Unconventional natural gas resources, particularly tight gas sands, constitute a significant percentage of the natural gas resource base and offer abundant potential for future reserves and production. The premise of this research is that several unique characteristics of these rocks are the consequence of post depositional diagenetic processes including mechanical compaction, quartz and other mineral cementation, and mineral dissolution. These processes lead to permanent alteration of the initial pore structure causing an increase in the number of isolated and disconnected pores and thus in the tortuosity. The objective of this research is to develop a pore scale model of the geological processes that create tight gas sandstones and to carry out drainage simulations in these models. These models can be used to understand the flow connections between tight gas sandstone matrix and the hydraulic fractures needed for commercial production rates. We model depositional and diagenetic controls on tight gas sandstones pore geometry such as compaction and cementation processes. The model is purely geometric and begins by applying a cooperative rearrangement algorithm to produce dense, random packings of spheres of different sizes. The spheres are idealized sand grains. We simulate the evolution of these model sediments into low-porosity (3% to 10%) sandstone by applying different amount of ductile grains and quartz precipitation. A substantial fraction of the original pore throats in the sediment are closed by the simulated diagenetic alteration. Thus, the pore space in typical tight gas sandstones is poorly connected, and is often close to being completely disconnected, with significant effect on flow properties. The drainage curves for model rocks were computed using invasion percolation in a network taken directly from the grain-scale geometry and topology of the model. The drainage simulations show clear percolation behavior, but experimental data frequently do not. This implies that either network models based on intergranular void space are not a good tool for modeling of tight gas sandstone or the experiments are not correctly done on tight gas samples. In addition to reducing connectivity, the porosity-reducing mechanisms change pore throat size distributions. These combined effects shift the drainage water relative permeability curve toward higher values of water saturation, and gas relative permeability shifts toward smaller values of gas. Comparison of simulations with measured relative permeabilities shows a good match although same network fail to match drainage curves. This could happens because the model gives the right fluid configuration but at the wrong values of curvature and saturation. The significance of this work is that the model correctly predicts the relative permeabilities of tight gas sandstones by considering the microscale heterogeneity. The porosity reduction due to ductile grain deformation is a new contribution and correctly matches with experimental data from literature. The drainage modeling of two-phase flow relative permeabilities shows that the notion of permeability jail, a range of saturations over which both gas and water relative permeabilities are very small, does not occur during drainage. / text

New Zealand prisons were a colonial construct established by early colonial administrations to deal with criminal behaviour occurring at the time of European settlement. Like the prison system, prison chaplaincy also had its origins in colonial experiences from the United Kingdom where chaplains were employed to meet the spiritual needs of those in institutions such as schools, hospitals, colleges, the military and legations. This thesis addressed the question of how the partnership between Church and State administrators in New Zealand for the provision of chaplaincy services developed between 1840 and 2006. Four phases were identified in the evolution of prison chaplaincy: phase one 1840-to-1950, characterised by ad hoc arrangements between clergy and local prison management; phase two 1951-to-1989 when Secretary for Justice Samuel Barnett established a formal relationship with the National Council of Churches and the Roman Catholic Church to provide chaplains for penal institutions; phase three identified as ‘prisons in change’ 1990-1999, when the Interim Chaplaincy Advisory Board and Prison Chaplaincy Advisory Board worked in tandem with the Departments of Justice and Corrections to administer the Prison Chaplaincy Service, arising from the recommendations of the Roper and Perry Reports; and phase four 2000-to-2006, a period when the Prison Chaplaincy Service of Aotearoa New Zealand was contracted to the Department of Corrections to employ prison chaplains. The research adopted a multi-faceted approach, consisting of phenomenology, ethno-methodology and hermeneutics to understand attitudes and experiences of key players and institutions in the evolution of Prison Chaplaincy. Data was collected through interviews of key informants, critical evaluation of published and unpublished material in public and private collections. The study identified six key factors that influenced the development of Prison Chaplaincy in New Zealand. These were: the nature of the Church-State interface, the impact of biculturalism, the influence of theological and ecclesiastical trends, and the impact of inter-church politics, the influence of socio economic trends and developments, and changes in Government policy. It also found that while there were tensions, the Church-State partnership had positive benefits for the spiritual outcomes for prisoners.

