Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-29T14:52:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_BARBARA COSTA PAULINO_Agosto2016.OFICIAL.pdf: 2162827 bytes, checksum: e76b8cfadd5a941840853d352a5bc159 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-29T14:52:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_BARBARA COSTA PAULINO_Agosto2016.OFICIAL.pdf: 2162827 bytes, checksum: e76b8cfadd5a941840853d352a5bc159 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-20 / CNPQ / A dieta ocidentalizada, rica em lipídeos, açúcar, sódio e alimentos processados e ultra processados tem sido apontada como um dos mais relevantes fatores associados ao excesso de peso/obesidade, comorbidades e distúrbios fisio-metabólicos observados em estudos epidemiológicos e experimentais em animais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos do soro de leite de cabra sobre o estado nutricional, microbiota, histologia intestinal e parâmetros bioquímicos de ratas e filhotes alimentados com dieta ocidentalizada. Foram utilizados 8 machos e 24 fêmeas da linhagem Wistar (da colônia do Departamento de Nutrição da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco) para o acasalamento dos animais. Ratas gestantes foram divididas em quatro grupos experimentais de acordo com a dieta: Controle ou Ocidentalizada e a suplementação ou não com soro de leite de cabra. Evolução ponderal e consumo alimentar das ratas seguiram por todo experimento. Ao desmame, as ratas e metade da prole de machos de cada ninhada foram eutanasiados para análise dos parâmetros bioquímicos, histologia intestinal, micro-organismos fecais. Metade dos filhotes foi submetida aos mesmos acompanhamentos e eutanasiados aos 45 dias de vida. A suplementação com soro de leite de cabra modificou poucos parâmetros nas ratas com exceção da alteração da quantidade de lactobacilos totais, que nos grupos controles com solução salina apresentaram uma média de 7,34±0,08 log.UFC/g-1 e 6,43±0,31 log.UFC/g-1 e no suplementado 7,79±0,30 log.UFC/g-1 e 6,94±0,45 log.UFC/g-1 para ratas com dieta ocidentalizada e padrão, respectivamente. Nos filhotes, a suplementação com soro de leite de cabra promoveu redução no ganho de peso e dos depósitos de gordura abdominal, alteração bioquímica, aumentou em 15% a contagem de lactobacilos e em 13% as enterobactérias. Além disso, minimizou o desgaste de células intestinais, limitando o processo inflamatório observado nos alimentados com dieta ocidentalizada. Dessa forma, pode-se sugerir que o soro de leite teve potencial efeito na microbiota fecal e morfologia intestinal, e que esses efeitos parecem depender da idade e do período de suplementação. / The westernized diet rich in fat, sugar, sodium and processed foods and processed ultra has been identified as one of the most important factors associated with overweight / obesity, comorbidities, and physiological and metabolic disorders observed in epidemiological and experimental studies in animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of serum of goat milk on the nutritional status, microbiota, intestinal histology and biochemical parameters of rats and offispring fed westernized diet. Were used 8 male and 24 female Wistar (the colony of the Department of Nutrition at the Federal University of Pernambuco) for mating of animals. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups according to the diet: control or Westernized and supplemented or not with serum from goat milk. weight gain and food consumption of rats followed throughout the experiment. At weaning, rats, half male offspring in each litter were sacrificed for analysis of biochemical parameters, intestinal histology, faecal micro-organisms. Half of the pups was subjected to the same accompaniments and euthanized at 45 days of life. Supplementation with goat whey modified few parameters in rats with the exception of changing the amount of total lactobacilli that in control groups with saline had a mean of 7,34 ± 0,08 log.UFC/g-1 and 6, 43 ± 0,31 log.UFC/g1 and supplemented 7,79±0,30 log.UFC/g-1 and 6,94 ± 0,45 log.UFC/g-1 to rats with westernized diet and standard, respectively. In puppies, supplementation with goat whey promoted reduction of 200% in weight gain and deposits of abdominal fat, biochemical change, increased by 15% to lactobacillus count and 13% enterobacteria. In addition, minimized wear of intestinal cells by limiting the inflammatory process observed in fed westernized diet. Thus, it can be suggested that the whey had potential effect on fecal microbiota and intestinal morphology, and that these effects appear to depend on the age and supplementation period.

