O presente trabalho, que se insere na Ãrea da LingÃÃstica de Texto, teve como objetivo geral discutir a relaÃÃo gÃnero (resenha) e comunidade (jornalÃstica) a partir da anÃlise das categorias propÃsito comunicativo e avaliaÃÃo. Para a realizaÃÃo deste objetivo, utilizamos o suporte teÃrico da Ãrea de AnÃlise de GÃneros (SWALES, 1990, 1992, 1993; BAKHTIN, 1990, 1997, 2002), da RetÃrica (MILLER, 1994a, 1994b), do sistema da Avaliatividade (MARTIN, 2003; MARTIN, WHITE, 2008) e da noÃÃo de campo de Bourdieu (1997, 2005) que se insere na Ãrea da Sociologia. Mediante a anÃlise de 94 (noventa e quatro) resenhas publicadas em jornais e revistas brasileiras, 15 (quinze) entrevistas com os resenhistas e 06 (seis) questionÃrios com leitores especializados, realizamos uma pesquisa de natureza quantitativa e qualitativa no que concerne ao estudo do propÃsito comunicativo e qualitativa no que se refere ao estudo da avaliaÃÃo. Esse empreendimento teÃrico-metodolÃgico foi realizado em trÃs etapas: a elaboraÃÃo de um esboÃo para a noÃÃo de comunidade jornalÃstica, a identificaÃÃo de um padrÃo retÃrico, de natureza heurÃstica, e a descriÃÃo de uma chave dos padrÃes avaliativos das resenhas nÃo-acadÃmicas. Para a construÃÃo da noÃÃo de comunidade jornalÃstica mobilizamos as condiÃÃes especÃficas da esfera de atividade humana, segundo a conceituaÃÃo de Bakhtin (1990, 1997, 2002), as forÃas centrÃpetas e centrÃfugas da comunidade retÃrica, segundo o entendimento de Miller (1994a, 1994b), o conjunto perceptÃvel de objetivos e uma seleÃÃo de gÃneros utilizados pela comunidade discursiva, de acordo com a proposta de Swales (1990, 1992, 1993), as coerÃÃes internas e as posiÃÃes das instituiÃÃes e dos agentes no campo jornalÃstico definidos por Bourdieu (1997, 2005). O estudo do propÃsito comunicativo indicou a presenÃa de propÃsitos especÃficos (âapresentar o autorâ e âavaliar o autorâ), alÃm dos que sÃo ordinariamente conduzidos em resenhas acadÃmicas. Observamos tambem um conjunto de movimentos retÃricos especÃficos. O estudo da avaliaÃÃo revelou uma maior freqÃÃncia da ApreciaÃÃo da obra do que Julgamento do autor, uma baixa freqÃÃncia da categoria Afeto e a realizaÃÃo de todas as variÃveis da categoria Engajamento. Esses resultados nos permitem afirmar que os propÃsitos comunicativos e a avaliaÃÃo em resenhas nÃo-acadÃmicas sÃo afetados pelas condiÃÃes de produÃÃo da comunidade jornalÃstica. / Situated in the field of Text Linguistics, this study aims to discuss the overall relationship between genre,(specifically book reviews,) and community (specifically the journalistic one), throught the analysis of communicative purpose and appraisal categories. In order to achieve this objective, I used the theoretical background of Genre analysis theory (SWALES, 1990, 1992, 1993; BAKHTIN, 1990, 1997, 2002), Rhetorics (MILLER, 1994a, 1994b), the Appraisal system (MARTIN, 2003; MARTIN, WHITE, 2008), and of Pierre Bourdieuâs (1997, 2005) notion of field, related to the area of Sociology. On examining a total of 94 (ninety four) book reviews in Brazilian newspapers and magazines, 15 (fifteen) interviews with reviewers, and 06 (six) questionnaires applied to specialist readers, I first conducted quantitative and qualitative analyses, regarding the study of communicative purpose, and then a qualitative analysis, with regard to the study of appraisal. This theoretical and methodological development was carried out in three steps: preparing an outline for the notion of journalistic community, the identification of a rhetorical standard, heuristic in nature, and the description of a key for the appraisal patterns of the non-academic reviews. To produce the notion of the journalistic community I mobilized the specific conditions of the sphere of human activity, according to Bakhtin (1990, 1997, 2002), the centripetal and centrifugal forces of the rhetoric community, according to Miller (1994a, 1994b), the perceptible set of objectives and a selection of genres used in the discourse community, as suggested by Swales (1990, 1992, 1993), and the internal coertions and positions of the agents in the journalistic field, according to Bourdieu (1997, 2005). The study of the communicative purpose indicated the presence of specific purposes (âpresenting the authorâ and âevaluating the authorâ), other than those usually conducted in academic book reviews. A set of specific rhetorical moves was also observed. The study of appraisal revealed a higher frequency of Appraisal of the book than of Judgement of the author, a low frequency of the category Affect, and manifestation of all the variables of the category Engagement. These results suggest that communicative purposes and appraisal in non-academic book reviews are affected by production conditions of the journalistic community.