L'administration préalable à l'intubation d'une anesthésie/sédation ou prémédication est recommandée depuis longtemps chez le nouveau-né. Néanmoins, il n'existe pas de consensus sur ses modalités précises et les pratiques dans ce domaine sont extrêmement hétérogènes. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient de :Décrire les pratiques de prémédication avant l'intubation des nouveau-nés observées au lit du patient, dans des services de réanimation néonatale ou pédiatrique en région parisienne (étude EPIPPAIN)Explorer les déterminants éventuels de l'administration ou non d'une prémédicationRapporter l'expérience d'un service de réanimation néonatale (CHI Créteil) sur la mise en place d'un changement de pratique de prémédication avant intubationDans l'étude EPIPPAIN, 56% des intubations étaient précédées d'une prémédication spécifique pour le geste. Aucun facteur lié à l'enfant ou au service n'a été identifié comme significativement associé à l'utilisation ou non d'une prémédication. L'association atropine-sufentanil-atracurium a permis, dans une population de très grands prématurés (âge gestationnel < 32 SA), un taux de succès de 74% de la première tentative d'intubation, dans de bonnes conditions. Les désaturations et l'élévation prolongée de la PCO2 transcutanée étaient fréquentes.Il existe une marge de progression importante concernant la fréquence et la qualité des prémédications utilisées avant intubation néonatale dans les services français. Une démarche d'amélioration des pratiques est faisable. Cependant d'autres travaux sont nécessaires afin d'affiner la balance bénéfice/risque pour les nouveau-nés et de mettre en place, à grande échelle, de bonnes pratiques. / Premedication prior to neonatal intubation has been recommended for a long time. However no consensus exists to date for a standardised premedication regimen. Practices are consequently extremely heterogeneous. The objectives of the present thesis were to: Describe actual premedication practices at patients’ bedside in neonatal and pediatric ICUs located in the Paris area (EPIPPAIN study). Explore potential risk factors associated with the use or non-use of a specific premedication prior to neonatal intubation. Report a single unit (CHI Créteil) experience with the implementation of a new premedication protocol In the EPIPPAIN study 56% of intubations were preceded by a specific premedication. No patient or centre’s characteristic was identified as significantly associated with the use or non-use of a specific premedication. The association atropine-sufentanil-atracurium in a population of very premature infants (born before 32 weeks of gestational age) resulted in a 74% rate of successful first intubation attempt with good conditions. Desaturations and persistent elevated transcutaneous PCO2 were frequent There is a potential for large improvement in the frequency and nature of premedication use for neonatal intubations in French NICUs. A quality improvement process is feasible. However, more research and actions are needed in order to refine the risk/benefit ratio of available regimens for neonates and to implement good practices at a large scale.

Bakgrund: Möjligheterna till intubation har funnits i ambulanserna sen början av 70-talet och har länge setts som det mest pålitliga hjälpmedlet till att skapa en fri luftväg. Genom åren har modernare hjälpmedel uppfunnits och ambulanssjuksköterskornas utrustning och kompetens ifrågasatts. Motiv: Tvärtemot rekommendationer från Europeiska rådet för hjärt-lungräddning har vissa regioner valt att ta bort möjligheten till intubation ur ambulanserna, vilket kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för patienterna. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva ambulansjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att intubera eller att inte tillåtas intubera akut svårt sjuka patienter i en prehospital kontext. Metod: Studien genomfördes med hjälp av individuella semi-strukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor (n = 8) som tjänstgjorde inom ambulansen i Västerbotten. Intervjuerna genomfördes med stöd av en intervjuguide, transkriberades ordagrant och texten analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i två kategorier och sex underkategorier. Resultat: Resultatet visar att ambulansjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att intubera akut svårt sjuka patienter i ett prehospitalt kontext medförde en känsla av trygghet och att inte tillåtas intubera medförde en känsla av osäkerhet. En känsla av ökad trygghet innebar upplevelse av ökad patientsäker prehospital vård, ett minskat onödigt lidande samt en upplevelse av ökad kompetens och självförtroende. En känsla av osäkerhet omfattade att minska riskmoment, otillräcklig skicklighetsträning och förändrat ansvar.  