Orientador: Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T20:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_GlauciaCarielo_M.pdf: 794328 bytes, checksum: 905ed92bfa1f9e04a2c521c1c5e898b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Muitos estudos tem demonstrado que o consumo acumulado de galactooligossacarídeo (GOS) e frutooligossacarídeo (FOS) pode trazer benefícios significativos para a saúde, relacionados com a sua resistência à digestão, sendo utilizados como substrato pelas bactérias intestinais, em especial as bifidobactérias. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de alteração de pH e microbiota (contagem de Bifidobacterium e Lactobacillus) no intestino grosso de ratas Wistar após o consumo dos oligossacarídeos não digeríveis (ONDs) FOS e GOS. Foram confeccionadas quatro dietas baseadas na AIN93G para roedores utilizando os ONDs em substituição parcial à sacarose para os grupos experimentais. Desta forma, o experimento contou com quatro grupos experimentais, sendo: grupo Controle, grupo FOS, grupo GOS e grupo FOS + GOS. O ensaio biológico contou com 32 animais divididos em grupos de 8 animais cada, mantidos em gaiolas separadas, sob ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, com temperatura e umidade controladas, durante o período de 90 dias. O consumo de dieta e o ganho de peso foram monitorados. Ao final do experimento, os animais foram sacrificados por decapitação, seu ceco retirado para coleta de material para análises posteriores de pH e microbiota intestinal. A análise de pH foi realizada por meio de peagômetro digital (TEC 5MP, Tecnal) e a análise de microbiota, a partir de diluições do conteúdo fecal e inoculação em meios de cultura específicos. Todas as placas foram incubadas em câmaras de anaerobiose contendo sistema gerador de anaerobiose Anaerogen (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) durante 24 - 48 horas a 37°C. Os resultados foram e xpressos na forma do logaritmo decimal das unidades formadoras de colônia/g material (Log10 UFC). Para a análise estatística, foi utilizado o software GraphPad Prism 5.0. A análise de variância (ANOVA) foi realizada e os dados paramétricos foram analisados por meio do teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância e os não paramétricos por teste de Dunnett. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram um abaixamento do pH intestinal nos grupos que consumiram FOS e FOS + GOS e aumento da contagem de Bifidobacterium no conteúdo cecal dos grupos FOS, GOS e FOS + GOS e aumento de Lactobacillus dos grupos FOS e FOS + GOS / Abstract: Many studies have shown that consumption of galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can bring significant benefits to health. NDC are used as substrate by intestinal bacteria, especially bifidobacteria, as these compounds are resistance to digestion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects in pH and microbiota (specifically for Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium growth) in the large intestine of Wistar rats after consumption of non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) FOS and GOS. Four different diets were produced, based on the AIN93G formula for rodents, using NDOs in partial replacement of sucrose by prebiotics FOS and GOS for the experimental groups. Thus, the experiment had four experimental groups, as described: Control group, FOS group, GOS group and FOS + GOS group. For the 'in vivo¿ experiment, the 32 animals were divided into groups of 8 animals each. The rats were kept in separate cages under light / dark cycles of 12 hours, with controlled temperature and humidity during 90 days. The diet consumption and weight gain were monitored. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed by decapitation, their cecum removed to collect material for further analysis of pH and intestinal microbiota. The pH analysis was performed using digital pH meter (TEC 5MP Tecnal) and analysis of microbiota from dilutions of fecal contents and inoculation on specific culture media. All plates were incubated in anaerobic chambers containing anaerobic generation system Anaerogen (Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, Hampshire, England) for 24-48 hours at 37 °C. The results were expressed as the logarithm of colony forming units / g material (Log10 CFU). For statistical analysis, GraphPad Prism 5.0 was used. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed and parametric data were analyzed using the Tukey test at 5% significance and the nonparametric by Dunnett's test. The results showed a lowering of intestinal pH in the groups consuming FOS and FOS + GOS and increased count of Bifidobacterium in the cecal contents of the groups FOS, GOS and FOS + GOS and increase of Lactobacillus in the groups FOS and FOS + GOS / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Orientador: Jaime Amaya-Farfan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T17:22:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nery-Diez_AnaClaudiaCoelho_M.pdf: 934583 bytes, checksum: 83182e794d4e4f53cd6b257610760e0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: As proteínas do soro do leite apresentam propriedades fisiológicas, funcionais e nutricionais diferentes que resultam na modulação ou melhoramento de funções bioquímicas e fisiológicas, aumentando a resistência e protegendo o organismo contra infecções ou retardando certos processos patológicos, assim como melhorando o desempenho físico. Estudos têm demonstrado melhoras em parâmetros bioquímicos e físicos proporcionados por estas proteínas. Assim, considerou-se de interesse investigar algumas das possíveis alterações ou efeitos fisiológicos, provocados pela ingestão de fonte protéica de alto peso molecular (isolado do soro do leite) e um hidrolisado enzimático dessa proteína. Além disso, levou-se em consideração o efeito da atividade física em ratos treinados em esteira, na atividade catalítica de proteases intestinais como: glutaminase, leucina-aminopeptidase, quimotripsina