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-09-13T18:45:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique_Zanelato_2018.pdf: 966050 bytes, checksum: c45242d719cfbd0cf89a2fc1bb5be4d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-13T18:45:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique_Zanelato_2018.pdf: 966050 bytes, checksum: c45242d719cfbd0cf89a2fc1bb5be4d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The following research deals with the investigation of one of the most important questions concerning skeptical doctrine: the possibility of conciliation between the teaching pronounced in school and practical life. By refusing all dogmatic doctrines, due to the skeptical conclusion that they invalidate each other, since each supposes to have reached a truth that opposes the other, the skepticism prescribes the epoché, or suspension of judgment. In this sense, the skeptics take effort, then, to construct a discourse of opposition to all other schools, showing the fragility of each and every position in any subject. Due to the residual indecision after the suspension of the judgment, skeptics are accused of not being able to act because the epoché prevents them from making any decision, however simple it may be. However, skeptics make some recommendations on this, deviating the suspension from this scope and suggesting a maintenance of the common customs of the people to which they belong. We seek to understand, therefore, how these two apparently paradoxical aspects of the skeptical doctrine harmonize: at one side, the consequences of a corrosive discourse, always willing to highlight the present contradictions between the dogmatic affirmations; on the other, the advice of admitting and preserving their own customs and laws, even knowing them to be relative and incomplete. For that, this research covers a series of elements, ranging from the early skeptics, Greeks and Romans, to the Renaissance, Montaigne in particular, as well as a study on the main authors who raised criticisms focused on this specific problem. / A pesquisa a seguir trata da investigação de uma das mais importantes questões referentes à doutrina cética: a possibilidade ou não de conciliação entre o ensinamento proferido pela escola e a vida prática. Por recusar todas as doutrinas chamadas dogmáticas, devido à conclusão cética de que elas se invalidam entre si, já que cada uma supõe ter alcançado uma verdade que opõe a de outra, o ceticismo prescreve a epoché, ou suspensão do juízo. Nesse sentido, os céticos se esforçaram, então, em construir um discurso de oposição a todas as outras escolas, mostrando a fragilidade de toda e qualquer posição, em qualquer assunto. Devido à indecisão restante após a suspensão do juízo, os céticos são acusados de não poderem agir porque a epoché os impede de tomar qualquer decisão, por mais simples que seja. No entanto, os céticos fazem algumas recomendações quanto a isso, afastando a suspensão desse âmbito e sugerindo a manutenção dos costumes comuns do povo ao qual pertencem. Buscamos compreender, portanto, como se harmonizam esses dois aspectos aparentemente paradoxais, próprios à doutrina cética: por um lado, as consequências de um discurso corrosivo, sempre disposto a destacar as contradições presentes entre as afirmações dogmáticas; por outro, o conselho de admitir e conservar os próprios costumes e leis, mesmo sabendo-os relativos e incompletos. Para isso, a pesquisa abrange uma série de elementos, que vai desde os primeiros céticos, gregos e romanos, até os renascentistas, Montaigne em especial, bem como um estudo sobre os principais autores que levantaram críticas focadas nesse problema específico.

Humans express complex moral behaviour, from altruism to antisocial acts. The investigationof the neural and cognitive mechanisms underlying our moral minds is of profoundimportance for understanding these behaviours. By reviewing recent findings in cognitive andmoral neuroscience, along with other relevant areas of research, the current study aims to: (1)Investigate the neural correlates of moral intuition and moral reasoning, and see how thesetwo systems relate to moral judgement and moral behaviour. (2) Examine how the moralintuitive system and the moral reasoning system relate to one another. Neuroscientificevidence suggests that these two systems are supported by different areas in the brain. Whiletheir relationship is argued to be both sequential, integrative and competitive, evidenceindicates that the moral reasoning system primarily functions as a post hoc rationalization ofour intuitive-driven judgements and behaviours. While our moral intuitive system motivateskin altruism, both moral intuition and moral reasoning serve to uphold reciprocal altruism.