Konklusion: Studien tydliggör att möjligheten till intubation gav en ökad trygghet för ambulanssjuksköterskorna i händelse av sällsynta trauman där övriga hjälpmedel ej kunde användas. Borttagandet av intubation gav en känsla av osäkerhet, men även en känsla av lättnad över ett förändrat ansvar. Nyckelord: Intubation, erfarenhet, prehospital, sjuksköterska, kvalitativ. / Background: The possibilities for intubation have existed in ambulances since the early 70's and have long been seen as the most reliable tool for creating a free airway. Over the years, modern aids have been invented and the ambulance nurses' equipment and competence have been questioned. Motive: Contrary to the recommendations of the European Council for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, some regions have chosen to remove the possibility of intubation from ambulances, which can have serious consequences for the patients. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe ambulance nurses' experiences of intubating or not being allowed to intubate acutely ill patients in a prehospital context. Method: The study was conducted with the help of individual semi-structured interviews with nurses (n = 8) who served in the ambulance in Västerbotten. The interviews were conducted with the support of an interview guide, verbatim transcripted and the text was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in two categories and six subcategories. Result: The results show that ambulance nurses' experiences of intubating acutely ill patients in a prehospital context brought a feeling of security and not being allowed to intubate led to a feeling of insecurity. A feeling of increased security meant an experience of increased patient-safe prehospital care, a reduction of unnecessary suffering and an experience of increased competence and self-confidence. A sense of insecurity included reducing risk factors, insufficient skills training and changing responsibilities. Conclusion: The study clarifies that the possibility of intubation provided increased security for the ambulance nurses in the event of rare trauma where other aids could not be used. The removal of intubation gave a feeling of insecurity, but also a feeling of relief over a changed responsibility. Keywords: Intubation, experience, prehospital, nurse, qualitative

Thesis (M.Tech.: Emergency Medical Care)-Dept. of Emergency Medical Care and Rescue, Durban University of Technology, 2008. xii, 301 leaves, Annexures A-0 to A-7 / Paramedic clinical decision making (CDM) surrounding emergency airway management of the critically ill or injured patient in the pre-hospital environment is poorly understood. In order to deliver pre-hospital care effectively it is necessary to understand how paramedics make clinical decisions in this area and determine what influences clinical practice. This study primarily investigated the factors influencing paramedic CDM in the context of advanced emergency airway management with specific focus on the newly introduced skill of rapid sequence intubation (RSI). An evaluation of the correct application of RSI guidelines, the determination of the need for their review and the identification of measures to enhance CDM around RSI were secondary research questions.

Background: Careful airway management, including tracheal intubation, is important when performing anaesthesia in order to achieve safe tracheal intubation. Aim: To study airway management in anaesthesia care from both the professional and patient perspectives. Methods: 11 RNAs performed three airway tests in 87 patients, monitored in a study-specific questionnaire. The tests usefulness for predicting an easy intubation was analysed (Study I). 68 of 74 anaesthesia departments in Sweden answered a self-reported questionnaire about the presence of airway guidelines (Study II). 20 anaesthesiologists were interviewed; a phenomenographic analysis was performed to describe how anaesthesiologists' understand algorithms for management of the difficult airway (Study III). 13 patients were interviewed; content analysis was performed to describe patients' experiences of being awake fiberoptic intubated (Study IV). Results: The Mallampati classification is a good screening test for predicting easy intubation and intubation can be safely performed by RNAs (Study I). The presence of airway guidelines in Swedish anaesthesia departments is poorly implemented (Study II). Algorithms can be understood as law-like rules, a succinct plan to follow in difficult airway situations, an action plan kept in the back of one's mind while creating flexible and versatile personal algorithms, or as consensus guidelines based on expert opinion in order to be followed in clinical practice (Study III). One theme emerged describing experiences of being awake intubated; feelings of being in a vulnerable situation but cared for in safe hands, described in five categories: a need for tailored information, distress and fear of the intubation, acceptance and trust of the staff's competence, professional caring and support, and no hesitation about new awake intubation (Study IV). Conclusions: The Mallampati classification is a good screening test for predicting easy intubation, when the airway assessment is performed in a structured manner by RNAs. The presence of airway guidelines in Swedish anaesthesia departments was poorly implemented and should receive higher priority. Algorithms need to be simple and easy to follow and based on the best available scientific evidence. Tailored information about what to expect, ensuring eye contact, and giving breathing instructions during the procedure may reduce patients' feeling distress.