Psychologists and other mental health professionals working in correctional institutions bear the considerable responsibility for identifying, diagnosing, and treating mentally disordered inmates. The importance of these responsibilities has been recognized in recent years because of the burgeoning population of inmates in general and the higher numbers of inmates with mental illness in particular. Research has demonstrated that the screens currently used in correctional settings to identify mentally disordered and suicidal inmates are either unvalidated or generally ineffective. This study investigates the validity of different mental health screens in a jail population. Inmates from the Grayson County Jail were administered three screens: the Referral Decision Scale (RDS), Personality Assessment Screener (PAS), and the Mental Disability/Suicide Intake Screen (MDSIS). Criterion measures were the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS) for Axis I disorders and the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) for suicidal ideation. Results indicate that each screen most effectively assessed one clinical domain: the RDS for psychosis, the MDSIS for suicidality, and the PAS for depression. Gender differences were observed in screen items most effective for classifying inmates by suicide risk level.

In collaboration with Sheriff C. T. Woody, the Deputies and other jail personnel, Kingdom Life Ministries (KLM) operates in the City of Richmond Jail. Aimed at serving individuals who suffer from alcoholism and other drug addictions, KLM’s programs offer peer-to-peer recovery support services; meaning people who are successful in their recovery deliver the recovery message. On any given day, rehabilitation and recovery services are provided to 120 men in what used to be the worst tier of the Richmond City Jail. A large portion of these men battle substance abuse disorders and have exhibited habitual criminal behavior over an extended period of time. Using a mixed methods approach, this study examined the effectiveness of KLM, during two stages — while the men are incarcerated and upon release. Beginning in February 2008, with the initial implementation of the KLM program, the examination spanned three and a half years, concluding in September 2011. The qualitative and quantitative findings of this study revealed the effectiveness of the KLM program. Secondary data examining other programs in and outside of Virginia was also reviewed to in order to develop best practices recommendations for substance abuse treatment organizations. Last, it was also discovered that private organizations provide more efficient services than public programs, and do in a much more cost effective manner.

Donner la parole aux captives pour écrire leur histoire, dans laquelle elles apparaissent trop souvent comme les témoins inaudibles, les placer au cœur de l’étude, tels sont les objectifs de ce travail sur les prisonnières des maisons centrales de Cadillac et de Montpellier dans le sud de la France, depuis la naissance de la prison pénale au tournant du XIXe siècle jusqu’au début du XXe siècle : qui sont ces femmes, quelles sont leurs conditions d’incarcération, comment vivent-elles l’enfermement, entre résistances et adaptations aux tentatives de disciplinarisation exercées par la pénitentiaire ? Les réponses à ces questions évoluent non seulement en fonction des politiques pénales et des mutations sociétales, mais surtout au gré des sociabilités carcérales, plurielles et mouvantes : spécifiques aux prisons de femmes, les changements du personnel surveillant – composé successivement de gardiens laïques, de religieuses puis de surveillantes laïques – bouleversent le quotidien des détenues ; de même que les rapports aux proches, fragilisés par l’identification des condamnées comme fautives et par leur absence du foyer, à une époque où les femmes incarnent les gardiennes de la morale dans la famille et la société. Les archives pénitentiaires des départements où se situent ces deux centrales de femmes, la Gironde et l’Hérault, contiennent notamment des dossiers individuels de prisonnières, des correspondances de personnels, de détenues et de leur entourage. Par une approche au ras du sol, partant de l’intérieur des centrales, nous tâcherons de dépeindre cette microsociété emmurée en confrontant les directives nationales avec les réalités locales et les vécus individuels. Dans un monde carcéral dominé par le masculin, où les prisonnières sont très minoritaires, il s’agira de comprendre comment l’enfermement au féminin est pensé ou au contraire ignoré. / The following study treats about women detainees of Cadillac's and Montpellier's central prisons in the south of France, from the penitentiary system implementation at the beginning of the 19th century to the early 20th century. It attempts to put women prisoners at the centre of the work and to give them a voice to write their own history, not as inaudible witnesses as they usually appear: who are they, what are