e tripsina e verificou-se também a possível absorção de peptídeos que constituem o hidrolisado, no intestino delgado. Na análise das atividades enzimáticas observou-se que o consumo da proteína hidrolisada promoveu diminuição da atividade da enzima glutaminase intestinal de 25 a 29%, em relação à atividade produzida pelas proteínas intactas (isolado e caseína). O treinamento, porém, teve como efeito aumentar a atividade glutaminase entre 27 e 32% para cada uma das dietas, exceto para o hidrolisado, que permaneceu sem alteração. A exaustão, por outro lado, resultou em diminuição da atividade glutaminase intestinal para quase todas as dietas (média aproximada de 30%). Na avaliação das enzimas presentes no lúmen intestinal, as atividades das três proteases, leucina-aminopeptidase, quimotripsina e tripsina, foram encontradas mais elevadas na fração do jejuno, em comparação ao íleo. Foi observada uma aparente inibição enzimática da tripsina na fração jejunal pela presença de caseína. Para verificar a possibilidade de absorção de peptídeos inteiros, foi realizada uma análise in vitro com os intestinos delgados. O intestino fresco extraído foi infundido com uma suspensão de cada proteína e incubado em solução fisiológica por duas horas, na temperatura de 37°C. Após, tal procedimento, os perfis de aminoácidos e de peptídeos perfusados foram obtidos por métodos cromatográficos e eletroforéticos. Neste estudo, pode-se constatar que houve maior passagem de aminoácidos nos intestinos delgados dos grupos sedentários-exaustos e treinados, que foram infundidos com o hidrolisado e nos grupos sedentários e treinados, que foram infundidos com isolado. Em relação aos diferentes níveis de atividade física, os animais treinados, alimentados com ambas as dietas, isolado e seu proteolisado, tiveram maior passagem de aminoácidos. Conclui-se que o consumo da proteína parcialmente hidrolisada não afetou de igual forma a atividade das três proteases, tripsina, quimotripsina e leucina-aminoeptidase, sendo que o treinamento e o hidrolisado, conjuntamente, redundaram em diminuição da atividade da quimotripsina, enquanto que a atividade da glutaminase foi visivelmente diminuída pela combinação da exaustão e o consumo do hidrolisado. Por sua vez, foi possível evidenciar a passagem de peptídeos do hidrolisado, do interior, para o exterior do jejuno perfusado do rato / Abstract: The whey protein offers various physiological, functional and nutritional properties that result in the modulation or improvement of physiological and biochemical functions, thus protecting the body against infections and delaying the onset of certain pathological processes, as well as improving the physical performance. Researchers have attributed to these proteins benefits such as the improvement of biochemical and physical parameters of the exercising animal. Therefore, it was considered of interest investigate some of the possible alterations resulting from the ingestion of the milk whey proteins (whey protein isolate) as the only source of high-molecular weight protein, as compared to an intermediate-degree enzymatic hydrolyzate of this protein and the casein standard. Moreover, the effect of the physical activity on the catalytic activity of the intestinal proteases glutaminase, leucine-aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin and trypsin, of rats trained in the treadmill was taken as an additional variable. Moreover, the possible absorption of constituent peptides of the hydrolyzate from the small intestine was investigated. In the analysis of the enzymatic activities it was observed that the consumption of the hydrolyzed protein prompted a reduction of the activity of the intestinal enzyme glutaminase by 25 to 29%, in relation to the activity produced by the unbroken proteins (isolate and casein). Physical training, however, had the effect of increasing the activity of glutaminase between 27 and 32% for each one of the diets, except for the hydrolyzate, which remained unaltered. Exhaustion, on the other hand, resulted in the reduction of the intestinal activity glutaminase for most of the diets (mean of ~30%). Assessment of the enzymes present in the intestinal lumen, the activities of three proteases, leucine-aminopeptidase, chymotrypsin and trypsin, were higher in the jejunal fraction, in comparison to the ileum. An apparent enzymatic inhibition of trypsin occurred in the jejunal fraction in the presence of casein. In order to verify the possibility of absorption of whole peptides, fresh intestinal fractions were infused with suspensions of each protein and incubated in physiological solution for two hours, at 37°C. After, such process the amino acid and peptide profiles were determined by chromatographic procedures. It was observed that a greater outflow amino acids occurred in the intestines sedentary-exhaust and trained group that were infused with the hydrolyzate, and in the sedentary and trained group that were infused with whey protein isolate. With regard to the effect of the different levels of physical activity, the animals that underwent training, fed with either of the diets, isolate or its hydrolyzate, had greater amino acid outflow than the sedentary animals. It is concluded that consumption of the hydrolyzate did not affect equally the activity of the three proteases, trypsin, chymotrypsin and leucine-aminopeptidase, noticing that a combination between training and the hydrolyzate caused a decrease of the activity of chymotrypsin, whereas the activity of glutaminase was clearly diminished by a combination between exhaustion and consumption of the hydrolyzate. Evidence has been presented showing that infusion of the hydrolyzate into the small intestine of the rat results in the passage of peptides from the interior to the exterior of the intestinal wall / Mestrado / Nutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Alimentos e Nutrição