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A deglutição é um processo complexo que requer a coordenação precisa de mais de 25 músculos, seis pares de nervos cranianos e os lobos frontais. O comprometimento neste processo, denominado de disfagia, pode aumentar a taxa de morbidade dos pacientes e também o risco para a aspiração, retardando a administração de uma nutrição adequada por via oral. A intubação orotraqueal prolongada, definida na literatura como período superior a 48 horas de intubação, poderá causar alterações na deglutição e ocasionar a disfagia após a extubação. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as variáveis independentes da avaliação fonoaudiológica da deglutição que são preditoras do risco de disfagia após intubação orotraqueal prolongada nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal observacional. Participaram deste estudo 148 pacientes submetidos à avaliação em beira de leito da deglutição, no período entre setembro de 2009 e setembro de 2011. Todos os pacientes apresentavam histórico de intubação orotraqueal prolongada e foram admitidos em uma das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de um grande hospital escola brasileiro. Os critérios de inclusão adotados foram: estabilidade clínica e respiratória; pontuação na Escala de Coma Glasgow acima de 14 pontos; idade acima de 18 anos; ausência de traqueostomia; ausência de doenças neurológicas; ausência de disfagia esofágica; ausência de procedimentos cirúrgicos envolvendo a área de cabeça e pescoço. Além disso, os pacientes deveriam ser submetidos à avaliação em beira de leito da deglutição no prazo de 48 horas após a extubação. A análise estatística incluiu a correlação entre os resultados obtidos no teste de deglutição de água e a pontuação do nível da deglutição. RESULTADOS: Os resultados indicaram que a presença de tosse e alteração da ausculta cervical durante a deglutição de água são variáveis preditoras independentes do risco de disfagia para o grupo testado. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo apontou as variáveis preditoras do risco de disfagia em pacientes submetidos à intubação orotraqueal prolongada. / INTRODUCTION: Swallowing is a complex process, that require the precise timing and coordination of more than 25 muscles, six cranial nerves and frontal lobes. Compromise of this process, or dysphagia, can result in profund morbidity, increasing the changes of aspiration and delaying the admistration of proper oral nutrition. It is know that an orotracheal tube might disturb these intricately choreographed events and cause post-extubation dysphagia. Prolonged intubation, typically defined as longer than 48 hours in the literature, is thought to contribute to swallowing dysfunction. The objective of this study is to elucidated independent factors that predict the risk of dysphagia after prolonged orotraqueal intubation in Intensive Care Units patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional, observational study design was used. Participants were 148 consecutive patients who underwent clinical bedside swallowing assessment, from September 2009 to September 2011. All patients presented a history of prolonged orotraqueal intubation and were admitted in one of the several Intensive Care Units of a large Brazilian school hospital. The adopted inclusion criteria were: to present clinical and respiratory stability, to present more than 14 points on the Glasgow Coma Scale; age above 18 years; absence of tracheostomy; absence of neurologic diseases, absence of esophageal dysphagia; absence of surgical procedures involving the head and neck. Also, to be included in the study, patients had to undergo a clinical swallowing assessment within 48 hours after extubation. The statistical analysis included the correlation of the results obtained on a water swallow test and the risk level for dysphagia. RESULTS: Results indicated that altered cervical auscultation and presence of cough during water swallow tests increase the likelihood of dysphagia in patients who underwent prolonged orotracheal intubation. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate factors that predict the risk of dysphagia after prolonged orotraqueal intubation.

