets, especially stocks of Foreign Direct Investment. In chapter 2 presents the International Situation of the period, marked by shortage of foreign currency, in a context which secured a strong growth through the Plano de Metas and incentives for foreign investment. Additionally, we demonstrated the reforms of the exchange period. Finally, the last chapter makes an analysis of key Balance of Payments for the period and an attempt of elaboration of the International Investment Position resulting from these flows and changes in value of inventories, obtained through the methodology presented in the first chapter. It is the deterioration of the external vulnerability of the Brazilian economy caused by the increase in net external liabilities. This increase was caused, according to the methodology employed, the proportion of: a) 68% because of shipping revenues, mainly by increasing the participation of interest at the expense of profits and dividends, b) 37% for other accounts current transactions except rents, c) and -5% for changes in value of stocks, especially by devaluations of foreign liabilities in the form of Foreign Direct Investment. Thus, the International Investment Position estimated during the period amounted to -6% in 1953 to -16% of Gross Domestic Product in 1963, due to the decrease in international reserves and the large increase of foreign debt, causing the resilience to external shocks of the Brazilian economy falls / Este trabalho busca analisar a vulnerabilidade externa da economia brasileira, especialmente na esfera financeira, decorrente da Posição Internacional de Investimentos e do fluxo de rendas para o período de 1953 a 1963. Para tanto, é descrito que os estoques de passivos e ativos externos são determinados pelos saldos das transações correntes (obtidos pelo Balanço de Pagamentos) e pelas variações de valor dos mesmos (que não podem ser obtidas pelo Balanço de Pagamentos), sendo apresentada uma metodologia alternativa ao simples somatório de fluxos para inferir os valores dos passivos e ativos externos, especialmente no caso dos estoques dos Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos. Já no capítulo 2 apresenta-se a Conjuntura Internacional do período, marcada pela situação de escassez de divisas, num contexto que lograva obter um forte crescimento através do Plano de Metas e de estímulos aos investimentos estrangeiros. Adicionalmente, são demonstradas as reformas cambiais do período. Por fim, no último capítulo faz-se uma análise das principais contas do Balanço de Pagamentos para o período e uma tentativa de elaboração da Posição Internacional de Investimentos decorrentes desses fluxos e das alterações de valor desses estoques, obtida através da metodologia apresentada no primeiro capítulo. Conclui-se pela deterioração da vulnerabilidade externa da economia brasileira causada pelo aumento do passivo externo líquido. Esse aumento foi causado, de acordo com a metodologia empregada, pela proporção de: a) 68% por causa do envio de rendas, principalmente pela elevação da participação dos juros em detrimento dos lucros e dividendos; b) em 37% pelas outras contas das transações correntes exceto rendas; c) e em -5% pelas variações de valor dos estoques, especialmente pelas desvalorizações dos passivos externos na forma de Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos. Assim, a Posição Internacional de Investimentos estimada durante o período se elevou de -6%, em 1953, para -16% do Produto Interno Bruto em 1963, decorrente da queda das reservas internacionais e do grande aumento da dívida externa, fazendo com que a capacidade de resistência a choques externos da economia brasileira diminuísse