Thesis (M.A.)--Duquesne University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-46) and index.

Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T14:19:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Tathiane Auxiliadora Ramos Cortez - 2018.pdf: 1881885 bytes, checksum: 411256b2be5ab4fbc5040eab41f59cfe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-18T11:22:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Tathiane Auxiliadora Ramos Cortez - 2018.pdf: 1881885 bytes, checksum: 411256b2be5ab4fbc5040eab41f59cfe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T11:22:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Tathiane Auxiliadora Ramos Cortez - 2018.pdf: 1881885 bytes, checksum: 411256b2be5ab4fbc5040eab41f59cfe (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28 / The present work investigates the scientification of transgressive sexualities in Brazil, exposing how psychological knowledge integrated this process. For this purpose, it historicizes the Brazilian psychological ideas about transgressive sexualities, from its emergence, in the colonial period, until the appearance of the Brazilian Circle of Sexual Education (CBES), in the 1930s. The objective is to understand the process that brought medical-psychological knowledge to the quasi-monopoly of knowledge about transgressive sexuality in Brazil. To do so, we carried out a bibliographicdocumentary study in which we used academic productions pertinent to our subject, besides the set of criminal codes in Brazil from the colonial period to the 1930s and some doctoral theses, used as primary sources. The results indicate two historical forms of approaching transgressive sexualities in Brazil: a religious-Christian form and a scientifical and medical-psychological one; the penal codes express the ideas, values and practices considered transgressives of the sexual norms in vogue during the historical formation of Brazilian society; the medical-psychological knowledge composes the criminal-legal domain, becoming an aspect of the prison sentence; the Society of Jesus was the precursor, in the religious-Christian approach, of psychological ideas about sexuality; the concern with the psychological aspects of transgressive sexual practices is developed within medical knowledge during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; sexuality has become a medical-legal category; the CBES is the expression of the consolidation of the scientifical and medical-psychological treatment of sexuality in Brazil. These results may contribute to the reflection on the articulation between psychological knowledge and transgressive sexuality in Brazil and its forms of manifestation, as in "crimes against sexual dignity". / O presente trabalho investiga o movimento de cientifização da sexualidade transgressora no Brasil expondo de que maneira os saberes psicológicos integraram esse processo. Historiciza, para tanto, as ideias psicológicas no Brasil sobre a sexualidade transgressora, desde seu surgimento, ainda no período colonial, até o aparecimento do Círculo Brasileiro de Educação Sexual (CBES), na década de 1930. Neste trabalho, objetiva-se compreender como se deu o processo que levou o conhecimento médico-psicológico à condição de quase monopólio do saber sobre a sexualidade transgressora no Brasil. Para tanto, realizamos um estudo bibliográfico-documental em que lançamos mão de produções acadêmicas pertinentes ao nosso objeto, além do conjunto dos códigos penais vigentes no Brasil do período colonial à década de 1930 e das teses de doutoramento utilizados como fontes primárias. Os resultados indicam que as formas históricas de abordar a sexualidade transgressora no Brasil foram a religiosa-cristã e a científica médico-psicológica; os códigos penais exprimem as ideias, os valores e as práticas consideradas transgressoras das normas sexuais em voga no decorrer da formação histórica da sociedade brasileira; o saber médico-psicológico compõe o domínio jurídico-penal, tornando-se um aspecto da pena de prisão; a Companhia de Jesus foi a precursora, na abordagem religiosa-cristã, das ideias psicológicas sobre a sexualidade; a preocupação com os aspectos psicológicos das práticas sexuais transgressoras é desenvolvida no interior do saber médico durante o século XIX e início do século XX; a sexualidade tornouse uma categoria médico-legal; o CBES é a expressão da consolidação do trato científico médico-psicológica da sexualidade no Brasil. Esses resultados podem contribuir nas reflexões sobre a articulação entre o conhecimento psicológico e a sexualidade transgressora no Brasil e suas formas de manifestação, como nos “crimes contra a dignidade sexual”.

