In recent decades the Swedish legislature has increasingly focused on the treatment of victims of crime and the information they receive. Victimology research has also shown the importance of treating victims with respect and of keeping them informed of their rights and the progress of their case throughout the process. The requirements thus set have to be met by all judicial actors, which presuppose a level of cooperation among them. Cooperation therefore constitutes one way of meeting victims' needs. In the current study these three factors; information, good treatment and cooperation, are referred to as victims’ rights.           Studies have shown that victims experience shortcomings in the legal process regarding information and treatment. The causes of these shortcomings can be multiple, but from a legal point of view, however, the issue raises the question of whether there may be potential legal difficulties involved in incorporating adequate information and good treatment of crime victims into the judicial process. The purpose of this thesis is to study and analyse victims’ rights in the judicial process. As they are not without a legal context, these victims’ rights are analysed in relation to other legislation, principles and requirements that govern the functions of the judicial system, such as the duty of the police, prosecutors and courts to act objectively, conduct their work independently, and run an efficient legal process. The main question is whether the incorporation of victims’ rights conflicts with other rules and legal principles.         The study concludes, inter alia, that victims’ rights concerning the treatment of victims and coordination of the work with victims is vaguely regulated and the intended meaning of the requirements are not clear, which may lead to problems when these requirements are incorporated into the justice system. Regarding information, treatment of victims and coordination and cooperation, little guidance is given about how to incorporate this at the local level. Informational requirements are expressed more clearly in the legislation, but how and to what extent information to victims should be given can still be a matter of interpretation on the part of the actors. The existence of local differences is therefore likely, which can affect the actual support that individual victims gain access to. The legislature could choose to further clarify and elaborate upon how victims’ rights issues relate to other aspects of the judicial process, how priorities or balancing of interests should be handled as well as to reveal the underlying motives for such considerations. Such clarification could possibly increase the consistency of the incorporation of victims’ rights, and transform abstract goals into concrete actions.

Many studies have been completed on factors affecting judicial decisions. Studies have focused on civil rights cases, economic cases, criminal cases, sexual discrimination and obscenity cases, but no work has specifically looked at religious liberty cases. This work examines the factors affecting United States Courts of Appeals judges' decision-making in religious liberty cases. I hypothesize that gender, race, religious background, prior judicial experience, circuit, region and litigant status will all influence the way judges vote in religious liberty cases. The explanatory power of this study is relatively low, but the results indicate that judges follow the law when making decisions in religious liberty cases.

During the past twenty years, extensive research has been conducted concerning the judgmental processes of labor arbitrators. Previous research, sometimes referred to as policy capturing, attempted to identify the criteria or standards used by arbitrators to support their decisions. Much of the research was qualitative. Due to the categorical nature of the dependent variables, log-linear models such as logit regression have been used to examine decisional relationships in more recent studies. The decision cues used by arbitrators in 249 published alcohol- and drug-related arbitration cases were examined. The justifications for arbitrators' decisions were fitted into Carroll Daugherty's "seven tests" of just cause. The dominant cues were proof of misconduct, the appropriateness of the penalty, and the business necessity of management's action. Foreknowledge of the rule by the grievant and the consequences of a violation, equal treatment of the grievant, and an appropriate investigation by management were also important decision cues. In general, grievants in alcohol and drug arbitration cases fared as well as grievants in any other disciplinary arbitrations. However, when the cases were analyzed based on the legal status of the drug, illicit drug users were at a considerable disadvantage.

During the years following Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. district courts assumed the burden of implementing that decision across the country. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the district court judges in the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals in that effort. The primary sources used are the district, appellate and Supreme Court opinions. This study concludes that many background variables used to study judicial behaviour are ineffective in this geographical area because of the homogeneity of the judges' backgrounds. But, as indicated by the Johnson appointments, a president can select judges that have a particular attitude toward an issue such as integration, if he has the desire and the political acumen to do so.