Cette thèse pose la question de l’exigence artistique dans les pratiques théâtrales en amateur. On s’appuie principalement sur l’observation de festivals de portée départementale ou nationale, suivant l’hypothèse que ces manifestations favorisent les discussions sur les choix esthétiques. La recherche se déploie autour d’une interrogation : quand une activité artistique se pratique dans un cadre non professionnel, comment s’articulent les objectifs d’amélioration de la qualité des spectacles avec le souci de maintenir un respect mutuel ? Constituée à partir de l’analyse des représentations et des rencontres inscrites à l’affiche des festivals, l’étude a été complétée par des entretiens avec les membres des troupes participantes, des comités d’organisation ou des jurys, dont certains artistes professionnels. On structure les résultats obtenus en s’intéressant d’abord aux conditions dans lesquelles les amateurs satisfont leur passion et en évoquant les moyens et les outils dont ils se dotent collectivement pour y parvenir. Puis on envisage les façons dont les amateurs exercent leur jugement quand il leur faut construire le programme d’un festival. On aborde alors les festivals en les considérant comme des expériences de vie et on considère les valeurs mises en œuvre dans ces aventures humaines. Un dialogue est instauré entre tous ces aspects et différentes conceptions théoriques de l’art, selon que l’accent est placé sur ce qui se passe lors d’une représentation, sur les intentions, sur l’expertise ou sur les effets. On insiste sur la dimension sociale de ces pratiques et sur le fait que le temps disponible est consacré de préférence au plateau, plutôt qu’aux discours / This thesis deals with the question of the artistic demand in amateur theatre practices. It mainly relies on the observation of national or departmental festivals, based on the assumption that these events allow for the debating about aesthetical choices. The research is driven by on the interrogation: when one practises an artistic activity as a non-professional, how to articulate the objectives of improving the quality of the shows with the concern for maintaining a mutual respect? The study analyses performances and group discussions scheduled during the festivals, completed by interviews with some members of companies, or of the organising committees, or of the juries, some of them being professional artists. The results are taken up, in turn, beginning with the conditions under which the amateurs satisfy their passion, including the means they collectively develop and put into action, therefore. Then the ways of assessing one’s taste when having to elaborate the program of a festival are examined. It is then proposed to regard festivals as whole experiences of life and to take into account the values which are at work during these human adventures. All these aspects are put into dialogue together with some theoretical conceptions of art, according to the most significant elements: intentions, expertise, effects. The social dimension of the practices is underlined, as well as the fact that amateurs have rather spend their time on scene, rather that discussing

On 15 February 2007, the previous Minister of Education, Mrs Naledi Pandor reacted to a Democratic Alliance press release by stating that she strongly supported the use of Afrikaans and other native languages as media of instruction in schools. In the same speech she said that Section 29(2) of the Constitution does not see single-medium schools as a right, but as an educational alternative that, together with other alternatives, including double and parallel medium, should be explored in giving effect to the right to education in a language of choice, taking into account fairness, feasibility and the need to restore the injustices of the past (Pandor, 2007). If we look at four recent court cases, we are getting a totally different picture. In all four cases, the Department of Education tried to change single medium schools to double or parallel medium schools. These cases are: <ul> <li> Hoërskool Ermelo v Department van Onderwys;</li> <li> Seodin Primary School and Others v MEC of Education;</li> <li> Western Cape Minister of Education v Governing Body of Mikro Primary School;</li> <li> Laerskool Middelburg en 'n Ander v Departementshoof;</li> </ul> What happened to getting educated in a language of choice, and what about the right of the direct community, through the Governing Body’s decision on that language? Does a school policy, adopted by a School Governing Body, have legality? In line with these questions we may ask; do judges properly decide on rulings in these matters? The purpose of my study is to investigate how schools may establish a well written language policy that will be in line with legal requirements, ensuring that a school can exercise its language policy and medium of teaching in the school. With the ministry propagating one