Submitted by Caroline Falcao (caroline.rfalcao@ufpe.br) on 2017-06-07T19:18:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-CeciliaCampello.pdf.pdf: 4175966 bytes, checksum: 7dedcf27646b48c368ec56ad81575b77 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T19:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) 2012-dissertacao-CeciliaCampello.pdf.pdf: 4175966 bytes, checksum: 7dedcf27646b48c368ec56ad81575b77 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Nestadissertação,expõem-se os procedimentos, análises e considerações obtidas na pesquisa que teve por objetivo.Para a realização desta pesquisa, foi necessária a realização daanálise comparativa das tipologias das sete Casas de Câmara e Cadeia remanescentesem Pernambuco, construídas nos séculos XVIII e XIX com o modelo português.A questão inicial considerada é se o padrão tipológico lusitano se reproduziu fielmente na colônia ou se ocorreram transformações. Considerando a existência de transformações decorrentes no processo de implantação do modelo de Casas de Câmara e Cadeiana colônia, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa é identificar em que aspectos essas mudanças ocorreram, procurando interpretar suas causas e condições.A hipótese formulada originalmente foi que as Casas de Câmara e Cadeia não possuíam a necessidade da imposição do poder através de sua estrutura física, já que este era óbvio. Para confirmar tal hipótese, foram verificados os padrões de proporção, simetria, materiais construtivos, elementos funcionais e estéticos, utilizando como artefato os edifícios e como material de suporte os códices da arquitetura clássica e militar, a iconografia existente, as plantas e fachadas. Como referenciais para análise comparativa foram analisados oito Concelhoslocalizados em Portugal, selecionados a partir do padrão tipológico semelhante e uma sequência cronológica do século XIII ao XVIII, com a intenção de acompanhar astransformações físicas ocorridas neste período. O produto resultante da análise desenvolvida nessa pesquisa confirmou a hipótese inicial e permitiu a elaboração de inferências nas considerações finais deste trabalho, que colaboraram na identificação das influências da cultura expansionista lusitana em suas relações com a colônia. / In this written essay, it has been exposedthe procedures, analyzes and considerations obtained intheresearch aimed at the comparative analysis of seven types of CountyHousesand Jail remnants in Pernambuco, built in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries withthe portuguese building model.The initial questiontaken into consideration is whether thetypological Lusitanianpattern has beenfaithfully reproduced in the colony or, if there were transformations. The original hypothesis was that,the CountyHouse and Jail did not have the need for the imposition of power through its physical structure, since itwas obvious.To confirm this hypothesis we have accessed the patterns of proportion, symmetry, construction materials, functional and aesthetic elements, using the buildings as artifact and,as support material, thecodices of classical and military architecture, the existing iconography, as well asbuildingsplant.As benchmarks for a comparative analysisa research was done in eight councils located in Portugal, selected from the standard typologicalpatternand,a similar chronological sequence of the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries, with the intention ofmonitoringthe physical transformations that occurred during this period.The product results based on the development of the analysis ofthis study confirmed the initial hypothesis and allowed anelaborationof inferences in the final considerations of this work, which helped to identify the influences of theLusitanian expansionistculturein its relations with the colony.

A presente pesquisa consistiu em identificar, a partir de um enfoque crítico e clínicocriminológico, o que caracteriza e singulariza a Reintegração Social frente às demais propostas político-criminais tradicionalmente aplicadas ao cenário da execução penal. A partir deste objetivo, foram sendo desdobradas as filigranas das clássicas estratégias político-criminais (tratamento penitenciário e ressocialização) a fim de investigar a proximidade os limites teóricos entre elas e a Reintegração Social, além de se debruçar na idéia que propõe uma filosofia dialogal como mecanismo de aproximação e identificação plurais entre a sociedade e o cárcere. / The present research was to identify, from a critical, clinical and criminological, which characterizes the Social Reintegration against other proposals for criminal policy traditionally applied to the landscape of criminal enforcement. From this goal, the watermarks have been deployed on classical criminal policy (prison treatment and social rehabilitation) to investigate the theoretical limits of the closeness between them and Social Reintegration, and to address the idea that proposes a dialogical philosophy as a mechanism approach and identification of plural society and prison.

