Qu'est-ce que la prudence du juge ? La question n'est pas nouvelle, mais les auteurs s'intéressent plus souvent aux raisons de la prudence (le pourquoi) qu'à la manière de cette prudence (le comment). Dans cette recherche, nous optons pour la seconde approche : la prudence est un ensemble de techniques utilisées par le juge. Quelles sont ces techniques, ces doctrines de prudence ? Certaines comme la société divisée ou la question politique, mettent à mal l’idée même de pouvoir judiciaire. D’autres comme le litige juridique ou la disposabilité, empêchent l’accès au tribunal. Et dans le procès de la norme si particulier qu’est le contrôle de constitutionnalité, certaines permettent au juge d’éviter la question qui lui est posée, d’éviter de regarder le texte de loi que l’on lui demande de sanctionner, et surtout d’éviter de regarder la constitution. Nous présenterons ces doctrines et leurs origines diverses. Elles sont américaines, allemandes, françaises et pour les plus créatives d’entre elles, japonaises. Si le juge japonais est considéré comme l’un des plus prudent du monde pour n’avoir en soixante ans procédé qu'à une dizaine de déclaration d'inconstitutionnalité conduisant à l’annulation de la norme, si 90% des contentieux administratifs se soldent par une victoire de l’état, la raison et la manière se trouvent dans ces doctrines / What is the judge's prudence? The question is not new, but the authors are more interested in the reasons of prudence (the why) than in the way of this prudence (the how). In this research, we opt for the second approach: prudence is a set of techniques used by the judge. What are these techniques, these doctrines of prudence? Some, such as divided society or political issues, undermine the very idea of the judiciary. Others, such as legal interest or disposability, prevent access to court. And in the particular lawsuit of the norm that is the control of constitutionality, some allow the judge to avoid the question put to him, to avoid to look at the text of law that one asks him to sanction, and especially to avoid looking at the constitution. We will present these doctrines and their diverse origins. They are American, German, French and for the most creative of them, Japanese. If the Japanese judge is considered one of the most cautious in the world to have strike down in only 60 yeans a handful of statutes, if 90% of the administrative disputes result in a victory of the state, reason and manner are found in these doctrines

O presente trabalho se propõe a investigar se a mudança da conformação da legislação, disposta em enunciados normativos que contém termos imprecisos, conceitos tipológicos, e a consequente exigência de tarefa hermenêutica diversa e mais intensa do que a que era procedida sob o modelo anterior, modifica o modo de ser do processo. Para tanto, analisa-se como a aceitação da eficácia plena das normas constitucionais afeta a função jurisdicional, impondo ao julgador a tarefa de continuamente verificar a adequação da norma aplicável à resolução de uma dada controvérsia ao modelo constitucional. Considerando-se que essa tarefa confere poder aumentado ao juiz, discute-se como sua autoridade está limitada pelo devido processo legal e conclui-se ser seu dever a efetivação no processo dos valores constitucionais inseridos nesse conceito, conferindo meios e oportunidades para que as partes exerçam amplamente seu direito de participação e influência no resultado que lhes afetará. / The present work aims to investigate if the legislative conformation, arranged in normative statements containing imprecise terms, typological concepts, and the consequent hermenêutical task, distinct and more intense than it was preceded in the previous model, modifies the way of the process. For this, we look at how the acceptance of full effectiveness of constitutional norms affect judicial function, imposing the judge the task of continually checking the adequacy of the applicable rule to solve a given dispute resolution to the constitucional model. Whereas this task gives increased power to the judge, it is debated how his authority is bounded by the due process of law, and it is infered that it is in his duty the full achievement of constitutional values in the process, providing means and opportunities to participate and to influence the result that will affect them.