Orientador: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo / Banca: Lais Helena Navarro e Lima / Banca: Eliana Marisa Ganem / Banca: Leopoldo Muniz da Silva / Banca: Angélica de Fátima de Assunção Baga / Resumo: A intubação traqueal de pacientes pediátricos, especialmente de crianças com idade inferior a oito anos, foi por muito tempo realizada exclusivamente com uso de tubos traqueais sem balonete devido ao risco do mesmo causar lesão na mucosa traqueal. Diversos estudos demonstraram a possibilidade do uso de cânulas traqueais com balonete de alta complacência e baixa pressão em crianças sem ter ocorrido aumento do risco de lesões de via aérea. O emprego da lidocaína alcalinizada no preenchimento do balonete apresentou diminuição na incidência de morbidade laringotraqueal no pós-operatório em adultos. Contudo, não há estudos comparando o uso de balonete preenchido com lidocaína alcalinizada e seus benefícios na população pediátrica. Comparar a utilização de cânulas traqueais com balonetes preenchidos com solução fisiológica, ar ou lidocaína alcalinizada a 1% e a 0,5% na prevenção de morbidades laringotraqueais, da agitação e da alteração hemodinâmica, no período pós-operatório, em pacientes com idade de três a 13 anos submetidos à anestesia geral. Cento e sessenta e quatro pacientes pediátricos submetidos à anestesia geral balanceada foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, de acordo com o preenchimento do balonete do tubo traqueal: grupo SF (n 41) preenchido com solução fisiológica 0,9%; grupo AR (n= 41) preenchido com ar ambiente; grupo L1% (n=41) preenchido com lidocaína alcalinizada a 1%; grupo L 0,5% (n=41) preenchido com lidocaína alcalinizada a 0,5%. Os balonetes foram lubrificados com gel hidrossolúvel antes da intubação traqueal e, após a intubação traqueal, preenchidos com ar ou a solução de acordo com o grupo até ser obtida a pressão de selo. A pressão do balonete foi mantida abaixo ou igual a 20 cm H2O. Os dados relativos aos atributos hemodinâmicos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tracheal intubation in pediatric patients, especially children under 8 years old, was for long performed exclusively with uncuffed tracheal tubes due to the risk of tracheal mucosal damage. Several studies have demonstrated the possibility of the use of cuffed tracheal tube with high compliance and low pressure in children. Its use has occurred without increasing risk of airway injury. The use of alkalized lidocaine filling the cuff showed a decrease in the incidence of laryngotracheal morbidity in adults postoperatively. However, there are no studies comparing the use of cuff filled with alkalinized lidocaine and its benefits in the pediatric population. compare the use of cuffed tracheal tubes filled with saline, air or alkalized 1% and 0.5% lidocaine in preventing laryngotracheal morbidity, and hemodynamic changes in the postoperative period in patients aged between 3 and 13 years undergoing general anesthesia. one hundred sixty four pediatric patients undergoing balanced general anesthesia were divided into four groups, according to the filling of the tracheal tube cuff: saline group (n=41) filled with 0.9% saline; AR group (n=41) filled with ambient air; L1% group (n=14) filled with alkalinized 1% lidocaine; group L 0.5% (n=41) filled with alkalinized 0.5% lidocaine. All cuffs were lubricated with water-soluble gel before tracheal intubation. After tracheal intubation, they were filled until reaching sealing pressure. The cuff pressure was kept below or equal to 20 cm H2O. Data on respiratory and hemodynamic parameters were obtained before intubation and after 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes of anesthesia and at the end of surgery, immediately before and after extubation. After 30 minutes of intubation, a sample of peripheral venous blood was collected from patients who had the cuffs filled with lidocaine for determination of its plasma concentration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A laringoscopia e a intubação traqueal produzem intensa resposta de estresse. Este estudo comparou o efeito da administração intratecal de 10 µg, 1,0 µg/Kg e 2,0 µg/Kg na resposta de estresse induzida pela intubação. Os pacientes foram casualizados em três grupos distintos, de acordo com a quantidade de sufentanil administrada pela via intratecal. Após administração de 0,05 mg/Kg de midazolam pela via venosa, todos os pacientes receberam sufentanilintratecal na quantidade determinada por um sorteio prévio. Aguardou-se o tempo de 10 minutos, nos quais os pacientes foram mantidos sob observação e, em seguida, a anestesia geral foi induzida com propofol (2,5 mg/Kg) e vecurônio (0,1 mg/Kg). Após ventilação sob máscara durante quatro minutos, os pacientes foram intubados mediante uma única tentativa, com laringoscopia de no máximo 20 segundos. A observação dos pacientes ocorreu em dois