La violence conjugale est un phénomène criminel fréquent au Québec. En 2008, les infractions commises en contexte conjugal représentaient plus de 20 % des crimes contre la personne signalés à la police (Ministère de la Sécurité publique, 2010). L’intervention policière et judiciaire en contexte conjugal est complexe, notamment en raison du lien unissant l’agresseur et la victime. Bien que le pouvoir discrétionnaire des intervenants judiciaires en contexte conjugal ait été grandement limité au cours des dernières décennies, ceux-ci bénéficient toujours d’une certaine latitude dans leur décision de poursuivre, ou non, différentes étapes du processus judiciaire. Au fil du temps, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux éléments influençant la prise de décision en contexte conjugal. Cependant, celles-ci ne portent généralement que sur une seule étape du processus et certains facteurs décisionnels n’ont jamais été testés empiriquement. C’est notamment le cas des éléments liés aux stéréotypes de la violence conjugale. Certains auteurs mentionnent que les incidents qui ne correspondent pas au stéréotype de l’agresseur masculin violentant une victime qualifiée d’irréprochable et d’innocente font l’objet d’un traitement judiciaire plus sommaire, mais ces affirmations ne reposent, à notre connaissance, sur aucune donnée empirique. Cette étude tente de vérifier cette hypothèse en examinant l’impact de ces éléments sur cinq décisions policières et judiciaires. À partir d’une analyse de contenu quantitative de divers documents liés au cheminement judiciaire de 371 incidents commis en contexte conjugal sur le territoire du Centre opérationnel Nord du Service de police de la Ville de Montréal en 2008, la thèse examine l’utilisation du pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le traitement judiciaire de ces incidents. Elle comporte trois objectifs spécifiques. Le premier objectif permet la description du cheminement judiciaire des incidents commis en contexte conjugal. Nos résultats indiquent que ceux-ci font l’objet d’un traitement plus punitif puisqu’ils font plus fréquemment l’objet de procédures à la cour que les autres types de crimes. Cette judiciarisation plus systématique pourrait expliquer le faible taux de condamnation de ceux-ci (17,2 %). Le second objectif permet la description des principales caractéristiques de ces incidents. La majorité implique des gestes de violence physique et les policiers interviennent généralement auprès de conjoints actuels. La plupart des victimes rapportent la présence de violences antérieures au sein du couple et le tiers veulent porter plainte contre le suspect. Finalement, 78 % des incidents impliquent un agresseur masculin et une victime féminine et 14,29 % des victimes sont soupçonnées d’avoir posé le premier geste hostile ou violent lors de l’incident. Le dernier objectif permet l’identification des principaux éléments associés aux décisions prises en contexte conjugal. Les résultats confirment l’hypothèse selon laquelle les incidents n’impliquant pas un agresseur masculin et une victime féminine ou ceux dont les policiers soupçonnent la victime d’avoir posé le premier geste hostile ou violent font l’objet d’un traitement judiciaire plus sommaire. En outre, la majorité des facteurs décisionnels étudiés perdent de leur influence au cours du processus judiciaire et les décisions prises précédemment influencent fortement les décisions subséquentes. Finalement, le désir de porter plainte de la victime n’influence pas directement les décisions des intervenants judiciaires. / Conjugal violence is a frequent criminal phenomenon in the province of Quebec. In 2008, offences committed in conjugal context represented more than 20% of the crimes against the person reported to the police (Ministère de la Sécurité publique, 2010). Police and judicial intervention in conjugal context is complex, mainly because of the relationship existing between the aggressor and the victim. Even though the discretionary power of the judicial instances has decreased greatly over past decades in conjugal context, law enforcement agencies still benefits of a certain latitude in their decision to continue, or not, various stages of the legal process. Over time, several researches have studied police and legal decision-making in conjugal context. However, these various researches have generally studied only one stage of the judicial process and some decision-making factors have not been empirically tested. It is the case of the elements related to the stereotypes of conjugal violence. Some authors mention that the incidents which do not correspond to the stereotype of a male attacker using violence against an innocent female victim are subject to a more lenient judicial treatment, but these assertions are not based, to our knowledge, on any empirical data. This research will attempt to verify these assumptions by examining the impacts of these elements on five police and judicial decisions. By relying on a quantitative content analysis of various documents