thing, but doing something else, certain duties, delegated to the Governing Body, but very easily taken away, and judges not always being consistent, feeling is that matters should be investigated. The Education Management, Law and Policy Studies provides us with a framework, in order to investigate the legitimacy of language policies in South Africa. This framework articulates that law forms the building blocks for educational management. This research takes its departing point in legal positivism, which holds that everything should be done as closely as prescribed by the law. Section 29(2) of the Constitution reads: “Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable. In order to ensure the effective access to, and implementation of this right, the state must consider all reasonable educational alternatives, including single medium institutions, taking into account: <ul> <li> equity;</li> <li> practicability; and</li> <li> the need to redress the results of past racially discriminatory laws and practices.”</li> </ul> In this study an in depth investigation is conducted into the four recent court cases, where the situations of those schools were more or less similar. Two of the schools were allowed to continue as single medium Afrikaans schools, but the others were forced to change their language policy to either dual or parallel medium Afrikaans-English schools. The main aim of this study is to provide a better understanding as to why the judgements in the above mentioned court cases differ and to investigate the measures schools can take to prevent confrontation with similar situations. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

Notre recherche porte sur le développement socio-cognitif, centré particulièrement sur le jugement moral, d’adolescents placés en foyers dans le cadre de mesures judiciaires. Les valeurs morales étudiées par le biais de la narration de dilemmes moraux, via la méthode clinico-critique piagétienne, ont été analysées en relation avec la qualité des interactions familiales et sociales des mineurs selon qu’ils aient été victimes ou non de maltraitances avant leur placement, et qu’ils sont auteurs ou non d’actes délictueux. Ces sujets appréhendés dans leur ensemble présentent un retard de développement du jugement moral en termes d’une hétéronomie morale dominante. Nos résultats ont été mis en lien avec l’activité cognitive structuro-fonctionnelle du sujet, leur anamnèse, les facteurs motivationnels et émotionnels, leur profil de personnalité, la consommation de neurotoxiques, le psychotraumatisme ainsi que les facteurs de résilience. Les sujets fortement carencés présentent un niveau moral très hétéronome, voire pour certains anomique, caractérisé par un mode de pensée figuratif et parfois des conduites asociales et violentes. L’âge du placement s’avère être un enjeu majeur dans la trajectoire développementale du sujet. Leur statut dans le groupe de pairs est davantage celui de « suiveur » et « exécutant ». Les sujets non carencés présentent, soit un profil socialisé et investi dans les apprentissages, soit un profil de leader délinquant, leurs compétences cognitives étant mises au service de leurs activités délictueuses. En conclusion, nous proposons des pistes de prise en charge psychologique, notamment en termes de remédiation cognitive et de suivi post-traumatique. / Our research examined the social and cognitive development of adolescents placed in institutions, more specifically on the subject’s aptitude of moral judgement. Their moral values were studied through the narration of moral dilemmas using Piaget’s clinical interview methods. The results were analysed in relation to the quality of the individual’s social and family interactions, in relation to whether or not they had been victims of abuse before their placement and whether or not they commit delinquent activities. Almost the entire group of subjects interviewed demonstrated a developmental delay in moral judgement in terms of dominant moral heteronomy. The results were examined in relation to the structural and functional cognitive activity of the subject. In addition their personal history, motivation, emotions, personality profile, neurotoxic substance consumption, psychological trauma, and resilience factors were taken into account. The underdeveloped subjects show a low level of moral heteronomy, for some it is even anomic, characterized by a figurative way of thinking and sometimes asocial and violent behaviour. The age of placement is a critical element in the subject’s developmental trajectory. Their place among their peers is that of a “follower” or “executer”. Normally developed subjects were both more social and implicated in their education or delinquent leaders. These individuals put their cognitive skills to use in their delinquent activities. In conclusion, we suggest psychological care, especially with cognitive remediation and post-traumatic care.

