Nous assistons ces dernières années à une émergence constante de nouvelles applications, notamment pour les services audiovisuels. Ces applications imposent au réseau un certain nombre de contraintes pour qu’elles puissent fonctionner correctement. Le développement de mécanismes permettant d’offrir une garantie à ces contraintes, est donc devenu un objectif crucial. La norme IEEE 802.16j est l’une des solutions sans fil qui propose plus de ressources afin de supporter les nouveaux services de télécommunications. Dans la présente thèse, nous focalisons notre étude sur la problématique de la qualité de service dans les réseaux WiMAX relais. Nos contributions se regroupent à travers les étapes ci-dessous : Nous proposons un protocole de routage multicast pour les services IPTV (HDTV, SD-TV, Web-TV et Mobile-TV). Ce protocole repose d’une part sur un nouveau mécanisme de construction de l’arbre multicast basé sur les nombres premiers et d’autre part, sur une nouvelle méthode d’agrégation basée sur le standard de compression Vidéo «SVC». L’objectif est de supporter l’hétérogénéité des utilisateurs tout en optimisant la consommation des ressources. Par ailleurs, nous étudions le problème d’ordonnancement dans les réseaux WiMAX. Nous proposons un algorithme d’ordonnancement adaptatif AWRR, ce dernier se base sur une technique à charge pondérée. L’objectif est d’ajuster dynamiquement le poids de chaque classe de service, en prenant en compte la charge de la file d’attente et les contraintes de la QoS. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à l’étude de la problématique du chemin optimal contraint. Nous proposons une solution déterministe basée sur une fonction de coût. Notre fonction permet aussi d’assurer le contrôle d’admission, elle se base sur deux fonctions de coût élémentaires qui prennent en compte quatre critères de QoS. / Over recent years, new applications steadily developed in a tremendous space, especially in audiovisual services area. The present applications have some of constraints to work properly. The developments of mechanism which enable to overcome these constraints become a critical issue in this area. The IEEE 802.16j standard is one of wireless communication technology which offering more resources to support new telecommunication services. In this thesis, we focus our research on the problem of quality of service (QoS) inWiMAX relay networks. Our contributions are classified as follows : we proposed a multicast routing protocol for IPTV services (such as HD-TV, SD-TV, Web-TV and Mobile-TV). This proposed protocol used a new multicast tree construction mechanism based-on prime numbers. We also developed a new aggregation method based on standard video compression called Scalable Video Coding (SVC). Our goal is to support user’s heterogeneity while optimizing resources consumption. In addition, we studied the problem of scheduling inWiMAX networks.We proposed an adaptive scheduling algorithm AWRR for IPTV services. The aim of this method is to support QoS constraints by using two schedulers, and assigning a dynamic value to each service queue. Finally, we interested to study about the problem of path selection. We proposed a solution based on a deterministic cost function. This function also ensures admission control based on two basic cost functions which include four QoS criteria. This thesis has been prepared in the MIPS/GRTC laboratory, University of Haute Alsace, under a research contract external (CRE) framework with France Telecom R&D. All proposed mechanisms were evaluated by the simulator QualNet, Matlab and mathematical analysis.

The master’s thesis is focused on the theoretical and practical issues of optical access networks. The first chapter of the thesis deals with the concept of the access networks known as FTTx. The second and third chapters focus on the principles and standardization of the active optical network AON P2P and the passive optical network TDM PON. The fourth chapter of the thesis focuses on the network WDM PON, wavelength multiplexes, solution concept and the LG-Ericsson EA 1100 platform. The fifth chapter of the thesis deals with the infrastructure of the optical paths for optical access networks. The sixth chapter of the thesis presents custom design of the headend for reception, processing and distribution of television broadcasting. Two custom access network solutions (AON P2P and WDM PON) for the town Bystřice nad Pernštejnem are presented in the seventh chapter. Case studies include the design of the optical paths infrastructure, central office infrastructure, end-user infrastructure, CAPEX/OPEX economic analysis and basic simulation in OptSim.

The theses explains the Evolution Packet System (EPS) and subsystem IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). It also informs how these systems cooperate and through which interfaces the main data and signals between these two technologies are transfered. The thesis includes practical section, in which installation and configuration of sections of the IMS system including its "core", and application and medial server. For verification of the functionality of the system, two dissimilar clients are installed, and emulator WAN is applied for simulation of Internet. The product of the theses is the design of the laboratory exercise drafted in such a way that it can be solved by students less knowledgeable of the issues.