their conditions of detention, how are they living seclusion between resistance and adaptation to disciplinarisation attempts exercised on them by prison administration ? The answers to these questions don't only shift because of penal policies and societal mutations but also due to plural and moving prison sociabilities: specific to women’s jails, prison officers switches – successively composed of secular men guards, sisters, then secular women agents – upset prisoners' daily life; as well as their relationship with their family, weakened by the detainees' identification as offenders and by their absence from their home, at a time when women embody the image of family and guardians of morality. Penitentiary archives of the departments where are located these two women central prisons, Hérault and Gironde, especially contain individual files of captives, some correspondences of jail staff, captives and relatives. Adopting a reduced scale observation, from within the jail, we will try to depict this prison microsociety comparing national directives with local context and personal experiences. In a male-dominated prison world, where women detainees represent a very small minority, we will try to understand how feminine seclusion is considered or, on the contrary, ignored. / Darle la palabra a las presas para escribir su historia, dentro de la que muy a menudo aparecen como testigos inaudibles, colocarles en el centro del estudio, estos son los objetivos de este trabajo acerca de las detenidas en las cárceles de Cadillac y de Montpellier en el sur de Francia, desde el nacimiento de la prisión penal a comienzos del siglo XIX hasta el principio del siglo XX : ¿ Quiénes son, cuáles son sus condiciones de detención, cómo viven el encierro, entre resistencias y adaptaciones a las tentativas de disciplinarización que ejerce la institución penitenciaria? Las repuestas a estas preguntas evolucionan no solo según las políticas penales y las mutaciones societales sino sobre todo en función de las sociabilidades carcelarias, plurales y móviles : específicos a las cárceles de mujeres, los cambios del personal de vigilancia – compuesto sucesivamente de guardianes laicos, de religiosas y después de funcionarias laicas – perturban considerablemente la vida cotidiana de las presas; así como las relaciones con sus familiares, debilitadas por la identificación de las condenadas como culpables y por su ausencia del hogar, en una época en que las mujeres encarnan la garantía de la moral en la familia y en la sociedad. Los archivos penitenciarios de las provincias donde se sitúan estas dos cárceles, Gironde y Hérault, contienen en particular expedientes individuales de detenidas, cartas del personal, de las prisioneras y de sus familiares. Siguiendo un método de examen con lupa, desde el interior de la cárcel, intentaremos representar a esta microsociedad carcelaria, confrontando las directrices nacionales con las realidades locales y las vivencias individuales. En un mundo penitenciario dominado por lo masculino, donde las mujeres son muy minoritarias, se tratara de comprender como el encierro femenino está pensado o al contrario ignorado.

There has been an increase in the number of individuals with mental illness being housed in correctional facilities over the last 50 years. In this study, the length of pretrial detention was compared for inmates who have a mental illness and are compliant with psychiatric medications, inmates who have a mental illness and are noncompliant or not prescribed psychiatric medication, and inmates with no mental illness. I also examined if inmates who have a mental illness have less severe charges and if there was a difference in the classification of mental health diagnoses for inmates who are and are not compliant with psychiatric medications. The study used the closed charts of 427 male inmates from 1 county jail in New Jersey from the year 2016. The theoretical foundation of this study is Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, as it is believed that the basic physiological and safety needs should be met in order to provide mental health treatment. A combination 1-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and chi-squared analysis was used to examine the data. It was concluded that inmates with mental illness who are medication compliant are incarcerated significantly longer pretrial than inmates with no mental illness. It was also found that there was a difference in the types of charges received between those with and without a mental illness. Lastly, the study found that there was no significant difference between each of the classifications of mental illness when comparing inmates with mental illness who are and are not compliant with psychiatric medications. The implication for positive social change is the benefits to the inmates with mental illness and the correctional facilities, as it confirms that inmates with a mental illness require more tailored and treatment specific services for a longer period of time.