períodos distintos: um que contemplou o período compreendido entre a administração do sufentanil pela via subaracnóidea até imediatamente antes da indução anestésica e outro que compreendeu o período após a indução anestésica até seis minutos após a intubação orotraqueal. No primeiro período, avaliou-se o impacto do sufentanil subaracnóideo no comportamento hemodinâmico, no grau de sedação e no grau de ventilação. No segundoperíodo foi avaliado o comportamento hemodinâmico dos pacientes após a indução anestésica e a intubação traqueal. A glicemia foi quantificada nos dois períodos e serviu como parâmetro da resposta de estresse. Os pacientes foram avaliados em 15 momentos distintos (M1 - antes da punção venosa, M2 - um minuto após a administração do midazolam, M3 - imediatamente após a punção subaracnóidea, M4 - 2 minutos após a administração do sufentanil, M5 - 4 minutos após o sufentanil, M6 - 6 minutos após, M7 - 8 minutos após, M8 - 10 minutos após, M9 - 2 minutos após a indução anestésica, M10 - 4 minutos após, M11 - 30 segundos após a intubação, M12 - 1 minuto após, M13 - 2 minutos após, M14 - 4 minutos após e M15 - 6 minutos após). No primeiro período de observação, o comportamento hemodinâmico entre os três grupos foi semelhante. Houve diminuição da pressão arterial diastólica, pressão arterial média e da frequência cardíaca após administração do sufentanil, mas a pressão arterial sistólica manteve-se inalterada, exceto no grupo que recebeu 2,0 µg/Kg. Este grupo apresentou maior porcentagem de pacientes com depressão do grau de consciência e ventilação. Após intubação traqueal, o comportamento da frequência cardíaca foi semelhante nos três grupos e não houve aumento da pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica ou média no grupo que recebeu 2,0 µg/Kg. Somente este grupo teve diferença significativa da glicemia entre M1 e M15. Dentre as doses testadas, somente a de 2,0 µg/Kg atenua a resposta de estresse após intubação orotraqueal. / Laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation produce intense stress response. This study compared the effect of intrathecal administration of 10 µg, 1,0 µg/Kg and 2,0 µg/Kg on stress response induced by intubation. Patients were assigned into three groups, according to the amount of sufentanil administered intrathecally. After administration of 0,05 mg/Kg intravenous midazolam, all patients received the previous selected dose of intrathecal sufentanil. Patients were kept under observation for the next ten minutes, and then general anesthesia was induced with propofol (2,5 mg/Kg) and vecuronium (0,1 mg/Kg). After being ventilated under facial mask for four minutes, patients were intubated on a first attempt basis, with laryngoscopy duration of 20 seconds maximum. Observation period was divided into twodistinct phases: the first one comprised the interval between intrathecal injection of sufentanil and general anesthesia induction, and the second one unrolled from anesthesia induction until six minutes after orotracheal intubation. Throughoutthe first phase, intrathecal sufentanil impact on haemodynamics, sedation and respiration was analized. During the second phase, the haemodynamic behavior after general anesthesia induction and orotracheal intubation was assessed. Glucose levels were measured on both phases and worked as a stress response parameter. Patients were evaluated at 15 predetermined moments (M1 - before venous cannulation, M2 - one minute after administration of midazolam, M3 - immediately after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M4 - 2 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M5 - 4 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil , M6 - 6 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M7 - 8 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M8 - 10 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M9 - 2 minutes after anesthesia induction, M10 - 4 minutes after anesthesia induction, M11 - 30 seconds after intubation, M12 - 1 minute after intubation, M13 - 2 minutes after intubation, M14 - 4 minutes after intubation e M15 - 6 minutes after intubation). At the first period of observation, haemodynamic profile between all three groups was similar. Diastolic arterial pressure levels, mean arterial pressure levels and heart rate decreased after intrathecal administration of sufentanil and sistolic arterial pressure levels remained the same, except in the 2,0 µg/Kg group. This group had the highest incidence of patients undergoing sedation and respiratory depression. After orotracheal intubation, heart rate was similar in all three groups, and there was no increase of SAP, DAP and MAP levels in the 2,0 µg/Kg group. Glucose levels presented significant differences between M1 and M15 only in the 2,0 µg/Kg group. Among all tested doses, the 2,0 µg/Kg dose was the only to attenuate stress response to tracheal intubation.