The diploma thesis Digitization and the Internet - Disruptive Technologies of Television Broadcasting discusses the changes in television forms. Emphasis is placed on the transformation of the market in the form of digitization, which subsequently also led to the intensive distribution of data within the Internet environment. The introductory part of the thesis is arched with theoretical support from the sides of economic and media approaches to the process of change. Their central motif deals with innovation or remediation. A closer description of the technologies themselves and their properties is not omitted either. Thanks to a closer description of the technologies themselves and their properties, it is possible to define the existence of imaginary boundaries of television. The second part of the work focuses specifically on the Czech landscape. It deals with the current state of legislation and the non-linear functions that the Internet has brought to television screens. At the practical level, the thesis focuses on alternative forms of television distribution in the Internet environment. The aim is to present the typical features and innovative elements of the disrupting technology of television broadcasting, which were defined in the theoretical part, on the example of the selected VOD...

A modalidade de Educação a Distância (EAD) ocupa atualmente um lugar importante no desenvolvimento e expansão da Educação no Brasil. A EAD a partir de novas tecnologias, teve um grande impulso, principalmente aquela que envolve a rede Internet. O uso das tecnologias digitais em espaços educativos permitiu que a comunicação, interação, armazenamento e distribuição de conteúdos para o processo educativo, fossem realizados de maneira mais eficiente. Em meio à diversidade de mídias e tecnologias na atualidade, a IPTV surge como uma nova proposta, um veículo de comunicação interativo que possibilita novas perspectivas para a modalidade de EAD. Neste contexto, a IPTV torna-se fundamental, pois possibilita através de seu alto índice de interatividade e qualidade na entrega de conteúdos síncronos e assíncronos oferecer uma gama cada vez maior de opções para seus usuários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar elementos visando o uso da IPTV como modalidade de Educação no sistema a distância, para a entrega de conteúdos no Ensino de Engenharia, buscando reduzir as distâncias no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Dessa forma, são apresentados os benefícios da integração da IPTV e a Educação em Engenharia, dentro de uma estratégia de Educação a Distância na IPTV. / Distance Education (DE) plays an important role nowadays on the development and expansion of education in Brazil. Due to new technologies, DE had a great propulsion, mainly on those which involve the Internet. The use of digital technologies in educational spaces allowed that communication, interaction, storage and distribution of content became more efficient. In between the diversity of medias and technologies, IPTV arises as a new proposal; an interactive communication tool which enables new perspectives for DE. In this context, IPTV is paramount, since its high rates of interaction and synchronous and asynchronous content delivery quality enables a great range of options for its users. This work aims at presenting elements of IPTV use as a modality of DE in the content delivering for Engineering Teaching and Learning, focusing the reduction of distances in the teaching and learning process. Thus, it is presented benefits of the integration between IPTV and Engineering Education through a strategy of DE in IPTV.

A modalidade de Educação a Distância (EAD) ocupa atualmente um lugar importante no desenvolvimento e expansão da Educação no Brasil. A EAD a partir de novas tecnologias, teve um grande impulso, principalmente aquela que envolve a rede Internet. O uso das tecnologias digitais em espaços educativos permitiu que a comunicação, interação, armazenamento e distribuição de conteúdos para o processo educativo, fossem realizados de maneira mais eficiente. Em meio à diversidade de mídias e tecnologias na atualidade, a IPTV surge como uma nova proposta, um veículo de comunicação interativo que possibilita novas perspectivas para a modalidade de EAD. Neste contexto, a IPTV torna-se fundamental, pois possibilita através de seu alto índice de interatividade e qualidade na entrega de conteúdos síncronos e assíncronos oferecer uma gama cada vez maior de opções para seus usuários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar elementos visando o uso da IPTV como modalidade de Educação no sistema a distância, para a entrega de conteúdos no Ensino de Engenharia, buscando reduzir as distâncias no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Dessa forma, são apresentados os benefícios da integração da IPTV e a Educação em Engenharia, dentro de uma estratégia de Educação a Distância na IPTV. / Distance Education (DE) plays an important role nowadays on the development and expansion of education in Brazil. Due to new technologies, DE had a great propulsion, mainly on those which involve the Internet. The use of digital technologies in educational spaces allowed that communication, interaction, storage and distribution of content became more efficient. In between the diversity of medias and technologies, IPTV arises as a new proposal; an interactive communication tool which enables new perspectives for DE. In this context, IPTV is paramount, since its high rates of interaction and synchronous and asynchronous content delivery quality enables a great range of options for its users. This work aims at presenting elements of IPTV use as a modality of DE in the content delivering for Engineering Teaching and Learning, focusing the reduction of distances in the teaching and learning process. Thus, it is presented benefits of the integration between IPTV and Engineering Education through a strategy of DE in IPTV.