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese2011_Luciana_Bradstetter.pdf: 2039765 bytes, checksum: fc789f9ab9e7cf36309b7d69f8c21304 (MD5) Previous issue date: 201-11-18 / Mechanic obstruction of blood vessels that irrigate the intestine leads to ischemia and intense reduction of oxygenation and tissue perfusion. If oxygenated blood flow returns abruptly to tissues before cellular death reperfusion injury occurs; this can be initiated by several mechanisms resulting in inflammatory response. Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has been widely associated to cell necrosis, although another distinct biochemical and morphological type of cell death, called apoptosis, is involved. Such conditions are mediated by signaling molecules in cellular surface, which lead to long term changes in gene expression. In the majority of cells, MAP (Mitogen Activated Protein) kinases (MAPK), which are part of a group of cytoplasmic enzymes, will transmit mitogenic and cell differentiation signs. Three MAPK that have been identified in mammalian cells participate in the signaling pathway: ERK, p38 and JNK. Activated p38 and JNK are usually related to apoptosis, while activated ERK 1/2 (P44/42) have a protection function inhibiting apoptosis. With the purpose of minimizing reperfusion injury after liver transplant, Carolina Rinse Solution (CRS) was designed by North Carolina University, USA. Although this solution has been used in horses to attenuate I/R injury in horse intestine, little is known about the eventual tissue protection mechanism. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of topical and intraluminal CRS in I/R injury, and the activation profile of p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK, in rabbit jejunum. Fifteen New Zealand rabbits were allocated to three groups: Sham-operated (A), Ischemia and reperfusion (B) and CRS (C). Groups B and C were subjected to one hour of jejunal ischemia and two hours of reperfusion. In group C, ten minutes prior to reperfusion, the bowel lumen was filled with CRS, and the segment was immersed in CRS until reperfusion onset. Changes such as degeneration, necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, PMN infiltration and margination were not significantly different between groups B and C, showing that topical and intraluminal CRS did not attenuate deleterious effects of I/R in small intestinal of rabbits. I/R stimulated the phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK pathways in some layers of jejunum. Progressive activation of p44/42 MAPK was chiefly localized to the crypts of Lieberkühn, circular and longitudinal muscle layers, whereas p38 MAPK was prominently activated in myenteric plexus and both muscle layers. All layers that did respond to I/R insult with activation increase of ERK 1/2 and p38, in all groups, showed low baseline phosphorylation levels as compared to those that did not react to the insult. The results of this work indicate that topical and intraluminal CRS does not interfere in ERK 1/2 and p38 activation profile in rabbit jejunum subjected to I/R. / A obstrução mecânica de vasos sanguíneos que irrigam o intestino leva à isquemia, com redução na oxigenação e perfusão teciduais. Se o fluxo sanguíneo oxigenado retorna aos tecidos bruscamente antes da morte celular, ocorre a chamada injúria de reperfusão, a qual pode ser iniciada por vários mecanismos, levando a uma resposta inflamatória. A injúria de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) tem sido amplamente associada à necrose celular, apesar de um tipo bioquímico e morfológico distinto de morte celular, chamada de apoptose, também esteja envolvida. Tais processos são mediados por moléculas de sinalização na superfície das células, as quais levam a mudanças na expressão dos genes. Na maioria das células, as MAP (Mitogen Activated Protein) quinases (MAPK), as quais são parte de um grupo de enzimas citoplasmáticas, transmitem os sinais mitogênicos e de diferenciação. Três MAPK que foram identificadas em células de mamíferos participam do mecanismo de sinalização: ERK, p38 e JNK. As MAPK p38 e JNK ativadas normalmente estão associadas à apoptose, enquanto ERK 1/2 (P44/42) ativada tem função de inibição da apoptose. Com o propósito de minimizar a injúria de reperfusão após o transplante de fígado, a solução de Carolina Rinse (CRS) foi desenvolvida pela Universidade da Carolina do Norte nos EUA. Essa solução tem sido utilizada para minimizar os efeitos da I/R em intestino de eqüinos, mas pouco se sabe do seu possível mecanismo de ação protetora. O presente estudo objetivou investigar os efeitos do uso tópico e intraluminal da CRS na injúria de I/R e no perfil de ativação das MAPK p38 e ERK 1/2 no jejuno de coelhos. Quinze coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia foram alocados em três grupos: Instrumentado (A), Isquemia e reperfusão (B) e CRS (C). Os grupos B e C foram submetidos a uma hora de isquemia e duas horas de reperfusão de jejuno. No grupo C, dez minutos antes da reperfusão, o lumen do segmento foi preenchido com CRS e o mesmo foi imerso em CRS até o início da reperfusão. Mudanças como degeneração, necrose, edema, hemorragia, infiltrado e marginação de PMN não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos B e C, o que mostra que o uso tópico e intraluminal da CRS não atenuou os efeitos deletérios da I/R no intestino delgado de coelhos. A I/R estimulou a fosforilação das MAPK p44/42 e p38 em algumas camadas do jejuno. A ativação progressiva de p44/42 ocorreu principalmente nas criptas de Lieberkühn e nas camadas musculares circular e longitudinal, enquanto a MAPK p38 foi ativada principalmente no plexo mioentérico e em ambas as camadas musculares. Todas as camadas que responderam ao insulto da I/R com aumento da ativação de ERK 1/2 e p38, em todos os grupos, apresentaram baixos níveis basais de fosforilação, quando comparados àquelas que não responderam ao insulto. Os resultados desse estudo indicam que o uso tópico e intraluminal da CRS não interfere no perfil de ativação de ERK 1/2 e p38 no jejuno de coelhos submetidos à I/R.