Adults with mental illnesses are at an increased risk to be diagnosed with one or more comorbid physical illnesses compared to the general population. Much of the disparities faced by adults with serious mental illnesses (SMI) can be attributed to medication side effects, increased risk for metabolic diseases, inability to communicate about severity and monitor physical health symptoms, poor health behaviors, high rates of smoking, and poor quality health care. The rate of physical illnesses for adults with mental illnesses are even higher among those who have been involved with the criminal justice system. In order to understand the relationship between physical and mental illnesses, longitudinal study designs are needed. Longitudinal studies can provide greater understanding of the temporal relationship of physical and mental illnesses. Despite the benefits of longitudinal studies, there also are challenges, including missing data. The first manuscript of this dissertation explores the physical and mental health status of adults with mental illnesses. Secondary data were used from three different studies: a sample of adults with SMI enrolled in a mental health court jail diversion program (n=91); a sample of Medicaid enrollees with SMI in Florida (n=688) who were part of a larger Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) study; and a sample of inpatient and outpatient adults with SMI from five different study sites (n=969). The samples were combined into two data sets, consisting of the jail diversion sample and the SAMHSA sample, and the jail diversion sample and the 5-site sample. Participants in these samples answered questions on the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), recent arrests, drug and alcohol use, socio-demographic information, and mental illness symptom severity (measured only in the criminal justice and 5-site samples). Overall, the mental and physical health status scores were significantly lower for all of the participants compared to the general population mean scores. The participants reporting a recent arrest had a higher physical health score compared to those who did not have a recent arrest, and in the jail diversion and 5-site sample, had a lower mental health status score than those without a recent arrest. After taking age, drug and alcohol use, and psychiatric symptom severity into account, arrest was no longer associated with the physical health status score in either of the data sets. In the jail diversion and 5-site data set, arrest was still significantly associated with mental health status score after controlling for age, drug and alcohol use, and psychiatric symptom severity. The second manuscript of this dissertation explores the analysis of missing data in a longitudinal study to determine the missing data mechanisms and missing data patterns, and subsequently, how to prepare the data for analysis by using multiple imputation or maximum likelihood estimation. Secondary data were drawn from the same jail diversion sample as in the first manuscript. Data were collected at baseline, three months, six months, and nine months. Only participants with the potential to have data collected at these time points were included (n=50). Analysis revealed missing data due to missing item-level information, missing participant data at one time point but complete data at a subsequent time point, and missing participant data for those who dropped out of the study completely. The missing data mechanism for the missing item-level data were missing completely at random, whereas the participant-level missing data were missing at random. Multiple imputation was used for the item-level data and for the participant-level missing data. Maximum likelihood estimation was also used for the participant-level missing data and compared to the multiple imputation results. Findings suggest that multiple imputation produced more accurate parameter estimates, possibly due to the small sample size. The findings from this study indicate that more research needs to be done to fully understand the physical illnesses experienced by adults with mental illnesses who are involved with the criminal justice system. Understanding mental and physical illness comorbidity is important in public health as it dictates appropriate treatments and training for behavioral health practitioners and staff. In addition, missing data in longitudinal studies cannot be ignored, as it can bias the results, and appropriate techniques for exploring the missing data must be used. When missing data is ignored in analyses, the subsequent results can be incorrect and unable to detect treatment effects, thereby preventing effective programs from receiving necessary funding. In addition, ignoring missing data can impact funding for behavioral health services by underestimating the prevalence and severity of mental illnesses. Future research should focus on exploring how mental and physical health are related in adults with a recent arrest compared to the general population, and ways to integrate services to address both mental and physical health.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:46:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Claudia_Daiane_Garcia_Molet_Dissertacao.pdf: 2407873 bytes, checksum: 2473fb6881bc4e36daef72bbb08a2d5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-09 / This dissertation analyzes the women slave and free workers arrested in the jail of the city of Rio Grande between 1864 and 1875. At this time, these women were inserted in an incipient urban space, mainly characterized by the presence of maritime workers and commerce men. The poor women, especially the African descents ones, needed work to obtain money in order to guarantee the survival of themselves and their families. This way, their behaviors did not fit into the ideal woman concept the bourgeois society had. The research was made from two books of arrestments records in the jail of the city of Rio Grande, which contain the incarcerations of both slave and free women (including the