Objetivos: Averiguar o papel da duração da intubação e de outros fatores de risco no desenvolvimento de lesão de laringe em crianças submetidas à intubação endotraqueal em unidade de terapia intensiva. Além disso, determinar a incidência de estenose subglótica (ESG) nessa mesma população. Delineamento: Coorte Prospectiva. Métodos: Foram elegíveis todas as crianças de zero a quatro anos internadas na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre que necessitaram de intubação endotraqueal por mais de 24 horas. Foram excluídas as com história de intubação, doença laríngea prévia, presença de traqueostomia atual ou no passado, presença de malformações craniofaciais e aquelas consideradas portadoras de doença terminal pela equipe assistente. As crianças incluídas foram acompanhadas diariamente e, após a extubação, foram submetidas à fibronasolaringoscopia (FNL). Aquelas que tinham alterações moderadas a graves nesse primeiro exame foram submetidas à nova FNL em sete a dez dias. Se as alterações persistissem ou se desenvolvessem sintomas, independentemente do exame inicial, as crianças eram submetidas à laringoscopia sob anestesia geral. Resultados: Foram acompanhadas 142 crianças entre novembro de 2005 e outubro de 2010. Na FNL inicial, 58 crianças (40,8%) apresentaram alterações laríngeas moderadas a graves. Das 84 crianças sem lesões no exame inicial, uma desenvolveu sintomas laríngeos e foi submetida à laringoscopia direta, sendo diagnosticada ESG. Na FNL de revisão do grupo com alterações moderadas a graves, 15 crianças apresentaram ESG no seguimento, diagnosticada após exame sob anestesia geral. Ao final do estudo, a incidência de ESG foi de 11,3% (IC 95%: 7,1 – 17,5%). Após análise multivariada dos fatores estudados, encontrou-se que, para cada cinco dias adicionais de intubação, há um acréscimo de 50,3% no risco de desenvolver ESG e, para cada dose extra de sedação/dia, um incremento de 12%. Conclusões: Nesse estudo prospectivo em crianças foi encontrada uma incidência de ESG superior à da maioria dos trabalhos anteriores. O tempo de intubação e a necessidade de doses extras de sedação parecem ser fatores importantes para o desenvolvimento de ESG durante a intubação endotraqueal. / Objectives: To investigate the role of the length of intubation and other risk factors in the development of laryngeal lesions in children undergoing endotracheal intubation in an intensive care unit, as well as to determine the incidence of subglottic stenosis (SGS) in the same population. Design: Prospective cohort. Methods: Children aged zero to four years admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre who required endotracheal intubation for more than 24 hours were eligible for study. Patients with previous intubation, history of laryngeal disease, current or past tracheostomy, presence of craniofacial malformations and those considered terminal by the staff were excluded from the study. Children were monitored daily and underwent flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy (FFL) after extubation. Those who presented moderate to severe abnormalities in this first examination underwent another FFL between 7 and 10 days later. If these lesions persist or symptoms developed, regardless of the findings in initial examination, laryngoscopy under general anesthesia was warranted. Results: We followed 142 children between November 2005 and October 2010. In the first FFL 58 children (40.8%) had moderate to severe laryngeal lesions. Of the 84 children with a normal initial examination, only one developed laryngeal symptoms and underwent direct laryngoscopy, which revealed eventually SGS in the follow up. In the group with moderate to severe lesions in the first examination, 15 children presented SGS afterwards (after examination under anesthesia). At the end of the study, the incidence of SGS was 11.3% (95% CI: 7.1 to 17.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that for every five additional days of intubation there is a 50.3% increase in the risk of developing SGS, and that for each additional sedation doses/ day, there is a 12% increase in the same outcome. Conclusions: In this prospective study in children, we found a higher incidence of SGS than most previous studies. The length of intubation and the need for additional sedation doses appear to be key factors for the development of SGS during endotracheal intubation.