O conhecimento de todas as facetas que envolvem o processo de envelhecimento é uma necessidade atual, uma vez que a população idosa vem aumentando em todo mundo. O sistema digestório é um importante alvo das alterações do envelhecimento, sendo a constipação um freqüente distúrbio referido. Por esta razão, estudos sobre os neurônios do plexo mioentérico são necessários. Ainda, sabendo que a atividade física é uma terapêutica indicada para se evitar a constipação, este trabalho teve por objetivos estudar quantitativamente e qualitativamente os efeitos do envelhecimento nos neurônios NADH- e NADPH-diaforase reativos do plexo mioentérico do colo de ratos adultos (GRUPO A) e de meia-idade (GRUPO B), assim como o possível efeito da atividade física (corrida) sobre os neurônios dos animais de meia-idade (GRUPO C). Ainda, a presente pesquisa objetivou verificar as possíveis alterações da camada muscular (circular e longitudinal) do colo, assim como a ultra-estrutura neuronal nos diferentes grupos. Quanto à morfologia, nenhuma alteração neuronal ou no arranjo do plexo foi constatada. Entretanto, uma maior quantidade de colágeno ao redor do gânglio foi verificada nos animais do Grupo B. Alterações quantitativas foram encontradas tanto nos neurônios NADH-d reativos como nos NADPH-d reativos. Ambas populações neuronais tiveram a densidade diminuída com o envelhecimento, sendo significativa (P>0,05) apenas nos neurônios NADPH-d reativos. Em relação à atividade física, somente os neurônios NADPH-d reativos tiveram a densidade significativamente diminuída (P>0,05), enquanto que os neurônios NADH-d reativos tiveram a densidade ligeiramente aumentada. Nenhuma alteração significativa (P>0,05) foi verificada na área do perfil neuronal e na espessura da camada muscular do colo. / The known of all facets that involve this process is an actual necessity, once time the aging population is increasing in whole world. The digestory system is an important target of the aging alterations, being the constipation a frequent disturbance related. For this reason, studies about the neurons of the myenteric plexus are necessary. Moreover, knowing that the physical activity is a therapeutic recommended to avoid the constipation, this research have as objectives study quantitatively and qualitatively the effects of aging in the NADH- and NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons of the myenteric plexus of the colon of adult rats (group A) and middle-aged (group B), as well as the possible effects of physical activity (running) about the neurons of middle-aged animals (group C). Furthermore, the present research also aimed verifies possible alterations in the muscle layers (circular and longitudinal) of colon, as well as the neuronal ultra-structure in all groups. In relation to the morphology, no neuronal alteration or in the arrangement of the plexus was showed. However, a major amount of collagen around the ganglion was verified in the animals of the group B. The quantitative alterations were showed both in the neurons NADH-d reactive and in the NADPH-reactive. Both neuronal populations had a decrease in the density with the aging, being significant (P>0,05) only in the neurons NADPH-d reactive. In relation to the physical activity, only the neurons NADPH-reactive had a decrease significant in the density (P>0,05), while the neurons NADH-d reactive had the density a little increased. No significant alterations (P>0,05) were verified in the neuronal profile area and in the thickness of the muscle layers of the colon.