related to the judicial process of 371 incidents committed in conjugal context on the territory of Montreal’s police department Centre Opérationnel Nord in 2008, this research examine the use of discretion in the legal treatment of incidents committed in conjugal context. This study has three specific objectives. The first objective describes the judicial treatment of the incidents committed in conjugal context. Our results indicate that these incidents are subject to a more punitive treatment because they are more frequently submitted to court procedures than the other types of crimes. This more systematic judiciarisation could be an explanation for the weaker conviction rate of these incidents (17.2 %). The second objective describes the main characteristics of these incidents. The majority of these incidents involve physical violence and police officers intervene more frequently with people in current unions. The majority of the victims say that they have been previously victim of violence in their relationship and a third of them are willing to file a complaint against their aggressor. Finally, 78% of the incidents imply a male attacker and female victim whereas police officers suspect 14.29% of the victims of having made the first hostile or violent gesture. The last objective focuses on the identification of the elements associated to decision-making in conjugal context. The results confirm the hypothesis according to which the incidents that do not imply a male attacker and a female victim or those in which police officers suspect the victim of having made the first hostile or violent gesture are subject to a more lenient judicial treatment. Moreover, most of the decision-making factors studied lose of their influence during the legal process and the decisions previously taken strongly influence subsequent decisions. Finally, the victim’s desire to file a complaint does not directly influence legal decisions.

O presente estudo tem como objeto a análise das condições de (in)efetividade do direito da criança ser inquirida em processos judiciais por meio do depoimento especial do Poder Judiciário do Estado do Tocantins. A finalidade da pesquisa consiste em averiguar em que medida o Poder Judiciário do Estado do Tocantins está preparado para realizar o depoimento especial, quais os caminhos que vem percorrendo para tanto e quais as perspectivas para a sua implantação. Os objetivos centrais da pesquisa foram apontar a evolução histórica do tratamento jurídico dispensado à criança, inclusive na seara penal especificamente quanto ao crime de estupro de vulnerável, apresentar o método tradicional de oitiva do sujeito passivo do crime e o método do depoimento especial e, por fim, analisar da realidade atual das condições materiais e humanas necessárias à oitiva da criança pelo método do depoimento especial, na tentativa de identificar estruturas e projetos existentes no Poder Judiciário tocantinense com tal desiderato. O método de abordagem foi o descritivo; o de pesquisa, dedutivo. Informações advindas de diversas fontes oficiais de pesquisa foram reunidas, organizadas e avaliadas. Apurou-se que o Poder Judiciário do Estado do Tocantins não reúne condições materiais e humanas necessárias à implementação do depoimento especial. Concluiu-se que, apesar dos esforços e iniciativas, o depoimento especial, trazido pela Lei n. 13.431/2007, não encontra ambiente para efetiva e imediata aplicação no Estado do Tocantins, sequer a curto ou médio prazo, o que representa uma violação ao direito de a criança ser ouvida por meio do depoimento especial. / The present study has as its object the analysis of the conditions of (in) effectiveness of the right of the child to be interviewed in judicial processes through the special testimony of the Judicial Branch of the State of Tocantins. The purpose of the research is to find out to what extent the Judicial Branch of the State of Tocantins is prepared to carry out the special testimony, what are the paths it has been going through and the perspectives for its implementation. The main objectives of the research were to point out the historical evolution of the legal treatment given to the child, including in the criminal chamber specifically regarding the crime of rape of vulnerable, to present the traditional method of hearing of the subject of the crime and the method of the special testimony, To analyze the current reality of the material and human conditions necessary for the child's hearing through the special testimony method, in an attempt to identify existing structures and projects in the Tocantins' Judiciary with such desideratum. The method of approach was descriptive; the research, deductive. Information from various official sources of research was gathered, organized, and evaluated. It was found that the Judicial Branch of the State of Tocantins does not meet the material and human conditions necessary for the implementation of the special testimony. It was concluded that, despite the efforts and initiatives, the special testimony, brought by Law no. 13.431 / 2007, does not find an environment for effective and immediate application in the state of Tocantins, even in the short or medium term, which represents a violation of the right of the child to be heard through the special testimony.