Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att presentera forskning om vilken betydelse sambedömning mellan lärare får på bedömning och betygsättning i den svenska skolan. Följande frågeställningar syftar till att redogöra för syftet med litteraturöversikten: Hur kan sambedömning bidra till en ökad grad av likvärdighet i utbildningen, vad säger forskning om detta? Vilken betydelse får sambedömning på lärares samsyn och samstämmighet? Informationssökningen har skett utifrån ett systematiskt tillvägagångssätt i framförallt Skolverkets och Skolinspektionens databaser samt i de internationella utbildningsvetenskapliga databaserna ERC och ERIC, sekundära sökningar har också genomförts. Resultatet visar på att sambedömning används som en strategi för att stärka likvärdigheten inom utbildningsväsendet. Detta sker i synnerhet om sambedömning före-kommer kontinuerligt i mötet mellan lärare och ger möjligheten att föra diskussioner kring elevunderlag vilket i sin tur kan främja lärares individuella bedömning. Sambedömning lyfts också fram som ett betydelsefullt verktyg för att öka samsynen mellan lärare, trots den ökade samsynen mellan lärare garanterar det inte att det råder samstämmighet. I diskussionen konstateras att lärarkompetensen stärks i samband med sambedömning detta kan öka likvärdigheten i deras bedömning eftersom det förutsätter diskussion och reflektion kring lärares undervisning och bedömningspraktik.

Background: Left/right judgment (LRJ) measurement is a potential way to identify dysfunction in cortical body maps, and to measure improvement related to corresponding treatments. Few studies have explored the reliability of various methods for LRJ measurement. Objectives: To determine measurement reliability of LRJ utilizing two methods: card-based (CB) and tablet-based (TB). Establish minimal detectable difference (MDD) for accuracy and reaction time for both assessments. Methods: Testing was done over two different days. Session 1 consisted of testing LRJ utilizing CB assessment with photos of left and right hands over two trial periods. The TB format was also tested over two trial periods. Session 2 tested with the CB assessment for two trial periods. 40 images were used in the basic upright position for both CB and TB formats. Results: Fifty participants (N = 50; female = 35) with an average age of 24.3 (range 19–35) were studied. ICC (2,k) for reaction time for both methods were >0.84. The MDD for reaction time was between 0.19 and 0.49 s for various test points for both methods. Combined left and right accuracy ICC (2,k) for both methods were >0.51, with MDD between 5 and 14%. Conclusions: This study examined the reliability and MDD for the LRJ measurement for card and tablet-based assessments. Generally, LRJ reaction time had good reliability, while accuracy had moderate reliability and varied between testing methods.

Throughout the last decade wars have created a certain interest in reflection upon rights, justice and the causes for which people may or may not be killed. Soldiers are expected to make decisions about life and death in extremely difficult circumstances and complex situations during war. With conflicting obligations, they are forced to choose between orders, duty and ethical values in situations where not all can be met at the same time. Scholars in military ethics argues that ethical challenges and dilemmas can be overcome by using ethical reasoning processes such as moral judgement, moral competence and through different moral principles in the conduct of war. This study investigates how Swedish soldiers reason between moral dilemmas they might encounter in their professional practice and aims to explore if there is a conflict between their moral obligations and duty. It aims to improve the understanding of how Swedish soldiers justify the use of lethal force and obeying orders, and what underlying ethical and moral factors that affect their judgements and justifications. Qualitative scenario-based results show that their moral judgements are based foremost on consequentialist grounds, with good moral competence to adapt their judgements when faced with moral dilemmas. Subconsciously they follow the rules and moral principles of war, putting great emphasis on their trust and dependence on fellow soldiers as well as higher military bodies, although they are likely to disobey orders when it doesn’t seem morally justified.

The use of social networking sites, such as Facebook, in the job application screening process has changed the recruitment landscape. Many human resource (HR) professionals and recruiters have begun to use social networking sites as a tool to attract, source and screen potential candidates. When screening candidates’ Facebook profiles, recruiters make personality judgements that have important consequences for hiring decisions. However, little is known about what makes a good judge of personality in the world of online screening for recruitment. This study investigated the relationship between recruiters’ Big Five personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience and neuroticism) and their ability to judge accurately candidates’ personality traits from their Facebook profiles. In particular, distinctive accuracy measures were employed which account for personality profile normativeness, or the degree to which applicants being rated are generally alike – an important limitation of earlier profile accuracy measures. Results from 456 university students who judged five actual Facebook profiles for which ‘true score’ estimates on personality traits were possible, revealed that recruiters were generally able to infer applicants’ personality traits from their Facebook profiles. However, recruiter personality was not an important factor in their judgement accuracy, neither when accuracy was operationalised as traditional profile accuracy measures, nor as distinctive accuracy.

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No description available.