Résumé : La thèse s’intéresse aux sanctions prises par des exécutifs internationaux et qui ont pour cibles des personnes physiques ou morales : gels et confiscations d’avoirs, interdictions de voyager, amendes et même inscriptions sur des listes à caractère infâmant. La licéité de ces sanctions est examinée à l’aune des règles du droit international qui leur sont applicables : d’une part, les règles de procédure et, de l’autre, le droit international des droits de l’homme. L’analyse permet d’identifier deux types de sanctions illicites : 1°) Le premier type comprend les sanctions qui sont pénales et qui, par ailleurs, répriment de graves infractions. Ces sanctions devraient être imposées par des juges et non par des organes politiques ce que sont les exécutifs internationaux qui les infligent. 2°) Le second type de sanctions illicites regroupent les sanctions dépourvues de recours au sens du droit international des droits de l’homme. Les personnes affectées par ces sanctions devraient pouvoir en contester le bien-fondé devant un organe indépendant et impartial. Il n’existe, par ailleurs, aucune circonstance de nature à exclure l’illicéité de l’un ou l’autre de ces deux types de sanctions. Ces sanctions, dès lors, n’ont aucun caractère contraignant. Qui plus est, les Etats se trouvent mis dans l’obligation de ne pas y donner suite. Les sanctions qui n’appartiennent à aucun de ces deux types sont, en principe, licites. Abstract : The thesis concerns the sanctions taken by international executives and which targets individuals and legal entities: freeze and confiscation of assets, ban on travels, fine and even inscription on dishonourable lists. The legality of the sanctions is checked in relation to the international rules which are applicable to the sanctions: firstly, rules of procedure and, secondly, human rights. This work concludes to the existence of two types of wrongful sanctions: 1°) the first type groups together the sanctions which are penal and, moreover, punish serious offenses. These sanctions should be decided by judges and not by political organs like international executives. 2°) the second type of wrongful sanctions contains those without recourse complying with human rights. The persons targeted by these sanctions should be able to contest them before an independent and impartial organ. In addition, there are no circumstances precluding wrongfulness of these two types of sanctions. So, these sanctions are not binding and the States are under obligation not to apply them. The other sanctions which do not belong to one of these two types of sanctions are, in theory, legal.

Examining historical ideology of women’s position within society and how that socialization has influenced historical legal cases of gender inequality is the backdrop for a modern case study of sexual harassment and sexual assault. This thesis explores how women’s voices have been, and continue to be, silenced socially and legally through ages old ideology of women’s subordination to men. By examining a 2007 legal case of ongoing sexual harassment and sexual assault perpetrated by Federal Judge Samuel Kent against women in subordinate positions working within his courthouse it is demonstrated that socialization of gender inequality is stronger and slower to change than the laws prohibiting it. / text

The Judge Earl Stone House, built in 1849, is one of the oldest existing structures in Noblesville, Indiana, the county seat of Hamilton County, which is located immediately north of Indianapolis and Marion County. Originally built as a residence, it has been used for commercial purposes since the middle of the twentieth century. Last occupied in 1998 when it was used as a gift store, it has remained vacant, causing its condition to deteriorate.This creative project documents the current condition of the building, offers recommendations for the preservation of the exterior and foundation of the structure, provides a maintenance schedule to prevent further deterioration, and recommends two adaptive reuses. / Department of Architecture

Constitution bails of legal proceeding we can understand like unit of laws beingin Constitution, which determine constitutional positions for court and judge. Law system secure independence of the judge and the court of the Republic of Lithuania from other govermance branch or individual person. Alongside, it guarantee fairminded and unprejudiced procecution of the justies.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Leiden, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [363]-382) and index.