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-11T11:57:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Carlos Magalhães Prates Junior.pdf: 948640 bytes, checksum: 62efefac86a70d9e380c82530a96f226 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T11:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Carlos Magalhães Prates Junior.pdf: 948640 bytes, checksum: 62efefac86a70d9e380c82530a96f226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The proposal of this master's thesis is based on the demystification of the judicial process - which, in practice, dominates the eyes of the rulers when the subject is incentive and diffusion of methods of promotion of Justice - and the deconstruction of some dogmas that revolve around him, to demonstrate that it is absolutely necessary to open the mind of society as a whole to finally address our conflicts in a peaceful, civic, friendly and humane manner. For this, it is essential to regain autonomy of individuals to solve their own conflicts, empowering them and giving them an active voice in what concerns their own life. Law, when the subject is conflict, has always appropriated this phenomenon, calling itself the only and best science capable of solving it. Because of the complexity of the conflict phenomenon, it is necessary to have a composition of knowledge, concretized in practice by the multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary action of the different areas of science, in order to better understand the conflicts and the people who compose them, only thus, it helps them to solve them. It is the case, then, to borrow knowledge also from psychology, philosophy, sociology, medicine, social assistance, etc. In a Brazil where the culture of the sentence is largely massified, and in a world of mass domination, to propose pacification is an arduous but necessary task, to propose the recovery of the autonomy of society, when it is taken up by the rulers as a danger to its own status of "Power," is military on a ground almost invincible. However, the growth of consensual conflict resolution methods, such as mediation, conciliation and negotiation, is visible and this dissertation intends to exalt them even more / A proposta desta dissertação de mestrado é, partindo da desmistificação do processo judicial – que, na prática, domina os olhos dos governantes quando o assunto é incentivo e difusão de métodos de promoção de Justiça – e da desconstrução de alguns dogmas que giram em torno dele, demonstrar que é absolutamente necessária uma abertura de mente da sociedade como um todo para, finalmente, tratarmos nossos conflitos de forma pacífica, cívica, amigável e humana. Para isso, é imprescindível a retomada de autonomia dos indivíduos para solução de seus próprios conflitos, empoderando-os e os dando voz ativa naquilo que diz respeito a sua própria vida. O direito, quando o tema é conflito, sempre apropriou-se deste fenômeno, intitulando-se a única e melhor ciência capaz de solucioná-lo. Ocorre que, dada a complexidade do fenômeno do conflito, é necessária uma composição de saberes, concretizada, na prática, pela atuação multi e interdisciplinar das diversas áreas da ciência, com o objetivo de melhor entender os conflitos e as pessoas que os compõem para, só assim, ajudá-las a solucioná-los. É o caso, então, de tomar emprestado conhecimentos também da psicologia, da filosofia, da sociologia, da medicina, da assistência social, etc. Em um Brasil onde a cultura da sentença é largamente massificada, e em um mundo de dominação de massas, propor a pacificação é tarefa árdua, mas necessária, propor a retomada de autonomia da sociedade, quando esta retomada é tida, pelos governantes, como perigo ao seu próprio status de “Poder”, é militar em campo quase que invencível. Contudo, é visível o crescimento dos métodos consensuais de solução de conflitos, como a mediação, a conciliação e a negociação, e esta dissertação pretende exaltá-los ainda mais

The objective of the PhD thesis is the analysis of the institute of the exhibition of documents (of an evidentiary nature and technical support) in the Spanish civil procedure. It deals with addressing a momentous problem of the practice of documentary evidence: the access to the document on behalf of whom intends to introduce it in the procedure, when this is found in the power of the opposite litigant or of a third party beyond the procedure. The issue until now, hasn't been worthy of a monographic approach in Spanish Law, in open contrast to what occurs with more advanced legal systems of our environment. In this work, what has been examined is the existing scientific bibliography, which deals with the different general aspects of the exhibition of documents, as well as abundant jurisprudence; it has dealt with providing