中華電信MOD是台灣目前最具規模的互動電視(IPTV)平台，全台已有68萬用戶，除了提供影片隨選（Video on demad）的服務之外，也積極發展其他類型的加值服務，本研究以中華電信MOD之「心靈開運網」算命服務為例，從中探討該服務使用族群的「使用動機」、「服務品質」、「顧客滿意度」、「顧客忠誠度」之間的相互關係，並研究使用動機與服務品質等因子中，何者影響使用族群的滿意度？希望這樣的研究結果日後可提供其他互動電視加值服務開發廠商參考。 本研究經量化研究的統計分析方法與質化研究的深度訪談法，對中華電信MOD加值服務「心靈開運網」算命服務使用族群發放電視問卷，以分析用戶的基本資料與使用行為，同時輔以深度訪談，綜合用戶調查資料、同業建議、MOD平台經營者等各方看法，對本算命服務發現與建議如下： 一.每個年齡層對算命內容的需求有明顯差異，可根據用戶常算的算命分類紀錄，提供客製化的首頁，以方便用戶選擇。 二.從用戶的算命記錄可看出用戶目前的需求，可以針對用戶的需求尋找異業結盟或廣告交換，如理財、婚顧、養生、交友等服務，以提高用戶滿意度。 三.人口統計變項(性別、年齡、教育、職業、收入)對於中華電信MOD加值服務「心靈開運網」之使用動機、服務品質、忠誠度、滿意度，除了學歷之外，並無顯著差異，可能表示不同人口統計變項，對於算命的喜好差異不大。 四.服務品質與滿意度的關連性，較使用動機與滿意度的關連性強，服務品質愈好，滿意度愈高。 五.服務品質對滿意度的影響很大，其中產品可靠度，也就是算命的準確度，將影響整個服務品質構面給用戶的感覺。 六.本算命服務對於個人隱私愈保護，用戶的再度使用意願會愈高，同時算命內容若讓用戶感覺能趨吉避凶，感覺安心，推薦給他人的機會就愈高。 關鍵詞：互動電視、IPTV、MOD、加值服務、心靈開運網、使用動機、資訊來源、服務品質、滿意度、忠誠度、電視問卷 / Abstract Chunghwa Telecom MOD is the most popular IPTV provider in Taiwan, which now has around 680,000 subscribers. In addition to providing video on demand services, Chunghwa Telecom MOD is also aggressively expanding other value-added-services (VAS). Using Chunghwa Telecom MOD's "Superfate" service as an example, this study tried to examine the relationships between “usage motivation”, “service quality”, “customer satisfaction”, and “customer loyalty”. Furthermore, we tried to investigate which of the following factors (e.g., usage motivation and service quality) has the greatest impact on “customer satisfaction”. We hope that the research outcome could provide some directions for other VAS developers of IPTV industry. Using both quantitative statistical analysis and qualitative in-depth interviews. We extensively surveyed different consumer groups of Chunghwa Telecom MOD's "Superfate" service in order to understand consumer profile and user behavior. At the same time, we also conducted in-depth interviews Based upon research outcomes from consumer surveys and key industry players interviews, we provide several recommendations to the "Superfate" service as follow: 1.Different age groups have different demands on fortune telling content. To make this service more user-friendly, we should customize the front page according to the record of the customers' most-frequently-visit fortune-telling categories. 2.Based on the usage records of each user, we can easily identify the associated services each customer might need. We can effectively increase customer satisfaction level by forming strategic alliance with other value-added-services, e.g. personal finance, match-making, wedding-planning, and health care related services. 3.Demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, occupation, and income) do not have a significantly different impact on usage motivation, service quality, customer loyalty, and satisfaction. Educational level is the exception. Our results imply that demographic differences do not significantly influence customers' preference on fortune-telling. 4.Service quality has a stronger influence on satisfaction level than usage motivation. The better the service quality, the more satisfied the users are. 5.Service quality has a strong influence on the level of customer satisfaction. Moreover, the reliability of the service, or the accuracy of the fortune-telling result, can greatly impact customers' perception of service quality. 6.Users are more willing to reuse this service when they feel their privacy is protected. Meanwhile, the user is more willing to recommend this service to others when they feel the fortune-telling results could help them approach the positive luck and avoid the negative fate. Keywords：Multimedia On Demand(MOD)、IPTV、value-added-services、Superfate、usage motivation、service quality、customer satisfaction、customer loyalty、TV questionnaire survey