A laringoscopia e a intubação traqueal produzem intensa resposta de estresse. Este estudo comparou o efeito da administração intratecal de 10 µg, 1,0 µg/Kg e 2,0 µg/Kg na resposta de estresse induzida pela intubação. Os pacientes foram casualizados em três grupos distintos, de acordo com a quantidade de sufentanil administrada pela via intratecal. Após administração de 0,05 mg/Kg de midazolam pela via venosa, todos os pacientes receberam sufentanilintratecal na quantidade determinada por um sorteio prévio. Aguardou-se o tempo de 10 minutos, nos quais os pacientes foram mantidos sob observação e, em seguida, a anestesia geral foi induzida com propofol (2,5 mg/Kg) e vecurônio (0,1 mg/Kg). Após ventilação sob máscara durante quatro minutos, os pacientes foram intubados mediante uma única tentativa, com laringoscopia de no máximo 20 segundos. A observação dos pacientes ocorreu em dois períodos distintos: um que contemplou o período compreendido entre a administração do sufentanil pela via subaracnóidea até imediatamente antes da indução anestésica e outro que compreendeu o período após a indução anestésica até seis minutos após a intubação orotraqueal. No primeiro período, avaliou-se o impacto do sufentanil subaracnóideo no comportamento hemodinâmico, no grau de sedação e no grau de ventilação. No segundoperíodo foi avaliado o comportamento hemodinâmico dos pacientes após a indução anestésica e a intubação traqueal. A glicemia foi quantificada nos dois períodos e serviu como parâmetro da resposta de estresse. Os pacientes foram avaliados em 15 momentos distintos (M1 - antes da punção venosa, M2 - um minuto após a administração do midazolam, M3 - imediatamente após a punção subaracnóidea, M4 - 2 minutos após a administração do sufentanil, M5 - 4 minutos após o sufentanil, M6 - 6 minutos após, M7 - 8 minutos após, M8 - 10 minutos após, M9 - 2 minutos após a indução anestésica, M10 - 4 minutos após, M11 - 30 segundos após a intubação, M12 - 1 minuto após, M13 - 2 minutos após, M14 - 4 minutos após e M15 - 6 minutos após). No primeiro período de observação, o comportamento hemodinâmico entre os três grupos foi semelhante. Houve diminuição da pressão arterial diastólica, pressão arterial média e da frequência cardíaca após administração do sufentanil, mas a pressão arterial sistólica manteve-se inalterada, exceto no grupo que recebeu 2,0 µg/Kg. Este grupo apresentou maior porcentagem de pacientes com depressão do grau de consciência e ventilação. Após intubação traqueal, o comportamento da frequência cardíaca foi semelhante nos três grupos e não houve aumento da pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica ou média no grupo que recebeu 2,0 µg/Kg. Somente este grupo teve diferença significativa da glicemia entre M1 e M15. Dentre as doses testadas, somente a de 2,0 µg/Kg atenua a resposta de estresse após intubação orotraqueal. / Laryngoscopy and orotracheal intubation produce intense stress response. This study compared the effect of intrathecal administration of 10 µg, 1,0 µg/Kg and 2,0 µg/Kg on stress response induced by intubation. Patients were assigned into three groups, according to the amount of sufentanil administered intrathecally. After administration of 0,05 mg/Kg intravenous midazolam, all patients received the previous selected dose of intrathecal sufentanil. Patients were kept under observation for the next ten minutes, and then general anesthesia was induced with propofol (2,5 mg/Kg) and vecuronium (0,1 mg/Kg). After being ventilated under facial mask for four minutes, patients were intubated on a first attempt basis, with laryngoscopy duration of 20 seconds maximum. Observation period was divided into twodistinct phases: the first one comprised the interval between intrathecal injection of sufentanil and general anesthesia induction, and the second one unrolled from anesthesia induction until six minutes after orotracheal intubation. Throughoutthe first phase, intrathecal sufentanil impact on haemodynamics, sedation and respiration was analized. During the second phase, the haemodynamic behavior after general anesthesia induction and orotracheal intubation was assessed. Glucose levels were measured on both phases and worked as a stress response parameter. Patients were evaluated at 15 predetermined moments (M1 - before venous cannulation, M2 - one minute after administration of midazolam, M3 - immediately after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M4 - 2 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M5 - 4 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil , M6 - 6 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M7 - 8 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M8 - 10 minutes after intrathecal injection of sufentanil, M9 - 2 minutes after anesthesia induction, M10 - 4 minutes after anesthesia induction, M11 - 30 seconds after intubation, M12 - 1 minute after intubation, M13 - 2 minutes after intubation, M14 - 4 minutes after intubation e M15 - 6 minutes after intubation). At the first period of observation, haemodynamic profile between all three groups was similar. Diastolic arterial pressure levels, mean arterial pressure levels and heart rate decreased after intrathecal administration of sufentanil and sistolic arterial pressure levels remained the same, except in the 2,0 µg/Kg group. This group had the highest incidence of patients undergoing sedation and respiratory depression. After orotracheal intubation, heart rate was similar in all three groups, and there was no increase of SAP, DAP and MAP levels in the 2,0 µg/Kg group. Glucose levels presented significant differences between M1 and M15 only in the 2,0 µg/Kg group. Among all tested doses, the 2,0 µg/Kg dose was the only to attenuate stress response to tracheal intubation.