La constitution du 22 janvier 2001 dispose expressément que la République du Sénégal garantit la liberté de la presse et le droit à l’information plurielle. Néanmoins, le journaliste sénégalais est resté justiciable des codes pénal et de procédure pénale, adoptés dans l’élan répressif des années 1960. Ce droit pénal commun qui intègre paradoxalement la loi française spéciale du 29 juillet 1881 sur la liberté de la presse, héritée de la colonisation, apparaît comme dépassé par l’évolution de la démocratie sénégalaise et l’aspiration du peuple à l’épanouissement et au progrès social. L’activité journalistique est une activité potentiellement délinquantielle. Il peut arriver que le journaliste abuse de la liberté d’expression en foulant au pied la loi et les règles de la déontologie de sa profession. La justice du droit pénal a vocation à lui être applicable. Mais, ce constat ne doit point occulter la nécessité dans laquelle se trouve le législateur de rendre sauve la liberté de la presse dans l’exercice de sa compétence exclusive de fixation et de détermination des abus intolérables de ladite liberté. Pour ce faire, l’adoption d’une législation spéciale, détachée de l’emprise tutélaire des codes pénal et de procédure pénale, s’impose. C’est une condition nécessaire, mais non suffisante. La prévisibilité de la loi applicable à la responsabilité pénale du professionnel de l’information, l’indépendance du juge qui l’applique, la non-ingérence du pouvoir politique dans la liberté d’informer du journaliste sont autant de conditions nécessaires à la répression des abus de la liberté de la presse. / Senegalese Constitution dated 22th January 2001 clearly provides that the country guarantees the freedom of the press and the right to multi-sourced information. And yet the Senegalese journalist remains subject to the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure adopted in the repressive surge of the 1960’s.The local Criminal law which paradoxically includes French special 29th July 1881 Act on the freedom of the press seems outdated and overtaken by the evolution of the Senegalese democracy and the people’s yearning for development and social progress. The journalistic activity potentially brings forth offences. The journalist may take too much advantage of the freedom of the press violating thereby the law and his own deontology. Criminal law justice must therefore be applicable to them. However this must not conceal the law-maker‘s necessity to safeguard the freedom of the press. To that end it is necessary to set up a special legislation free from the Criminal Code and from the Code of Criminal Procedure. This is a necessity though insufficient. The predictability of the law applicable to the criminal liability of the journalist, the independence of the applying judges and the non-interference of the political power in the journalist’s freedom of speech are prerequisites to the repression of the abuses of the freedom of the press. Our present thesis aims on the one hand to diagnose the criminal liability regime of the Senegalese journalist and also to prove the inadequacy of the criminal law with its legal liability. We will then suggest a particular criminal liability system more respectful of the freedom of the press.

Sedan 1700-talet har läsarnas medverkan varit en väsentlig del i tidningarnas produktion. Utan deras deltagande har det inte heller blivit någon tidning. En förändring på området skedde när professionaliseringen av publicistrollen blev ett faktum och läsarnas medverkan ifrågasattes. Samhällsförändringar och tekniska utvecklingar har sedan lett fram till det vi har idag: ett samhälle där medieorganisationerna är i allt större behov av att läsarna återigen deltar i olika former. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka hur journalister och ledning på tre olika lokaltidningar resonerar kring och förhåller sig till användargenererat material, samt vilka möjligheter användarna har att delta. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med lokaltidningarnas ansvariga utgivare och två journalister på respektive redaktion har vi fått fram att tidningarna generellt har ett positivt förhållningssätt till användargenererat material. De anser att teknikens utveckling både har hämmat och främjat relationen till läsarna i takt med att olika plattformer har utökat tidningarnas grundläggande publiceringskanal, det vill säga papperstidningen. Informanterna tror på ett ökat samarbete mellan yrkesverksamma journalister och användare i framtiden. De hävdar samtidigt att användarnas material inte får ta allt för stor plats och på så sätt konkurrera ut redaktionsmaterialet. Vidare menar de att yrkesprofessionen och de kunskaper som den omfattar är en av grundpelarna i tidningens funktion och så bör det förbli. I diskussionen använder vi oss av begrepp som offentlighet och deltagande samt resonemang kring det förändrade mediesammanhanget och den journalistiska yrkesprofessionen. / Since the eighteenth century user contribution has been a crucial part of newspaper production. Without the participation from the public there hasn’t been a newspaper at all. The professionalization of the publicist role became the starting point who changed how people valued user contribution. Societal change and the technical development has then led to the society we have today – a place where media organizations find themselves in a greater need for user participation to survive. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine how three local news papers reason about and react to user generated content and also to find out what possibilities the users have to participate. Thru semi structured interviews with the legally responsible publisher for each news paper and two journalists from each editorial staff our result shows that the news papers have a positive attitude towards user generated content in general. The informants say that the technological development have been both an improvement and inhibitory in the relationship to the readers. They believe in an increased cooperation in the future but at the same time emphasize the fact that user generated content can’t be allowed to take too much place and become a rival to the journalistic material. The informants also say that the knowledge they posses thru their journalistic education is the main core in their work as well as in the idea and function of the news paper. That is the way it should remain. We use terms and theories about the public sphere, participation, media convergence and the journalistic profession in our discussion.