Com o aumento da concorrência sofrido pelas operadoras de telecomunicações frente à entrada de diversas empresas de outros ramos no mercado de comunicação, como, por exemplo, os Provedores de Serviço de Internet (ISPs - Internet Service Providers) através da oferta de serviços de voz sobre IP, tais operadoras viram-se obrigadas a diversificar sua oferta de serviços para gerar novas fontes de receita. Por possuírem ampla infra-estrutura instalada, as operadoras de telecomunicações passaram a oferecer, também, serviço de TV aos usuários, através de suas redes (convergentes) de telefonia e dados já existentes, o chamado IPTV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi possibilitar, neste cenário, que estas empresas consigam oferecer, além dos serviços convencionais de TV (e.g., transmissões lineares dos conteúdos nos canais de TV), serviços diferenciados empregando-se a mesma infra-estrutura. O foco deste trabalho é a oferta do serviço de apresentação deslocada no tempo dos conteúdos transmitidos linearmente nos canais de TV, sem a necessidade de configuração prévia por parte do usuário. Desta maneira, dá-se maior flexibilidade ao usuário, possibilitando-o assistir aos conteúdos que lhe interessam, no horário mais conveniente, sem ter que se preocupar com isso antecipadamente (i.e., sem a necessidade de configurar algum equipamento para gravar o conteúdo ou saber antecipadamente quais programas lhe interessam). Para isso foram pesquisadas e analisadas tanto tecnologias de transmissão e distribuição de conteúdos, como também o paradigma peer-to-peer, muito utilizado atualmente no compartilhamento de arquivos na Internet. A partir daí, foi concebida uma arquitetura capaz de oferecer tanto o serviço tradicional de transmissão linear de TV, quanto de apresentar vídeos deslocados no tempo (i.e., vídeos cuja transmissão linear já foi iniciada ou até concluída, a partir de qualquer posição já transmitida), combinando-se técnicas de multidifusão de dados, armazenamento distribuído e protocolos peer-to-peer. Desta maneira, obteve-se uma solução eficiente, utilizando-se os recursos disponíveis em todo o sistema, incluindo recursos ociosos dos usuários finais, para auxiliar no armazenamento e distribuição dos conteúdos deslocados no tempo. Finalmente, um protótipo foi desenvolvido como prova de conceito da arquitetura proposta neste trabalho, e, juntamente com os testes realizados, comprovam a viabilidade de se utilizar redes P2P para a distribuição dos conteúdos para a apresentação deslocada no tempo. / Telecommunication companies are suffering from the increasing offer of cheap and reliable voice over IP services, being forced to diversify their services looking for new revenue possibilities. Since these companies have a vast infrastructure, they are now providing TV services through the same telephony and data infrastructure, using their IP networks to offer IPTV. The goal of the present work is to allow, in this scenario, that such companies offer, additionally to the traditional TV services (e.g., the linear transmissions of the TV channels), differentiated services through the same infrastructure. The focus of the present work is, therefore, the offering of the time-shift service, allowing users to watch linear transmitted contents, time-shifted, without the need for any in-advance configuration. This approach gives more flexibility to the users, allowing them to choose the most appropriate time to watch some content without having to specify their interests in advance (i.e., without configuring some equipment to record the content or knowing in advance which programs will interest themselves). To achieve this goal, technologies for content transmission and distribution, as well as the peer-to-peer paradigm for file sharing were studied, resulting in the development of an architecture capable of offering the traditional linear transmissions service as well as the possibility of time-shift, combining multicast, distributed caching and peer-to-peer technologies. Accordingly, an efficient solution was envisioned, making use of all available resources in the system, including idle resources in the user equipments, to help in the caching and distribution of the time-shifted contents. Finally, a prototype was developed as a proof-of-concept for the designed architecture, which together with the performed tests, shows the viability of utilizing P2P networks in the distribution of time-shifted contents.