Introdução: O dióxido de titânio (TiO2) é um corante encontrado na forma de partículas em diversos produtos industrializados. Muitos estudos, a maioria envolvendo o trato respiratório, alertam sobre os efeitos prejudiciais advindos da exposição ao TiO2. Embora partículas da dieta, tais como o TiO2, sejam ingeridas diariamente, ainda existem poucos estudos investigando seus efeitos sobre o trato gastrointestinal. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desse trabalho é investigar a ação de nano (NP) e micropartículas (MP) de TiO2 sobre a resposta inflamatória no intestino delgado de camundongos. Material e Métodos: Camundongos Bl 57/6 foram divididos em 2 grupos experimentais, os quais receberam NP TiO2 (66 nm) ou MP TiO2 (260 nm) a uma dose de 100 mg/Kg/dia, e um grupo controle, o qual recebeu água destilada. O tratamento foi administrado por gavagem, durante 10 dias, uma vez ao dia. Ao final, o intestino delgado foi coletado para a análise de citocinas (IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, TNFa, IFNg e TGFb) por ELISA e quantificação de células T CD4+, T CD8+, células dendríticas e natural killers por imunohistoquímica. Resultados: Os resultados demonstram maior concentração de citocinas IL-12, TNFa, IFNg, IL-4, IL-23 e TGFb, e células T CD4+ nos grupos que receberam TiO2. O aumento de citocinas foi mais importante no íleo, onde há maior concentração de células M, as quais representam a principal via de captação de partículas no intestino. Conclusão: As partículas de TiO2 provocaram uma resposta pró-inflamatória, predominantemente do tipo Th1, no intestino delgado dos camundongos, especialmente no íleo. Esses dados representam uma evidência in vivo do potencial inflamatório de partículas de TiO2 sobre o trato gastrointestinal / Introduction: Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white pigment widely found as micro and nano-sized particles added to food, drugs, cosmetics, etc. Studies involving the pulmonary tract warn about adverse effects resulting from exposure to TiO2, emphasizing its inflammatory potential. Although the gastrointestinal tract is considerably exposed to TiO2 particles at daily basis there are few information regarding its adverse effects on intestine. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles (NP) and microparticles (MP) on inflammatory response in the small intestine of mice. Methods: Bl 57/6 mice received suspensions containing TiO2 (100 mg/Kg/day) as TiO2 NP (66 nm), or TiO2 MP (260 nm) by gavage for 10 days, once a day; control group received only distilled water. At the end of the treatment, the small intestine were extracted for assessment of cytokines (IL-1b, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-23, TNFa, IFNg e TGFb) by ELISA and quantification of inflammatory cells (T CD4+, T CD8+, dendritic cells, and natural killer) by immunohistochemistry. Results: We found increased levels of T CD4+ cells and cytokines (IL-12, TNFa, IFNg, IL-4, IL-23, and TGFb) on groups receiving TiO2 when compared to control group. Cytokines production was more important on the ileum, local presenting greater concentration of M cells, which represent the main pathway of particles uptake on gut. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that TiO2 particles induce a Th1 mediated inflammatory response on small bowel in mice. These results represent an in vivo evidence of the inflammatory potential of TiO2 particles on the gastrointestinal tract

Parâmetros morfométricos do tubo digestório são necessários para o conhecimento dos processos digestivos dos alimentos no organismo animal além de indicar a preferência alimentar de uma espécie. Este trabalho visou descrever morfologicamente os intestinos delgado e grosso, órgãos do sistema digestório de representantes da ordem Xenarthra a fim de fornecer subsídios para a avaliação da dieta e realização de procedimentos clínicos nestes animais, sejam de vida livre ou de cativeiro. Foram utilizados no total 7 espécimes entre preguiças-de-coleira (Bradypus torquatus), tatu-verdadeiro (Dasypus novemcinctus) e tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Todas as amostras foram processadas seguindo procedimentos de rotina para a macroscopia, e microscopia de luz e varredura. Os intestinos de B. torquatus se apresentaram curtos e simples, já em D. novemcintus e M. tridactyla notamos intestino longo e com algumas peculiaridades. No duodeno de todos os espécimes notamos presença de glândulas de Brünner, que aumentam a superfície de absorção. Apenas em B. torquatus, o mesentério mantinha o jejuno preso à parede dorsal da cavidade abdominal. O íleo representou a menor porção do intestino em todos os espécimes estudados, exceto M. tridactyla. O ceco em D. novemcinctus e M. tridactyla apresentava tamanho considerável e glândulas na mucosa, indicando a funcionalidade do órgão. Na mucosa do cólon de todos os espécimes, havia criptas de Lieberkühn, sendo mais numerosas em D. novemcinctus e M. tridactyla. Apenas em B. torquatus, o reto apresentou maior diâmetro e rigidez em relação ao cólon. No reto de todas as espécies estudadas, notamos a superfície glandular numerosa e grande quantidade de células caliciformes, que produzem muco para facilitar a defecação. Por fim, neste estudo notamos que os intestinos dos exemplares estudados têm algumas semelhanças entre si, principalmente entre D. novemcintus e M. tridactyla, provavelmente por serem ambos insetívoros, mas diferem em muitos aspectos, por vezes apresentando-se mais próximos aos intestinos de espécies de outras famílias do que dentro da família dos Xenarthras, possívelmente devido à alimentação semelhante / Morphometric parameters of the digestive tract are required for an understanding of the digestive processes of the food in the animal organism, besides indicating the feeding preference of specie. This study aimed to describe morphologically the small and large intestines, organs of the digestive system of representatives of Xenarthra order to provide data for the evaluation of diet and conduct clinical procedures in these animals, whether free-living or captive. At this research, were used in total 7 specimens from three-toed sloths (Bradypus torquatus), nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) and giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). All samples were processed following routine procedures for macroscopic, and light and scanning electron microscopy. The intestines of B. torquatus were short and simple, but at the specimens of D. novemcintus and M. tridactyla the intestines were long and had some peculiarities. We notice the presence of Brunner\'s glands and structures to increase the surface absorption at the duodenum of all specimens. Only in B. torquatus, we notice that the mesentery remains the jejune attached to the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity. The ileum represented the lower portion of the intestines in all studied specimens except in M.tridactyla. The cecum in D. novemcinctus and M. tridactyla showed considerable size, glands at the mucosa and was full of food debris, indicating that it is functional. In the mucosa of the colon of all specimens had crypts of Lieberkühn, being more numerous in D. novemcinctus and M. tridactyla. Only in B. torquatus, the rectum showed greater diameter and stiffness compared to the colon. In all species studied, we notice a large glandular surface and lots of goblet cells that produce mucus to facilitate defecation. In summary, this study noted that the intestines of the studied has some similarities between them, especially among D. novemcintus and M. tridactyla, probably because they are both insectivores, but differ in many ways, presenting sometimes the intestines more assimilated with species of other families than within the family of Xenarthras, especially among animals with similar feed habits

Les lésions traumatiques de l’intestin sont responsables d’une part importante de la morbidité et de la mortalité consécutives aux lésions traumatiques abdominales. Elles sont pourtant mal connues. Les mécanismes à l’origine de ces blessures sont mal compris alors qu’un rôle paradoxalement négatif de l’usage de la ceinture de sécurité automobile est suspecté. En pratique clinique, le diagnostic précoce reste difficile, alors qu’une relation directe entre le délai diagnostic et le pronostic a été établi. Les règles de prise en charge thérapeutique ne sont pas consensuelles. Concernant la recherche, les quelques données de la littérature sur le comportement mécanique de l’intestin n’ont été obtenues qu’en condition quasi-statique ne reflétant pas les conditions d’un traumatisme. Le présent travail fait le lien entre données cliniques et travaux de recherche. Il apporte des connaissances pratiques sur un certain nombre de questions: quelles sont les situations à risque de chirurgie ? Comment se crée une lésion traumatique intestinale par décélération? Quelles sont les propriétés mécaniques de l’intestin qui dépendent de la cinétique du traumatisme ? Quelles sont les données anthropométriques et issues de l’imagerie médicale qui expliquent la variabilité de l’anatomie de l’intestin et de son mésentère ? Ces travaux serviront de base pour l’élaboration de modèles numériques d’hommes virtuels personnalisés et bio-fidèles utilisables dans le cadre de la traumatologie virtuelle. Ces outils de simulation numérique permettront de valider nos hypothèses sur le processus traumatique et participeront à l’amélioration des moyens de prévention de ces lésions traumatiques. / Traumatic injuries of the intestine are responsible for a significant proportion of the morbidity and mortality in blunt abdominal trauma. Nevertheless they are known very badly. The mechanisms involved are poorly understood despite the fact that a negative effect in the use of car seat belts is suspected. In clinical everyday practice, early diagnosis is often difficult, whereas a direct relationship between diagnosis delay and prognosis has been established. No consensus from academic society is available to help the therapeutic management. Regarding biomechanical research, the few data on the mechanical behavior of the intestine were obtained only in quasi-static condition and so does not reflect the conditions of trauma. The present work creates the link between clinical and research work. It provides practical knowledge on a number of questions: what situations are at risk of surgery? How intestinal injury occurs during traumatic deceleration? What are the mechanical properties of the intestine that depend on the velocity of trauma? What are the anthropometric data from medical imaging that explain the variability of the intestinal and mesenteric anatomy? This work constitutes the basis for the further development of numerical bio-faithful models of humans that could be used in virtual trauma applications. These numerical simulation tools will validate our assumptions about the traumatic process and will participate in the improvement of prevention means.

This body of research explores the dietary application of a bioactive, solid-state fermentation (SSF) product in contemporary and lupin-containing diets of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niltoticus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Consequently, the work provides holistic assessment of the influences of SSF products on animal health and performance; depending upon rearing temperature, nutritional physiologies, feed formulations and extrusion conditions; alongside information on the performance of lupins in aquafeeds. The SSF product (at 0.1 % inclusion) improved growth performance of Nile tilapia fed diets containing lupins. Phosphorous retention appeared higher when the SSF product was included in a yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) diet whilst Mg retention was significantly higher in fish fed narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius). The experimental ingredients did not appear to show any clear effects upon midgut macrostructure. At an ultrastructural level, the fish fed yellow lupin alone, displayed poorest brush border characteristics but those fed yellow lupin and the SSF product showed signs of amelioration since they did not differ significantly from those fed narrow-leaf lupin. Focus was then turned towards a yellow lupin-based diet in rainbow trout, with two inclusion levels of the SSF product. The SSF product significantly improved growth performance and feed efficiency at 0.5 %, with