The aim of this study was to examine what Swedish elite athletes’ experiences, opinions and ideas are about Swedish sports journalism. We wanted to understand how sports journalism works through the athletes’ point of view, since there is a symbiotic relationship between professional sports and the media. To approach this we carried out a qualitative study based on seven personal interviews with elite athletes representing seven different sports. The theoretical frames used in this study are symbolic interactionism, the agenda-setting theory, framing theory and the sports media complex.The result shows that according to the athletes the journalistic content depends on a range of components, the most important being the relation between the journalists and the athletes, which is mainly based upon the journalist’s knowledge and participation. The sports media complex, which explains the symbiosis between sports and media, is very explicit in our results and so is how journalists set the agenda for the audience. We discuss whether distorted coverage and insufficient knowledge can result in the citizens not getting a chance to fully understand the reality of sports in Sweden and how stereotypical journalism communicate certain meanings and values about sports to the audience.

Diploma thesis "The journalist in regional newspapers as a specific journalistic profession in Ústí region" deals with the working and status differences of regional journalists, whose occupation is believed as a specific kind of journalism. This thesis is mainly concentrated on the area of getting information and working with them, it is also focused on problems and difficulties of regional journalism, the role of journalists, their relationship to the local area and as well their moral level. Last, but not least this thesis brings the sociological profile of regional journalists in Ústí region. On the basis of a research which consists of disinterested observation and a research via questioning in seven newsrooms of Vltava-Labe-Press company newspapers, it shows the picture of margin journalists who have to fight with bad reputation in a long term. One part o this thesis is also a historical divagation to the development of regional press in the Czech Republic in the area of Ústí region and the stormy property changes which happened in the 90's of 20th century as well.

This diploma thesis is the first biography about a journalist and writer Josef Novotný, who was born in Chrudim of 1900, considered one of the culturally liveliest Czech towns at the sunset of the 19th century. He engaged in writing as early as at grammar school, gaining first journalist experience in regional press, above all in Středostavovský buditel. This periodical was published by Československá živnostensko-obchodnická strana středostavovská. In the following years he worked as a reporter in Nová Praha, Trn, Tramp, Úl and others. In the 30s he started cooperation with Melantrich, where he wrote for České slovo and Český ilustrovaný zpravodaj. Later on in the late 40s he was employed as a reporter with Masarykův list. In 1948 his membership in Sydnikát českých novinářů had expired and by that literally his journalist career, too. He wrote tens of books, some of which were of autobiographic and regional character. He is the author of literature for children and youth, theatre and puppet plays, detective stories and rodokaps. He elaborated many historical themes and literary criticism essays. The biggest acknowledgement he received for his novel Piava based on his experiences from the frontline during the First World War. Most of his life work has never been published and is archived in the...