emancipated ones). From the data collected, it was possible to notice that the slave ones were arrested by demand of their master. Regarding the free ones, the reasons were mostly related to drinking, disturbing and walking around in inappropriate times . Most of the women prisoners were black or brown. There was a minority of white women arrested, among which Germans, Portugueses and Uruguayans. Facing this situation, it was evident that the Rio Grande Jail, during the Empire period, was a place of punishment of black and brown poor women who presented behavior considered of disorder by the authorities / Essa dissertação analisa as trabalhadoras escravas e livres, presas na cadeia da cidade do Rio Grande, no período compreendido entre 1864 e 1875. Nessa época, estas mulheres estiveram inseridas num incipiente espaço urbano predominantemente caracterizado, pela presença de trabalhadores marítimos e de senhores comerciantes. As mulheres pobres, especialmente aquelas afrodescendentes, necessitavam trabalhar para obter uma renda para garantir sua sobrevivência, bem como de suas famílias. Desse modo, seus comportamentos fugiram do conceito de mulher ideal , preconizado pela sociedade, daquele período. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de dois livros de registros de prisões da cadeia da cidade do Rio Grande que contém os encarceramentos de escravas e de livres (incluindo as forras). A partir dos dados coletados foi possível perceber que as escravas eram presas a requisição do senhor. Já no caso das livres prevaleceram motivos relacionados à embriaguez, a desordem e ao andar fora de horas . A maioria das encarceradas eram da cor preta e parda. Houve apenas uma minoria de mulheres brancas presas, entre essas algumas alemãs, portuguesas e uruguaias. Diante dessa situação ficou evidente que a cadeia do Rio Grande, durante o período imperial, foi o lugar de punição das mulheres pobres, pretas e pardas que apresentaram comportamentos considerados pelas autoridades como desordeiros

Thomas Ford was the governor of Illinois at the time of Joseph and Hyrum Smiths’ martyrdoms in Carthage Jail in 1844. Before his tenure as governor, Ford’s professional life included service as an attorney and judge throughout Illinois. His background in the legal field gave him a unique perspective which may have influenced his career as governor of Illinois from 1842-1846. Although Governor Ford is relatively well-known for his association with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its history, his background and the bearing it had on the martyrdom of the Smiths has received relatively little attention from scholars. In this thesis I contend that Governor Ford’s choices in Carthage, Illinois can be traced in some ways to his legal background. I also examine his earliest interactions with Joseph Smith in 1842-1843, and how those interactions may have also been influenced by Ford’s legalistic viewpoints. I suggest it is possible Ford’s legal background more than his political experience may have had the most bearing on those interactions. Chapter one summarizes some of the financial, political, and mobocratic difficulties citizens in Illinois dealt with in the late 1830s and early 1840s. This context shows that even before Ford’s election in 1842, Illinois had severe challenges that affected the Saints and their neighbors. Chapter two explores some of the legal cases Ford heard while serving on the Illinois bench and bar. This chapter investigates the unique balance Ford attempted to maintain between law and justice, while also suggesting Ford may have occasionally strayed from consistently following the law. In chapter three, Ford’s transition into a political figure in Illinois history, as well as his extensive interactions with Smith are analyzed. Throughout these interactions, Ford seemed to frequently rely on his background in law to help him make decisions about Smith. This analysis is continued in chapter four when Ford chose to intervene in Hancock County after the Nauvoo Expositor printing press was destroyed. This chapter systematically relates Ford’s previous legal cases to the specific choices he made in Carthage. As a conclusion, chapter five serves to summarize these findings, and also opens further opportunities for research that demonstrate how Ford’s interactions with the Saints in Illinois may have continued to be affected by his past. This thesis provides research suggesting Ford’s choices surrounding the Smiths in Hancock County can be traced to his past and should not necessarily be considered isolated events in 1844. Furthermore, it adds to our understanding of church history by giving another paradigm in which to examine the martyrdom of Joseph Smith in Carthage Jail.

Aim of my diploma thesis is to describe the system of penitentiary and post-penitentiary care in the Czech republic and determine whether and how it works link these two components in practice. This thesis consists of two parts - a theoretical one and a practical one. In the theoretical part I explain the expressions and the subjects that provide this care in our republic. I also try to clarify the purpose and the sense of this care and the relations between penitentiary and post-penitentiary care. I deal with the conception of work with defendant and convicted people, as well, and with the possibilities of work with clients in jail. I cpecify problems of this work in details. Last but not lest i mention upbriding, education and employment of people in the course of custody and imprisonment. The practical part of my diploma thesis is based on my praktice in the jailhouse Praha - Ruzyně that I manager in the course my studies. I start with guilty and convict clients there, then I mention the structure of the working team of specialist. The possibilities of the clients regarding the treatment is procedure, education and employment in this jailhouse make an important part of this diploma work. I interviewed the clients about thein way of life, problems and life situation. I pointe dout their oppinion on the...