the institution from a solid doctrinal base, as well as the resolution of numerous practical and theoretical problems that arise, analyzing the different mechanisms that the legal system offers in order to allow the litigant access to the documents that are required so as to advance the claims which I have attached in the procedure. Particularly, the subject of the exhibition of technical support has been tackled, a matter entailing new, special problems, which until this point, have hardly been studied. / El objetivo de la tesis doctoral es el análisis del instituto de la exhibición de documentos (de índole probatoria y soportes informáticos) en el proceso civil español. Se trata de afrontar un problema trascendental de la práctica de la prueba documental: el acceso al documento por parte de quien pretende introducirlo en el proceso, cuando éste se halle en poder del litigante contrario o de un tercero ajeno al proceso. La cuestión no ha merecido hasta la actualidad un tratamiento monográfico en Derecho español, en abierto contraste con lo que sucede con los ordenamientos jurídicos más avanzados de nuestro entorno. En la obra se ha examinado la bibliografía científica existente que trata sobre los diferentes aspectos generales de la exhibición documental, así como abundante jurisprudencia y se ha tratado de dotar a la institución de una base doctrinal sólida, así como de resolver numerosos problemas prácticos y teóricos que se plantean, analizando los diferentes mecanismos que ofrece el ordenamiento jurídico para permitir el acceso a los documentos al litigante que los precisa para hacer prosperar las pretensiones que adujo en el proceso. En especial, se ha abordado el tema de la exhibición de soportes informáticos, materia que entraña muy especiales y novedosos problemas, hasta el momento escasamente estudiado. / L’objectiu de la tesi doctoral és l’anàlisi de l’institut de l’exhibició de documents (de naturalesa probatòria i suports informàtics) en el procés civil espanyol. Es tracta d’afrontar un problema transcendental de la pràctica de la prova documental: l’accés al document per part de qui pretén introduir-lo en el procés, quan aquest es trobi en poder del litigant contrari o d’un tercer aliè al procés. La qüestió no ha merescut fins a l’actualitat un tractament monogràfic en el Dret espanyol, en obert contrast amb el que succeeix en els ordenaments jurídics més avançats del nostre entorn. A l’obra s’examina la bibliografia científica existent que tracta sobre els diferents aspectes generals de l’exhibició documental, així com abundant jurisprudència; s’ha volgut dotar a la institució d’una sòlida base doctrinal, així com resoldre nombrosos problemes pràctics i teòrics que es plantegen, analitzant els diferents mecanismes que ofereix l’ordenament jurídic per permetre l’accés als documents al litigant que els precisa per fer prosperar les pretensions que va adduir en el procés. En especial, s’ha abordat el tema de l’exhibició de suports informàtics, aspecte que comporta actuals i rellevants problemes, fins al moment escassament estudiat.

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La violence conjugale est un phénomène criminel fréquent au Québec. En 2008, les infractions commises en contexte conjugal représentaient plus de 20 % des crimes contre la personne signalés à la police (Ministère de la Sécurité publique, 2010). L’intervention policière et judiciaire en contexte conjugal est complexe, notamment en raison du lien unissant l’agresseur et la victime. Bien que le pouvoir discrétionnaire des intervenants judiciaires en contexte conjugal ait été grandement limité au cours des dernières décennies, ceux-ci bénéficient toujours d’une certaine latitude dans leur décision de poursuivre, ou non, différentes étapes du processus judiciaire. Au fil du temps, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux éléments influençant la prise de décision en contexte conjugal. Cependant, celles-ci ne portent généralement que sur une seule étape du processus et certains facteurs décisionnels n’ont jamais été testés empiriquement. C’est notamment le cas des éléments liés aux stéréotypes de la violence conjugale. Certains auteurs mentionnent que les incidents qui ne correspondent pas au stéréotype de l’agresseur masculin violentant une victime qualifiée d’irréprochable et d’innocente font l’objet d’un traitement judiciaire plus sommaire, mais ces affirmations ne reposent, à notre connaissance, sur aucune donnée empirique. Cette étude tente de vérifier cette hypothèse en examinant l’impact de ces éléments sur cinq décisions policières et judiciaires. À partir d’une analyse de contenu quantitative de divers documents liés au cheminement judiciaire de 371 incidents commis en contexte conjugal sur le territoire du Centre opérationnel Nord du Service de police de la Ville de Montréal en 2008, la thèse examine l’utilisation du pouvoir discrétionnaire dans le traitement judiciaire de ces incidents. Elle comporte trois objectifs spécifiques. Le premier objectif permet la description du