L’élection, supposée être un moment salvateur ou libérateur du peuple peut, subitement, devenir un démon électoral attentatoire aux droits fondamentaux du fait de l’attitude des acteurs politiques, du législateur ou du juge en charge d’arbitrer les litiges y relatifs. La responsabilité du juge, acteur déterminant du processus électoral, est donc grave. Le peuple l’interpelle et fait recours à lui en tant que dernier rempart. Le juge électoral peut alors faillir ou sévir. Il peut nourrir l’espoir ou le décimer. C’est tout l’intérêt de l’étude du contrôle juridictionnel du processus électoral en Afrique noire francophone avec les exemples du Sénégal et du Bénin. L’analyse des jurisprudences se rapportant à la matière électorale révèle que, dans ce processus, le juge exerce à la fois une fonction de régularité stricte et une fonction de régulation électorale.La fonction de régularité électorale renvoie à l’activité classique du juge, par laquelle, il veille à ce que les agissements des personnes physiques ou morales, publiques ou privées, soient subordonnés à la loi électorale. Elle peut être antérieure ou postérieure au scrutin. La fonction de régularité antérieure au scrutin comporte le contrôle du cadre normatif et opérationnel destiné à organiser l’élection. La fonction de régularité postérieure au scrutin correspond au contentieux des résultats. Intensément consacrée, la fonction de régularité postérieure au scrutin confère au juge de pleins pouvoirs juridictionnels d’annulation et de réformation. Toutefois, l’exercice de cette fonction est retenu ou modéré. Le juge de la régularité électorale ne se relâche pas. Il ne déploie pas tous ses pouvoirs. Il s’invente ainsi une technique ingénieuse appelée contrôle de sincérité qu’il substitue à la régularité électorale stricte.Par ailleurs, dans un contexte de processus électoral malmené du fait des circonstances exceptionnelles, le juge fait recours, cette fois-ci, à une fonction de régulation électorale en s’appuyant sur son statut constitutionnel de régulateur du fonctionnement normal des institutions et des activités des pouvoirs public. Confronté à des situations particulières, le juge de la régulation électorale est tenu, en dépit même de l’absence d’une base textuelle claire, d’apporter une réponse adéquate à la hauteur de la délicatesse de la question soulevée afin de préserver l’édifice institutionnel. Dans l’exercice de cette fonction, le juge déploie des pouvoirs exorbitants comme l’injonction et la substitution dans le but exclusif de garantir l’aboutissement d’un processus électoral perturbé. / The election is supposed to be saving grace or redemptive moment for people. It can however suddenly become an electoral demon infringing fundamental rights due to the attitude of the political actors, the legislator or the judge in charge of arbitrating the litigations relating to it. The responsibility of the judge as a main player in the electoral process is therefore serious. People call upon him and resort to him as a last bastion. The electoral judge can foster hope or crack it down. This is the interest of the study on the judicial control of the electoral process in Africa French speaking countries with emphasis on Senegal and Benin. The analysis of the case-law relating to electoral matters reveals in this process that the judge exercises both a strict ‘regularity function’ and an electoral ‘regulation function’.The function of electoral regularity refers to the classic activity of the judge, by which he ensures that the actions of natural or legal persons, public or private, are subordinated to the electoral law. It may be before or after the election. Before the election, the regularity function includes the control of the normative and operational framework for running the election. After the election the regularity function corresponds to litigation based on the results. Extremely devoted, the post-election regularity function confers upon the judge full judicial powers of invalidation and reformation. However, the exercise of this function is retained or mitigated. The electoral judge does not relax. He designs an ingenious technique called control of sincerity which he substituted for strict electoral regularity.Furthermore, in the context of an electoral process that has been mishandled by exceptional circumstances, the judge uses an electoral regulation function based on his constitutional status as a regulator of the normal functioning of institutions and activities. Challenged with particular situations, the judge of the electoral regulation is in spite of a clear textual basis held to provide an adequate answer in order to preserve the institutional structure. Therefore, the judge deploys exorbitant powers such as injunction and substitution in the exclusive aim of guaranteeing the success of a tumultuous electoral process.

A dissertação tem por objeto a análise das três principais premissas teóricas do modelo publicista de participação do juiz na fase probatória do processo, entendido este como o modelo que admite que o juiz investigue os fatos trazidos pelas partes através da designação de provas de ofício. Assim, analisam-se a verdade no processo, a igualdade das partes e a imparcialidade judicial. O objetivo do estudo, como se vê, não é apontar o modelo mais eficiente, mas analisar de forma crítica as premissas que conferem suporte teórico ao modelo vigente nos países da Europa continental e da América Latina para, ao final, concluir se o modelo publicista está ou não corretamente justificado no plano teórico. / This work aims at discussing the three main theoretical premises concerning the active role of a judge during the evidentiary phase of a judicial proceeding. This model is understood as the one in which the judge is allowed to investigate facts submitted by the parties by means of ordering ex officio evidence. We, thus, study how the material truth in the proceedings, equality of the parties, as well as the impartiality of the judge are dealt with in such model. The purpose of the work, as can be seen, is not to identify the most efficient regime, but to critically analyze the premises which provide theorical background to the regime currently in force in continental Europe and Latin America, in order to conclude whether such regime is properly supported from a theoretical perspective or not.