This thesis examines the image of the journalist that is based on a particular text corpus - on articles collected in newspaper clipping archive of Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the period of "the first Czechoslovak republic." The method of this paper is inspired by Stanley Fish's concept of interpretive communities - in this case the interpretive community consists of the authors of the articles mentioned above. As they design the image of their own profession, it becomes a tool for understanding journalist's identity - it defines what is appropriate and what is not. The self-portrait of journalist does not only include a paragon of virtue that is to be followed but also a set of attributes, which journalists find typical for themselves: interestingly the main attributes do not seem to change much over time and in different newspapers. Therefore, the thesis focuses on common and shared traits of this self-portrait, illustrated by particular examples from the articles. The most important traits are for instance the consciousness of journalist's power and need for responsibility, but also journalist's attitude to truth, independence, time and society. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The Facebook social network has become quite a phenomenon in recent years. Now journalists have profiles there, both on private and "fan" pages, i.e. pages started by someone else for promoting the person in question. In connection with this, we encounter a new ethical issue-the journalist's statements on this social network. Some media-or their editors-in- chief-have already reacted to this phenomenon by issuing a set of rules of behavior on social networks. Yet there were a few cases (not just on the Czech media scene) where a journalist's unethical statement on the Facebook social network was criticized. The aim of this thesis is to determine whether editorial staff of printed newspapers and television channels have rules for journalists' statements on the Facebook social network, whether editors-in-chief check if these rules are complied with and whether the journalists themselves try to comply with existing rules, or set down their own code as to the subject and manner of their expression on the social network. Another issue is, of course, how many of the journalists surveyed have their own profile on the Facebook social network, or how many of them had their profile pages started by their fans. In my thesis, I would also like to at least suggest an answer to the question to what extent is the...

This thesis defines wide phenomenon of popular culture and follows the way it is represented in current Czech press. The initial part of the thesis defines popular culture based on the main theoretical grounds. After that popular culture is put in context of the mass society media audiences and emphasize the delimitation of pop culture versus high culture. The theoretical part of the thesis is closed by chapter concerning the role of the press in the process of defining the popular culture in current society. The main focus of the empirical part lies on frame analysis across the spectrum of Czech dailies (Blesk, Lidové noviny, Mladá fronta Dnes) and weeklies (Instinkt, Kulturní týdeník A2, Reflex) that examines how the popular culture is presented to the current readership. The analysed articles were published at the time of broadcasting of the first series of the examined pop cultural event represented by a TV show "StarDance…Když hvězdy tančí". The discovered framework is interpreted in context of the theoretical concepts and subsequently it is confronted with a point of view of the current journalists (by means of semi-structured interviews), who write about popular culture on everyday basis and who in a sense represent a cultural elite themselves. The main goal is to find out (in connection...

This diploma thesis deals with the everyday life of journalists between years 1970 - 1990. It is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part draws mainly from books on sociology, Statistics Office and publications and journals of "The Journalist" ("Novinář") publishing. There are definitions of the key terms and statistic data on media, culture and life style in the first part. It also depicts Czech society in the time of Normalization, as well as professional and social structure of the population, scholar-ship and the position of a journalist in this era. The practical part is devoted to the interviews with journalists and analyses separate aspects of everyday life. This analysis was made with the usage of the qualitative method and compares particular responses of the journalists with the data from the theoretical part.

The thesis named Journalist Julius Pachmayer in the People's Court in detail and comprehensively deals with the case of the fascist, pro-Nazi political movement Flag member Julius Pachmayer. Pachmayer was also an editor and editor in chief of the newspaper of the same name, which was published in the First and Second Republic and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. Pachmayer was a professional journalist, who in addition to Flag has also contributed to the People's leaves, the Czech word, National politics and other pro- German sheets that were issued in the time of Protectorate. After the Second World War, the People's Court tried and convicted Pachmayer of collaborating with the Nazis to prison, where he died in 1947. This thesis deals with Pachmayer's life and his journalistic praxis, the behaviour in Flag and also deals with the court process from arrest to Pachmayer's death in a prison hospital. The main goal of this thesis is to answer the question whether the Julius Pachmayer was an activist collaborator, or rather just conformist performing the orders which war period requested.