Ao lado da liberdade de expressão, a Constituição de 1824 garantiu o direito da sociedade se fazer ouvir pelas autoridades: o Artigo 179, parágrafo 30 estabelece que todo o cidadão poderá apresentar por escrito ao Poder Legislativo e ao Executivo reclamações, queixas, ou petições. A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender como este direito constitucional foi utilizado pelos cidadãos brasileiros durante o período em que a ordem monárquica constitucional se consolidava no Brasil. Durante os primeiros anos do Segundo Reinado, diversos grupos comerciantes, médicos, advogados, manufatureiros, autoridades locais, padres, proprietários de terra, votantes, eleitores etc. estabeleceram uma relação direta com a elite política que moldava as instituições do Império. A análise das petições que chegaram à Câmara dos Deputados na década de 1840 e do debate parlamentar que nela se desenvolveu indica que importantes mudanças políticas do período como a reforma eleitoral, a aprovação do Código Comercial, a reforma judiciária foram influenciadas por setores da sociedade brasileira que se organizaram para exercer o direito de petição. Por intermédio da atividade peticionária, governantes e governados se integraram em um diálogo que permeou a resolução de alguns dos mais relevantes assuntos concernentes à realidade brasileira. Este diálogo fez do ideal do regime representativo algo tangível para diversos setores que compunham o pacto político nacional. / Together with the freedom of thought and speech, the Constitution of 1824 provided Brazilian society with the right to be heard by authorities: Article 179, Paragraph 30 states that all citizens will be able to present to the Legislative or the Executive Power written grievances, complaints, or petitions. This dissertation attempts to explore how this constitutional right was used by Brazilian citizens during the time that monarchical order was being consolidated. During the reign of D. Pedro 2nd, many groups, including businessmen, manufacturers, doctors, lawyers, local authorities, priests, landowners, voters, electors, and others, established a direct relation with the political elite responsible for molding the new institutions. The analysis of the petitions sent to the Chamber of Deputies by the 1840s and the parliamentary debate ensued provide an indication that important political changes of that period (i.e., electoral reform, approval of the Commercial Code, judicial reform) were influenced by the participation of certain sections of Brazilian society that were able to organize themselves and successfully use their right of petition. Mediated by such petitionary activity, governors and governed took part in a dialogue that led to the resolution of some of the most important issues concerning Brazilian reality. That dialogue made the ideal of representative government tangible to many groups that formed the prevailing national political landscape.

O trabalho apresenta um estudo acerca do Juizado Especial Cível, instituição do sistema de justiça responsável por apurar causas cíveis consideradas de menor complexidade (pequenas causas). Orientado pelos princípios de oralidade, simplicidade, informalidade, economia processual e celeridade, o juizado constitui a primeira experiência em nível nacional de informalização da justiça. Objetivando-se entender a estrutura e a dinâmica de funcionamento do juizado, dois recortes foram realizados: um cronológico e um sincrônico. No primeiro deles, é realizada uma análise da construção institucional do juizado. Partindo do contexto internacional em que se constitui o movimento de acesso à justiça, foram abordados o surgimento e a estruturação do juizado brasileiro. Sua implementação esteve condicionada à tensão entre dois elementos, que, em diferentes momentos, apareceram de modo mais ou menos acentuados: a busca de ampliação do acesso e o alívio da sobrecarga da justiça comum. Na década de 1980, o primeiro assume maior destaque; nos anos 1990, verifica-se uma inflexão e o elemento de alívio da carga judiciária progressivamente obscurece a dimensão do acesso. O segundo recorte foi a compreensão do funcionamento atual do juizado. Foram selecionadas duas unidades da cidade de São Paulo: uma situada na área central e outra na zona leste. A pesquisa observou a dinâmica de diferentes etapas processuais, atendo-se principalmente às audiências de conciliação. A análise focou a atuação dos conciliadores e dos juizes, o conteúdo das sessões e a relação entre as partes. Constatou-se que, em geral, as conciliações envolvem apenas negociações de valores, em detrimento de discussões de direito. Além disso, a assimetria das relações entre as partes destacou-se através do exame de elementos de desigualdade nos casos observados. Finalmente, apontou-se o Projeto Expressinho - resolução pré-processual de reclamações envolvendo empresas cadastradas - como exemplo das tendências postas em curso pelas propostas de reforma do sistema de justiça. / This work is a study about the small claims court, the Brazilian justice system institution responsible for claims considered to be less complex (small claims). Oriented by the principles of orality, simplicity, informality, economy of proceedings and celerity, the small claims courts is the first Brazilian national experience related to the justice informalization. In order to understand the small claims court structure and its functional dynamics, two approachs were designed: a chronological one and other on synchronical basis. The first approach is an analysis of the institutional construction of the small claims courts. After examining the international context in which the access to justice movement was constituted, the study then deals with the formation and structuring of the Brazilian small claims court. Its implementation has been conditioned by the tension between two elements that, at different times, arose in more or less greater degrees of intensity: the pursuit of wider access to justice and the relief of the regular court overload. In the 1980\'s, the first element was given more emphasis, and then in the 1990\'s, there was a modification, in which the element of regular court relief progressively obscured the dimension of access to justice. The second approach of the study consists in comprehending the current small claims court\'s operation. For that two small claims court units located in the city of São Paulo were selected: one downtown and another in an eastern district of the city. The research consisted of observation of the dynamics of different procedural stages, concentrating mainly on the conciliation audience. The analysis focuses on the conciliator\'s and judge\'s performance, the subjects of the sessions and the relation between the parties. It was verified that, generally, the conciliation involves just value negotiating, regardless of rights debate. Also, the assymmetry between the parties stands out by the examination of inequalities at the observed cases. Finally, the Project \"Expressinho\" - pre-process resolution of claims, involving some registered enterprises - was pointed out as an example to demonstrate some of the trends of the justice system reform proposals.