O Estado é um ente vocacionado ao controle e centralização da sociedade. Essa postura tem se perpetuado ao longo dos modelos estatais absoluto, liberal e social pela manutenção da ordem e do poder. No absolutismo houve a verdade identificou-se com a acepção da sacralidade das leis. No liberalismo a verdade foi instrumentalizada pela pura adoração à racionalidade das leis. No Estado Social, mesmo com a abertura semântica, a jurisdição e o poder mantiveram- se correlatos. No Brasil a frágil representatividade da sociedade no plano político deu azo ao monismo estatal que favoreceu a face paternalista e intervencionista. Com o desequilíbrio social e a expansão dos direitos sociais ocorreu a escalada em busca da tutela jurisdicional para a restauração da igualdade. Na mesma proporção que se deu a liberdade cognitiva do Judiciário, ocorreu o aumento da demanda recursal que deflagrou o processo de desprestígio das decisões judiciais de base. Em oposição, fica constatado, através de dados estatísticos, que nas decisões de primeira instância ocorre o momento mais propício para a concretização dos princípios da cooperação intersubjetiva e da oralidade, e portanto a conclusão do litígio pelo procedimento conciliatório. Negando tal postura, existem discursos em prol da legalidade que reforça o duplo grau de jurisdição como perfil de garantia constitucional, e portanto, inafastável, embora esse entendimento se encontre em franco desalinhamento com a interpretação normativa e com os precedentes jurisprudenciais. O resultado prático desse dissenso é que as sistemáticas incursões recursais inviabilizam o nascituro princípio da eficiência. O modelo do silogismo, ainda que aplicável em várias situações, cedeu espaço a juridicidade amplificada que rompeu a barreira do absoluto, admitindo-se o verossímil, o razoável. Instaurou-se o embate entre a legalidade que legitima a sistemática recursal e a juridicidade da eficiência e da equidade. Questões aduzidas como a ampla defesa e ampliação do debate pelas vias recursais comungam em desfavor dessas a exemplo de indagações acerca de alguns procedimentos colegiados como julgamentos em lista e, também, pelo cotejo das minirreformas processuais que alargaram os poderes do magistrado e possibilitaram a efetividade das decisões judiciais. O panorama macrossistêmico demonstra a nova projeção das Instituições Jurídicas pela sua revitalização e redimensionamento. A jurisdição deve ser célere e calcada o mais próxima possível da verdade; porém, o novo modelo de decisão justa é aquela que se apresenta mais sob a forma do desapego ao conceito do universalizante, das visões totalizantes, da unidade e das certezas absolutas. O mote é o fractal, o aberto, o plural. No mircossistema jurídico acena-se à tendência da força dos precedentes. Entretanto, parte da jurisdição, que é una, desconfortavelmente, tem sido alijada desse processo. A jurisdição de base, a rigor da forte chancela da legalidade recursal, não se incorpora como elemento de composição das soluções conflituosas, eis que suas decisões são sistematicamente rechaçadas. A juridicidade contemporânea, apanágio de um sistema de regras e critérios de ponderação diversificados, erigidos por sociedades cada vez mais plurais, aparentemente coaduna-se mais com esse intrincado processo cultural cujos debates filosóficos navegam na suposta sucessão entre a Modernidade e a Pós-modernidade / The state is being geared to the control and centralization of society. This attitude has been perpetuated over the absolute, social and liberal state models for maintaining order and power. In absolutism the truth was identified with of the sacredness of the laws. In liberalism the truth was instrumentalized by pure worship of the rationality of the laws. In the welfare state, even with the semantic expansion, the jurisdiction and power remained correlated. In Brazil, the weak representation in political society favored to monism state that favored the face paternalistic and interventionist. With the imbalance social and expansion of social rights was an escalation in the search of legal protection for the restoration of equality. In the same in proportion that cognitive freedom of the judiciary, there was increased demand that triggered the process to discredit the basis of judicial decisions. In contrast, it is found, through statistical data, that the decisions of first instance is more propitious moment for the realization of the principles of cooperative interactions and orality, and therefore the conclusion of the dispute by conciliation procedure. Denying such a stance, there are speeches in favor of legality, which reinforces the double degree of jurisdiction as a constitutional guarantee, and therefore, unremovable, although this understanding is in misalignment franc with the normative interpretation of legal precedents. The practical result of this dissent is that systematic incursions appellate become unviable the unborn principle of efficiency. The model of the syllogism, still applicable in various situations, allowed way to juridical posture amplified and broke the barrier of absolute, assuming the plausible and reasonable. Had establish the conflict between the legality that legitimizes to appellate systematics and the legality of the efficiency and the equity. Issues such as legal defense and wider debate by appellate process commune to the detriment of those, the example of some questions concerning the procedures collegiate as "judgment-list" and also by comparison of procedural small reforms which extending the powers of judge and allowed to effectiveness of judgments. The landscape scene shows the new projection of Legal Institutions for their restoration and resizing. Jurisdiction should be as quick as possible to the truth, but the new model of fair decision is one that is more in the form of detachment from the concept of universalizing, totalizing visions, of the unity and of absolute certainties. The theme is fractal, the open, the plural. From the point of view of the microsystem legal signals to the tendency of the force of precedent. However, part of the jurisdiction, which is one, uncomfortably, has been ruled out of this process. The base jurisdiction, the accuracy of the strong stamp of legality appellate, are not incorporated as an element of composition of conflicting solutions, behold, its decisions are systematically repulsed. The contemporary juridical posture, apanage of a system of rules and criteria weighting diversified, erected by increasingly plural societies, apparently is consistent in more with this intricate cultural process whose philosophical debates travels the supposed succession between Modernity and Postmodernity