In this dissertation, an educational perspective called the moral dimension of teaching is developed. The work includes a theoretically informed discussion from a pragmatist point of view in which the concept of pedagogical rhythm is introduced. The concept captures the need for teachers to regularly shift their intentions and occasionally act in contradictory ways as a consequence of the moral which emerges from interaction in pedagogical situations. Using this perspective, criteria are developed for the characteristics of discussions of the work of teachers, which are desirable in order for students in pre-service teacher education to have opportunities to develop their teachership. Secondly, the educational perspective as it is conceptualised serves as a theoretical framework for a study of discussions taking place in net-based seminars among students in teacher education. The study consists of 14 recorded seminars in which discussions of the work of teachers are analysed in terms of content and direction for reflection. The result of the analysis is a construction of four different focal points for processes of making judgements: existential, performative, critical and professional. Mainly the performative, and to some extent the critical, focal points appear to be supported by the net-based environment, although potential for the professional focal point is found when available tools in net-based settings are used in deliberate ways. Finally, based on these four focal points, possible future predispositions among student teachers are deliberated. Student teachers’ future opportunities to develop a moral and epistemological authority are discussed, as well as teachers’ general opportunities to exercise professional responsibility. The conclusion emphasises that a perspective such as the one developed in the dissertation is important, as it creates an understanding for the need to educate student teachers to exercise a form of responsibility that goes beyond being accountable to society.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever as características cinemáticas do salto de cavalos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, avaliar o julgamento realizado pelos juízes durante uma competição de salto em liberdade e comparar essas avaliações. Foram utilizados 13 equinos da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo, machos não castrados (40,15±4,24 meses, 491,1±40,89 kg). Os animais foram filmados saltando um obstáculo oxer durante uma competição de saltos em liberdade. Trajetórias do centro de massa corporal (CM) foram calculadas através da posição de pontos anatômicos que foram rastreados manualmente desde a decolagem até o pouso. Dessa trajetória, variáveis biomecânicas foram calculadas: velocidade vertical e horizontal, ângulos da velocidade e do deslocamento do CM na decolagem, altura máxima, deslocamento vertical e horizontal do CM, altura e fração de encurtamento dos membros sobre o obstáculo. Um polinômio de segunda ordem foi calculado através da trajetória do CM para obter três constantes com base na equação resultante. Os cavalos foram avaliados por três juízes: medidas zoométricas, funcionalidade, morfologia, salto, genealogia e modelo de garanhão. As notas de julgamento são consistentes entre si, mas são tendenciosas. As variáveis biomecânicas apresentaram alta repetibilidade e baixo erro. Nenhuma das notas de funcionalidade, genealogia e salto se correlacionam com as variáveis biomecânicas de salto. O julgamento do salto realizado não apresenta relação com as variáveis biomecânicas medidas. A análise cinemática não apresentou viés e foi muito consistente, podendo ser uma ferramenta para tornar o julgamento mais objetivo. / The objective of this study was to describe the jump kinematic characteristics of Brazilian Sport horses, evaluate the judgment conducted during a free jump competition and compare these assessments. Thirteen Brazilian Sport Horses stallions (40.15 ± 4.24 months, 491.1 ± 40.89 kg) were filmed jumping an obstacle during a competition. Body center of mass (CM) trajectories were calculated by the position of anatomical landmarks that were manually tracked from takeoff to landing. From this trajectory, biomechanical variables were calculated: vertical and horizontal velocities, angles of the velocity and of the displacement of the CM at takeoff, maximum height, vertical and horizontal displacement of the CM, height and shortening rate of the limbs over the obstacle. A second order polynomial was calculated to obtain three coefficients. All horses were evaluated by three judges: body measures, functionality, morphology, jumping, genealogy and stallion model. Judges are consistent with each other, but they are biased. The biomechanical variables showed high repeatability and low error. None of the functionality, genealogy and jumping scores correlate with jumping biomechanical variables. The judgement is not associated with the jumping biomechanical variables measured. Kinematic analysis showed no bias and was very consistent therefore being helpful for future sport horses judgement.

Selected Problems of the Contemporary Enforcement Procedure and Their Solutions for the Future Abstract in English Language The topic of the diploma thesis is selected problems of the contemporary enforcement proceedings in the Czech Republic and their potential solutions for the future. The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse, describe and critically evaluate the valid and effective legal regulation of enforcement procedure de lege lata and then offer the reader a comprehensive reflection on various alternatives to the domestic legal system de lege ferenda with a comprehensive description of the positives and negatives of possible solutions. The diploma thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter introduces the reader to the methodology of the presented text, which is based on the content of individual chapters. The second chapter focuses on the theoretical basis of the enforcement procedure and presents the reader with the fundamental legal framework on which the following text will be based. Emphasis is placed primarily on the division of enforcement procedure as one of the types of civil proceedings and the identification of relevant legal sources. Attention is paid to the division of the two types of enforcement procedure. The third chapter attempts to...

Previous research shows that integration of the senses is interchangeably dependent by  temporal neural mechanisms. One unsolved problem is how sensory timing differences in the brain is processed. In this systematic review (K = 18), audio-visual behavioral task paradigms are investigated with a focus on temporal binding window estimates. The results showed among other things that temporal integration is an adaptive neural process and that temporal acuity increases with age. Measurements between studies were sometimes incompatible which limited conclusions. Future studies should focus on standardizing operational parameters and compare within and between group designs.