En auktoriserad revisor har ett stort ansvar gentemot samhället och intressenter, ett ansvar att agera utifrån gällande lagar, regler och standarder. En revisor ska enligt 19-20§§ revisorslagen (SFS 2001:883) iaktta god revisorssed, utföra sitt arbete med opartiskhet och självständighet, samt vara objektiv i sin granskning. Dessa paragrafer ur revisionslagen är endast en bråkdel av vad som förväntas av en revisor. Med det ansvaret kommer också behovet av att samhället kan lita på att kraven efterföljs. I Sverige har vi revisorsinspektionen som utreder misstänkta fall där revisorer brutit mot någon eller några av dessa lagar, regler, förordningar och riktlinjer.  För att en utredning ska leda till en disciplinär åtgärd behöver ett revisionsmisstag ha begåtts. Misstagen som en revisor begår kan vara av olika allvarlig grad och revisorsinpektionens disciplinära åtgärder ska också spegla detta. Exempelvis fanns det år 2021 3025 kvalificerade revisorer i Sverige. Detta år ledde revisorsinpektionens utredningar till 45 stycket disciplinära åtgärder. Det finns tidigare studier som granskat disciplinärenden hos revisorsinpektionen men då inte fokuserat så mycket på personen bakom misstaget. Vidare saknar vi också en djupare analys av de mest förekommande revisionsmisstagen i Sverige. Syftet med denna studie blir därför att ta reda på om det finns samband mellan revisorns könstillhörighet, revisionsbyrå revisorn arbetar på och sannolikheten för att revisorn fått en disciplinär åtgärd av revisorsinspektionen. Syftet är vidare att ta reda på samband mellan revisorns könstillhörighet, revisionsbyrå, erfarenhet och sannolikheten att revisorn begår någon av de mest vanligt förekommande revisionsmisstagen. Dessutom studeras vilka de vanligaste typerna av misstag är hos de sanktionerade revisorerna.   En kvantitativ metod används vars hypoteser baseras på teori och tidigare forskning inom området. En logistisk regressionsmodell är utarbetad för att besvara hypoteserna. Urvalet baseras på information angående auktoriserade revisorer och dess eventuella disciplinärenden mellan år 2005-2022. Även en kvalitativ metod används för att besvara vilka de vanligaste revisionmisstagen är. Här används ärenden som lett till disciplinär åtgärd mellan år 2017-2022.  Resultatet av studien visar att sannolikheten för att få en disciplinär åtgärd är lägre om revisorn arbetar på en större byrå eller om denne är kvinna. De vanligaste förekomna revisionsmisstagen är “brister i granskning”, “formella fel”, “felaktigt yttrande gällande omställningsstöd” och saker som revisorn “underlåtit att göra”. För misstagen “brister i granskning” och “underlåtit att” finns inget samband mellan revisorns könstillhörighet, arbetsgivare eller erfarenhet. Vad gäller formella fel har revisorer med medellång erfarenhet en lägre sannolikhet att begå detta fel än en revisor med kort erfarenhet. För “felaktigt yttrande” gäller att revisorer med medellång erfarenhet med större sannolikhet begår detta fel än revisorer med lång erfarenhet. Orsakerna till de vanligaste revisionsmisstagen kan vara många men i denna studie blir slutsatsen att orsakerna bland annat handlar om revisorns bedömningar, hög arbetsbelastning, kompetens och tvivelaktigt oberoende.

We can describe cognition as the mental processes involved when processing signals and information from our surroundings. Despite being vital for our actions, these processes can be biased by emotions, which results in a judgement bias of ambiguous information. Depressed individuals tend to be pessimistic about such ambiguous information, while individuals under normal or good condition, tend to be optimistic. This is true also for animals. Based on this, cognitive judgement bias tests are developed to measure the affective state of individuals. However, cognitive judgement bias tests require extensive pre-test training for animals to learn positive and negative reference cues. An alternative to using responses to pre-learnt cues could be to use naturally aversive stimuli instead. Eyespot patterns on lepidopterans can be aversive to birds. However, it is scarcely investigated if eyespot patterns can be used to measure affective state. The aim of my study was therefore to investigate if eyespots patterns can replace classic cues in cognitive judgment bias tests measuring affective state. I did so by comparing behavioural responses of red junglefowl chicks (Gallus gallus) to both eyespot patterns and classical cues in a cognitive judgement bias test. Responses correlated between some cues in the two tests, suggesting that eyespot patterns may work as a replacement of pre-learnt cues. However, no differences in responses to the eyespot patterns was found, and so further work is needed to improve the design of eyespot cues to obtain a clearer correlation between responses to eyespot patterns and classical pre-learnt cues in cognitive judgement bias tests. As less training is needed, such improved tests could have positive implications, and be a simpler and more user-friendly way to measure affective state in animals.

The Red Junglefowl is a species of bird that was domesticated by humans around 8 000 years ago. Over time, domestication has led to changes in behavior and morphology, made possible by reduced fear of humans. Fear has been shown to affect cognitive processes, such as the way ambiguous stimuli are perceived by the individual. In this study, I observed the behavior of Red Junglefowl hens that had been selected for either high or low fear of humans to see how the early stages of domestication would affect their tendency to make pessimistic or optimistic judgements. The hens were put in a test arena where they were exposed to positive, negative, and ambiguous stimulus cues, and the time taken to approach each was measured. Hens that had been selected for low fear of humans had overall, albeit not significantly, shorter latencies to approach ambiguous cues. In other words, they were more likely to make optimistic judgements. The results were also affected by the order each stimulus cue was presented. I conclude that domestication may influence the way Red Junglefowl perceive ambiguous stimuli by reducing pessimism.

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