cheminement judiciaire des incidents commis en contexte conjugal. Nos résultats indiquent que ceux-ci font l’objet d’un traitement plus punitif puisqu’ils font plus fréquemment l’objet de procédures à la cour que les autres types de crimes. Cette judiciarisation plus systématique pourrait expliquer le faible taux de condamnation de ceux-ci (17,2 %). Le second objectif permet la description des principales caractéristiques de ces incidents. La majorité implique des gestes de violence physique et les policiers interviennent généralement auprès de conjoints actuels. La plupart des victimes rapportent la présence de violences antérieures au sein du couple et le tiers veulent porter plainte contre le suspect. Finalement, 78 % des incidents impliquent un agresseur masculin et une victime féminine et 14,29 % des victimes sont soupçonnées d’avoir posé le premier geste hostile ou violent lors de l’incident. Le dernier objectif permet l’identification des principaux éléments associés aux décisions prises en contexte conjugal. Les résultats confirment l’hypothèse selon laquelle les incidents n’impliquant pas un agresseur masculin et une victime féminine ou ceux dont les policiers soupçonnent la victime d’avoir posé le premier geste hostile ou violent font l’objet d’un traitement judiciaire plus sommaire. En outre, la majorité des facteurs décisionnels étudiés perdent de leur influence au cours du processus judiciaire et les décisions prises précédemment influencent fortement les décisions subséquentes. Finalement, le désir de porter plainte de la victime n’influence pas directement les décisions des intervenants judiciaires. / Conjugal violence is a frequent criminal phenomenon in the province of Quebec. In 2008, offences committed in conjugal context represented more than 20% of the crimes against the person reported to the police (Ministère de la Sécurité publique, 2010). Police and judicial intervention in conjugal context is complex, mainly because of the relationship existing between the aggressor and the victim. Even though the discretionary power of the judicial instances has decreased greatly over past decades in conjugal context, law enforcement agencies still benefits of a certain latitude in their decision to continue, or not, various stages of the legal process. Over time, several researches have studied police and legal decision-making in conjugal context. However, these various researches have generally studied only one stage of the judicial process and some decision-making factors have not been empirically tested. It is the case of the elements related to the stereotypes of conjugal violence. Some authors mention that the incidents which do not correspond to the stereotype of a male attacker using violence against an innocent female victim are subject to a more lenient judicial treatment, but these assertions are not based, to our knowledge, on any empirical data. This research will attempt to verify these assumptions by examining the impacts of these elements on five police and judicial decisions. By relying on a quantitative content analysis of various documents related to the judicial process of 371 incidents committed in conjugal context on the territory of Montreal’s police department Centre Opérationnel Nord in 2008, this research examine the use of discretion in the legal treatment of incidents committed in conjugal context. This study has three specific objectives. The first objective describes the judicial treatment of the incidents committed in conjugal context. Our results indicate that these incidents are subject to a more punitive treatment because they are more frequently submitted to court procedures than the other types of crimes. This more systematic judiciarisation could be an explanation for the weaker conviction rate of these incidents (17.2 %). The second objective describes the main characteristics of these incidents. The majority of these incidents involve physical violence and police officers intervene more frequently with people in current unions. The majority of the victims say that they have been previously victim of violence in their relationship and a third of them are willing to file a complaint against their aggressor. Finally, 78% of the incidents imply a male attacker and female victim whereas police officers suspect 14.29% of the victims of having made the first hostile or violent gesture. The last objective focuses on the identification of the elements associated to decision-making in conjugal context. The results confirm the hypothesis according to which the incidents that do not imply a male attacker and a female victim or those in which police officers suspect the victim of having made the first hostile or violent gesture are subject to a more lenient judicial treatment. Moreover, most of the decision-making factors studied lose of their influence during the legal process and the decisions previously taken strongly influence subsequent decisions. Finally, the victim’s desire to file a complaint does not directly influence legal decisions.