La notion de prison est obsédante en littérature africaine d’expression française. Le dispositif d’enfermement des hommes dans un espace clos remonte véritablement à la période coloniale. Les nombreuses méthodes punitives qui avaient cours en Afrique précoloniale privilégiaient davantage d’autres formes de sanction que la prison. Il y avait par exemple le bannissement, la réparation immédiate, l’exil et la lapidation. Avec l’installation occidentale, l’habitat africain s’est doté d’une structure particulière et singulière. La prison fait désormais partie des politiques pénales de premier choix. Les écrivains, Ibrahima Ly dans "Toiles d’araignées", Henri Djombo dans "Le mort vivant", Auguste Moussirou Mouyama à travers "Parole de vivant" et Antoine Bangui dans "Prisonnier de Tombalbaye" montrent la complexité de ce nouveau phénomène. Ils évoquent les conditions de vie atypiques à savoir : la surpopulation, l’hygiène, la rareté d’aliments etc. La prison avilit l’homme au lieu de l’aider à prendre conscience de l’intérêt de sa peine par rapport à la société offensée. La resocialisation qui est la logique de justification de la prison qui allie la peine aux principes des droits de l’homme est fortement compromise. Mais malgré ces privations, la prison peut être un véritable chemin pouvant permettre à ceux qui ne succombent aux violences, de repenser la société. Ils combattent tout ce qui peut empêcher à l’homme de s’épanouir. C’est ainsi que l’on peut entendre l’héroïne de "Toiles d’araignées "souhaiter un monde libre / The concept of prison is recurring in African literature of French expression. Its device of enfermement of the men in a closed space goes up truly at the colonial period. The many punitive methods which had course in Africa pre-colonial privileged more other forms of sanction the prison.With the Occidental installation, the African housing obtains a particular and singular structure.The prison is part from now on of the penal policies of first choice. The writers, Ibrahima Ly in "Toiles d’araignées", Henri Djombo in "Le mort vivant", Auguste Moussirou Mouyama through "Parole de vivant" an d Antoine Bangui in "Prisonnier de Tombalbaye" show the complexity of this new phenomenon. They evoke the atypical living conditions to know: overpopulation, hygiene, scarcity of food etc. The prison degrades the man instead of helping it to become aware of the interest of its sorrow compared to the offended company. But in spite of these deprivations, the prison can be a true springboard which can make it possible those which do not succumb to violences, to reconsider the company. They fight all that can prevent with the man from opening out

Este Relatório Técnico tem por objetivo analisar as condições de encarceramento de mulheres na Unidade de Prisão Feminina de Palmas (UPF), retratar o perfil feminino e os tipos penais que levaram a prisão. Trata-se de uma pesquisa empírica cuja coleta de dados sistemática foi realizada diretamente no prontuário físico das 62 presas, mediante visitas in loco à UPF. Como suporte teórico-metodológico para a análise dos dados foi utilizado o enfoque da Teoria do Etiquetamento, da Criminologia Crítica. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam traços da criminalização da pobreza e a rotulagem por classe social, cor da pele, escolaridade, etc. Ao contrário da Criminologia Crítica, a microssociologia criminal positivista trabalha com o paradigma da reação social, que rotula o criminoso pelas características do meio em que está inserido e pelo tipo penal, produzindo o fenômeno do superencarceramento, desconsiderando os fatores macrossociais que produzem o fenômeno da criminalidade e permitem uma compreensão do crime para além da mera causalidade. Na UPF, as condições de encarceramento violam os Direitos Humanos, considerando o quadro de superlotação e a estrutura da UPF, que é uma residência adaptada aos fins que se propõe. / This Technical Report aims to analyze the conditions of imprisonment of women in the Prision Unit Women (UPF) in Palmas, portraying the female profile and the criminal types that led to the arrest. This is an empirical research whose systematic data collection was performed directly on the physical records of the 62 prey, through on-site visits to UPF. As a theoretical and methodological support for the analysis of the data was used the approach of the Theory of Labeling from Critical Criminology. The results of the research show traces of the criminalization of poverty and labeling by social class, skin color, schooling, etc. Unlike Critical Criminology, positivist criminal micro-sociology works with the paradigm of social reaction, which labels the criminal by the characteristics of the environment in which he is inserted and by the criminal type, producing the phenomenon of overincarceration, disregarding the macro-social factors that produce the phenomenon of criminality and allow an understanding of crime beyond causality. At UPF, the conditions of incarceration violate Human Rights, considering the overcrowding and UPF structure, which is a residence adapted to the purposes of it.