Conduite, de 2005 à 2009, à partir d’une étude des 222 procédures disciplinaires enregistrées au greffe de la maison d’arrêt de Vesoul et d’entretiens avec les détenus sanctionnés pour avoir transgressé le règlement intérieur de l’établissement, cette recherche a pour but de mesurer les effets sociaux de la discipline pénitentiaire. De nombreuses travaux étant régulièrement consacrés aux aspects pratiques de la question carcérale (politiques pénales, organisation institutionnelle...), il nous est apparu pertinent de compléter ces approches par une attention portée aux représentations que les différents acteurs du champ pénitentiaire (détenus, personnels de surveillance et de direction…) ont des rapports d'autorité imposés dans les maisons d'arrêt et plus particulièrement du mitard, considéré comme la clef de voûte de l'édifice disciplinaire. Le classement des discours recueillis en « figures de rhétorique » met à jour les tactiques d’utilisation ou d’évitement du mitard par les personnes détenues ; il éclaire la capacité de ces dernières à demeurer acteurs dans un contexte où l’enjeu est de préserver et d’élargir sa marge de liberté. L’opposition constatée dans la majorité des cas entre les discours des détenus et les logiques institutionnelles interroge la prison dans la mise en œuvre de la mission que lui confère le législateur de participer à la réinsertion sociale de la population pénale : la discipline pénitentiaire, telle qu’elle est conçue, ne participe-t-elle pas au contraire, par un effet d’étiquetage et de stigmatisation, à consolider le rôle de déviants des détenus sanctionnés ? L’exploration d’autres pistes envisagées au terme de cette démarche praxéologique, conduit à proposer une pratique nouvelle, autorisée par la mise en œuvre des règles pénitentiaires européennes (RPE), au service d’une meilleure adéquation entre l’impératif sécuritaire et la nécessaire réinsertion des condamnés / This research was conducted from 2005 to 2009 based on a study of the 222 disciplinary proceedings recorded at the registry of the Vesoul remand centre as well as on interviews with the convicts who were punished for transgressing the prison’s bylaw. It aims at measuring the social effects of carceral discipline. As a number of researches are already devoted to the practical aspect of the carceral issue (such as penal policies or institutional organisation), it has seemed relevant to complete these approaches by looking into how the various actors in the carceral field (inmates, guardians, heads of staff) view the power relations as established in prison and how they view the shoe in particular, wich is seen here as the keystone of the carceral structure. A rhetorical analysis of the interviews of the inmates puts into light how the shoe is either tactically used or avoided. It highlights the inmates’ ability to remain active in a context in wich the main stake is to keep and to broaden one’s space of freedom. The contrast between the words of the inmates and the philosophy of the institution questions the ability of prison to deliver on the mission imparted to it by the legislator, i.e. to assist with the social rehabilitation of the incarcerated population. One can even wonder whether carceral discipline does not contribute to the consolidation of the criminal role of inmates through a system of labelling and stigmatization. The conclusions of this analysis grounded in decision theory lead the author to suggest new professional practices, made possible by the implementation of the European Prison Rules, to better match the security imperative and the necessary rehabilitation of convicts

The Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre (OCDC) is notorious for its austere conditions of confinement and human rights violations. In response to widespread criticism, the Ontario provincial government created a dedicated task force in 2016 to address longstanding issues at the jail. To date, little research has examined how OCDC has maintained these deplorable conditions of confinement despite concerted effort to improve them. Drawing on Mathiesen’s (1990) neutralization techniques, this thesis reveals the tactics used by government officials and jail functionaries to maintain the status quo at OCDC and stifle transformative change by comparing task force recommendations with their ensuing implementation. Through a qualitative content analysis of the OCDC task force progress reports, trend analyses, Ombudsman, Community Advisory Board, Independent Review of Corrections, and Jail Accountability & Information Line reports documenting issues at OCDC, I demonstrate how the Ontario provincial government and OCDC administration (a) refer to competing demands, higher authority, policy and procedure, or safety and security as excuses for not instituting changes, (b) define policy alternatives as irrelevant or impossible to implement, (c) postpone implementation of measures for not being developed enough or possible now, as well as (d) puncture and (e) absorb policy alternatives to uphold the status quo and impede transformative change. In doing so, I expose the provincial penal system’s proclivity to ‘finish’ (Mathiesen, 1974) alternatives that threaten the current system, thereby gutting new ideas of their ability to generate meaningful social change. The insights provided by this thesis help lay the groundwork for future critical criminological research to examine the barriers to social change in the penal field on a sub-national, national, and international scale.