values closer to a fishmeal-based diet than the lupin control. The SSF product increased the digestibility of protein and energy and bioavailability of numerous elements. However, the digestibility and bioavailability of certain nutrients, e.g. fibre and Zn, were only increased with a 0.5 % inclusion. The SSF product influenced vertebral Ca:P ratio but no effect on vertebral morphology was identified. Fish fed yellow lupin kernel meal displayed high Mn concentrations throughout a number of tissues. The intestinal environment was explored in depth, revealing large differences dependent upon SSF product inclusion rate. Fish fed a 0.1 % inclusion exhibited deteriorated brush border characteristics and high diversity of microbes, including increased proportions of key salmonid pathogens. Those fed a 0.5 % inclusion displayed signs of increased surface area at an ultrastructural level, reduced goblet cell numbers and a low microbial diversity; with domination of one particular family, Enterobacteriaceae. Activities of alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase within the anterior intestine also appeared to be influenced by SSF product inclusion. Variations in haemato-immunological parameters were also observed between the treatments. In the final experiment, the SSF product was applied, pre-extrusion, to a contemporary rainbow trout formulation, at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 %. No significant improvements to performance were identified following SSF product inclusion. However, crude protein digestibility from SSF-supplemented diets was significantly higher than the control and tendencies towards elevated retention of Ca, P, and Mg were apparent. In vitro analysis of free-phosphate release was conducted upon pre- and post-extruded diets, at varying temperatures. This indicated that neither extrusion conditions (105 °C) nor an ambient temperature of 10 °C were sufficient to cease P-liberating capabilities by the SSF product; suggesting that the two conditions combined limited the product’s efficacy in practice. This research evidenced that SSF products can be an effective means of improving the available nutrient profiles of compound diets for both omnivorous, warmwater and carnivorous, temperate finfish. Lupins are a promising alternative protein source but their nutritional value can be substantially improved by SSF product application. Exploration of the effects of SSF products on the intestinal environment revealed that both negative and positive effects on intestinal health can occur, which is highly dependent upon product inclusion rate. The holistic approaches adopted within this series of studies have seldom been performed on monogastric animals and thus provide valuable, transferable information for advancing knowledge in the application of SSF products, exogenous enzymes and lupins to farm animal feeds, in general.

Le gène Cdx2 exerce de nombreuses fonctions au cours du développement embryonnaire. Son expression est maintenue spécifiquement dans l’épithélium intestinal adulte. Cdx2 est diminué dans les cancers colorectaux (CCR), favorisant la migration et la dissémination des cellules tumorales. Cette diminution de Cdx2 est réversible, suggérant une dérégulation du gène. Nous avons étudié d’une part les fonctions intestinales de Cdx2 au cours du développement et surtout chez l’adulte, et d’autre part les mécanismes moléculaires associés à la dérégulation de Cdx2 dans les CCR.Une approche d’invalidation conditionnelle de Cdx2 chez la souris a été choisie. Nous montrons que Cdx2 est nécessaire pour l’établissement de l’identité intestinale au cours du développement. De plus, dans l’intestin adulte il contribue au maintien de l’identité des cellules souches et intervient dans la différenciation terminale des cellules épithéliales. Le croisement du modèle murin transgénique pCdx2-9LacZ avec le modèle de cancérogénèse colique spontanée Apc∆14/+ indique que les éléments nécessaires à la diminution d’expression de Cdx2 dans les CCR sont sur le promoteur de 9kb de Cdx2. Par ailleurs, nous montrons une corrélation d’expression entre les protéines HNF4α, régulateur transcriptionnel de Cdx2, et Cdx2 dans des échantillons de tumeurs intestinales humaines et murines. L’invalidation conditionnelle de Hnf4α dans l’intestin est associée à une réduction d’expression de Cdx2 et à une plus grande susceptibilité des animaux à la tumorigenèse colique chimio-induite. HNF4α constitue un facteur important de la dérégulation de Cdx2 dans les CCR et exerce une fonction suppresseur de tumeur dans l’intestin / The Cdx2 gene exerts many functions during embryonic development. Its expression is maintained specifically in the adult intestinal epithelium. Cdx2 expression is reduced in colorectal cancers (CRC); moreover, this reduction promotes migration and the spread of colon tumor cells. The alteration of Cdx2 in CRC is reversible, suggesting a deregulation of the gene. The objectives of my project were to study the functions of Cdx2 during intestinal development and in adults and to study the molecular mechanisms associated with the deregulation of Cdx2 in CRC. An approach of conditional invalidation of Cdx2 in mice has been used. We show that Cdx2 plays a key role in establishing the intestinal identity during development. In addition, at the adult stage Cdx2 is involved in the maintaining of the intestinal stem cells identity and in the control of terminal differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. Crossing the transgenic mouse model pCdx2-9LacZ with spontaneous colon carcinogenesis model ApcΔ14/+ indicates that the elements necessary for the decrease of Cdx2 expression are located on the Cdx2 promoter of 9kb. Earlier team works have highlighted HNF4α as a transcriptional regulator of Cdx2 expression. In this work, we have demonstrated a correlation between HNF4α and Cdx2 protein expression in samples of human and mouse intestinal tumors. The conditional invalidation of Hnf4α in the intestine is associated with a reduction of Cdx2 expression, and a greater susceptibility for mice to chemo-induced colonic tumorigenesis. HNF4α is an important factor in the deregulation of Cdx2 in CRC and it exerts itself a tumor suppressor function in the gut.