Com o aumento da concorrência sofrido pelas operadoras de telecomunicações frente à entrada de diversas empresas de outros ramos no mercado de comunicação, como, por exemplo, os Provedores de Serviço de Internet (ISPs - Internet Service Providers) através da oferta de serviços de voz sobre IP, tais operadoras viram-se obrigadas a diversificar sua oferta de serviços para gerar novas fontes de receita. Por possuírem ampla infra-estrutura instalada, as operadoras de telecomunicações passaram a oferecer, também, serviço de TV aos usuários, através de suas redes (convergentes) de telefonia e dados já existentes, o chamado IPTV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi possibilitar, neste cenário, que estas empresas consigam oferecer, além dos serviços convencionais de TV (e.g., transmissões lineares dos conteúdos nos canais de TV), serviços diferenciados empregando-se a mesma infra-estrutura. O foco deste trabalho é a oferta do serviço de apresentação deslocada no tempo dos conteúdos transmitidos linearmente nos canais de TV, sem a necessidade de configuração prévia por parte do usuário. Desta maneira, dá-se maior flexibilidade ao usuário, possibilitando-o assistir aos conteúdos que lhe interessam, no horário mais conveniente, sem ter que se preocupar com isso antecipadamente (i.e., sem a necessidade de configurar algum equipamento para gravar o conteúdo ou saber antecipadamente quais programas lhe interessam). Para isso foram pesquisadas e analisadas tanto tecnologias de transmissão e distribuição de conteúdos, como também o paradigma peer-to-peer, muito utilizado atualmente no compartilhamento de arquivos na Internet. A partir daí, foi concebida uma arquitetura capaz de oferecer tanto o serviço tradicional de transmissão linear de TV, quanto de apresentar vídeos deslocados no tempo (i.e., vídeos cuja transmissão linear já foi iniciada ou até concluída, a partir de qualquer posição já transmitida), combinando-se técnicas de multidifusão de dados, armazenamento distribuído e protocolos peer-to-peer. Desta maneira, obteve-se uma solução eficiente, utilizando-se os recursos disponíveis em todo o sistema, incluindo recursos ociosos dos usuários finais, para auxiliar no armazenamento e distribuição dos conteúdos deslocados no tempo. Finalmente, um protótipo foi desenvolvido como prova de conceito da arquitetura proposta neste trabalho, e, juntamente com os testes realizados, comprovam a viabilidade de se utilizar redes P2P para a distribuição dos conteúdos para a apresentação deslocada no tempo. / Telecommunication companies are suffering from the increasing offer of cheap and reliable voice over IP services, being forced to diversify their services looking for new revenue possibilities. Since these companies have a vast infrastructure, they are now providing TV services through the same telephony and data infrastructure, using their IP networks to offer IPTV. The goal of the present work is to allow, in this scenario, that such companies offer, additionally to the traditional TV services (e.g., the linear transmissions of the TV channels), differentiated services through the same infrastructure. The focus of the present work is, therefore, the offering of the time-shift service, allowing users to watch linear transmitted contents, time-shifted, without the need for any in-advance configuration. This approach gives more flexibility to the users, allowing them to choose the most appropriate time to watch some content without having to specify their interests in advance (i.e., without configuring some equipment to record the content or knowing in advance which programs will interest themselves). To achieve this goal, technologies for content transmission and distribution, as well as the peer-to-peer paradigm for file sharing were studied, resulting in the development of an architecture capable of offering the traditional linear transmissions service as well as the possibility of time-shift, combining multicast, distributed caching and peer-to-peer technologies. Accordingly, an efficient solution was envisioned, making use of all available resources in the system, including idle resources in the user equipments, to help in the caching and distribution of the time-shifted contents. Finally, a prototype was developed as a proof-of-concept for the designed architecture, which together with the performed tests, shows the viability of utilizing P2P networks in the distribution of time-shifted contents.

<p>A channel change in digital television is usually conducted at a reference frame, which are sent at certain intervals. A higher compression ratio could however be obtained by sending reference frames at arbitrary long intervals. This would on the other hand increase the average channel change time for the end user. This thesis investigates various approaches for reducing the average channel change time while using arbitrary long intervals between reference frames, and presents an implementation and evaluation of one of these methods, called Baydec.</p><p>The approach of Baydec for solving the channel switch problem is to statistically estimate what the original image looked like, starting with an incoming P-frame and estimate an image between the original and current image. Baydec gathers statistical data from typical video sequences and calculates expected likelihood for estimation. Further on it uses the Simulated Annealing search method to maximise the likelihood function.</p><p>This method is more general than the requirements of this thesis. It is not only applicable to channel switches between video streams, but can also be used for random access in general. Baydec could also be used if an I-frame is dropped in a video stream.</p><p>However, Baydec has so far shown only theoretical result, but very small visual improvements. Baydec produces images with better PSNR than without the method in some cases, but the visual impression is not better than for the motion compensated residual images. Some examples of future work to improve Baydec is also presented.</p>