This paper investigates the consequences of children's exposure to state-level incarceration rates on social mobility in the United States. The study uses social mobility data from the Opportunity Atlas for children born between 1978 and 1983. Jail population data is gathered from the 1985 and the 1995 Annual Survey of Jails. To analyze the impact of jail rates on social mobility, we estimate OLS regressions with state-level control variables. Of key interest is the potential differential effect of early (age 2-7) versus later (age 12-17) exposure. All estimates indicate a negative correlation between incarceration and social mobility. The main results indicate that exposure to incarceration rates during adolescence has a larger impact on social mobility. Further, the subgroup estimates indicate that female incarceration is a more effective determinant of social mobility and that the black and the female population are more sensitive to fluctuations in incarceration rates. The estimates by income percentiles show incoherent results. The results should be treated with caution to methodological issues and potential biases.

Depuis l’abolition de la peine de mort en 1981, la peine perpétuelle s’est imposée comme une peine de substitution étant devenue la peine la plus sévère dans l’échelle des peines. Les questions relatives au sens de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, de sa compatibilité avec le principe de la dignité humaine, ont intéressé la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme qui n’a de cesse de mettre l'accent sur la nécessaire effectivité des droits garantis par la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. La problématique repose sur la finalité de la réclusion criminelle à perpétuité, entre un droit ouvert à l'aménagement et une durée effective accrue par l'effet de très longues périodes de sûreté. Cette étude aura donc pour objet l'examen des directives d'interprétation mobilisées par le juge européen dans le contentieux de la privation de liberté perpétuelle afin d'identifier les différents paramètres pris en compte par ce dernier afin d'élaborer au regard des dispositions conventionnelles ses exigences en matière de protection des droits de l'homme des personnes privées de liberté à perpétuité. La nouveauté s’identifie dans le positionnement de la problématique au centre du contexte de la jurisprudence européenne. Tant par les tendances politiques que les garde-fous juridiques, le thème de la perpétuité permet de confronter les systèmes de droit étalonnés par le juge européen. Les analyses du droit pénal général, de la procédure pénale ainsi que du droit pénal post-sentenciel s’avèrent être rassemblées autour de la thématique de la réclusion à perpétuité, s’attardant en effet sur les nouveaux critères donnés par la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en matière d’atteinte, et subséquemment, de préservation des droits fondamentaux. / Since the death penalty was abolished in 1981, life imprisonment has established itself as an alternative sentence, thus becoming the most severe punishment in the spectrum of penalties. The questions of whether life imprisonment is useful and whether it is compatible with the notion of human dignity have interested the European Court of human rights which has indeed laid great emphasis on the necessity to preserve the rights enshrined in the European Convention of Human Rights. The issue lies in the very purpose of life imprisonment and the discrepancy between laws offering reduced sentences and the increase of established durations caused by the lengthening of unconditional imprisonment periods. This study will thus provide a review of the interpretative guidelines followed by European judges on the issue of life imprisonment so as to identify the various parameters taken into account by Judges when they set - in compliance with conventional dispositions - their requirements on the protection of the human rights of persons sentenced to perpetual imprisonment. This thesis will address the topic from a new standpoint in the context of European jurisprudence. Since it involves various political tendencies and juridical bulwarks, this topic allows us to confront perpetuity with the law systems calibrated by European Court of Human Rights. The issue of life imprisonment combines analysis of general criminal law, criminal procedure law as well as post sentence law which are indeed focused on the new criteria given by the European Court of Human Rights pertaining to the violation - and subsequently- preservation of basic rights.