O trabalho apresenta um estudo acerca do Juizado Especial Cível, instituição do sistema de justiça responsável por apurar causas cíveis consideradas de menor complexidade (pequenas causas). Orientado pelos princípios de oralidade, simplicidade, informalidade, economia processual e celeridade, o juizado constitui a primeira experiência em nível nacional de informalização da justiça. Objetivando-se entender a estrutura e a dinâmica de funcionamento do juizado, dois recortes foram realizados: um cronológico e um sincrônico. No primeiro deles, é realizada uma análise da construção institucional do juizado. Partindo do contexto internacional em que se constitui o movimento de acesso à justiça, foram abordados o surgimento e a estruturação do juizado brasileiro. Sua implementação esteve condicionada à tensão entre dois elementos, que, em diferentes momentos, apareceram de modo mais ou menos acentuados: a busca de ampliação do acesso e o alívio da sobrecarga da justiça comum. Na década de 1980, o primeiro assume maior destaque; nos anos 1990, verifica-se uma inflexão e o elemento de alívio da carga judiciária progressivamente obscurece a dimensão do acesso. O segundo recorte foi a compreensão do funcionamento atual do juizado. Foram selecionadas duas unidades da cidade de São Paulo: uma situada na área central e outra na zona leste. A pesquisa observou a dinâmica de diferentes etapas processuais, atendo-se principalmente às audiências de conciliação. A análise focou a atuação dos conciliadores e dos juizes, o conteúdo das sessões e a relação entre as partes. Constatou-se que, em geral, as conciliações envolvem apenas negociações de valores, em detrimento de discussões de direito. Além disso, a assimetria das relações entre as partes destacou-se através do exame de elementos de desigualdade nos casos observados. Finalmente, apontou-se o Projeto Expressinho - resolução pré-processual de reclamações envolvendo empresas cadastradas - como exemplo das tendências postas em curso pelas propostas de reforma do sistema de justiça. / This work is a study about the small claims court, the Brazilian justice system institution responsible for claims considered to be less complex (small claims). Oriented by the principles of orality, simplicity, informality, economy of proceedings and celerity, the small claims courts is the first Brazilian national experience related to the justice informalization. In order to understand the small claims court structure and its functional dynamics, two approachs were designed: a chronological one and other on synchronical basis. The first approach is an analysis of the institutional construction of the small claims courts. After examining the international context in which the access to justice movement was constituted, the study then deals with the formation and structuring of the Brazilian small claims court. Its implementation has been conditioned by the tension between two elements that, at different times, arose in more or less greater degrees of intensity: the pursuit of wider access to justice and the relief of the regular court overload. In the 1980\'s, the first element was given more emphasis, and then in the 1990\'s, there was a modification, in which the element of regular court relief progressively obscured the dimension of access to justice. The second approach of the study consists in comprehending the current small claims court\'s operation. For that two small claims court units located in the city of São Paulo were selected: one downtown and another in an eastern district of the city. The research consisted of observation of the dynamics of different procedural stages, concentrating mainly on the conciliation audience. The analysis focuses on the conciliator\'s and judge\'s performance, the subjects of the sessions and the relation between the parties. It was verified that, generally, the conciliation involves just value negotiating, regardless of rights debate. Also, the assymmetry between the parties stands out by the examination of inequalities at the observed cases. Finally, the Project \"Expressinho\" - pre-process resolution of claims, involving some registered enterprises - was pointed out as an example to demonstrate some of the trends of the justice system reform proposals.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Vinícius Pó / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2015. / A proposta deste trabalho é analisar o processo político de criação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça como órgão de controle do Poder Judiciário e a sua inclusão na agenda governamental, tomando por base a tramitação da Emenda Constitucional nº 45 de 2004 nas casas legislativas federais. De acordo com este objetivo, utilizamos como ferramenta de análise o modelo de múltiplos fluxos de John Kingdon, com o qual identificamos os meios de reconhecimento da questão relativa ao controle do Poder Judiciário como um problema a ser solucionado, o jogo político estabelecido durante a tramitação da Emenda Constitucional nº 45 de 2004, as forças políticas organizadas no seu interior, em especial aquelas comprometidas com os interesses da própria magistratura, e as alternativas eleitas, bem como a abertura de janelas de oportunidade no caminho. O estudo em questão permite maior entendimento sobre o processo de criação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, especialmente no que se refere à inclusão de tal tema na agenda do governo e ao embate de interesses dos diversos atores políticos envolvidos, compreendendo-se qual o peso de tais interesses no desenho institucional final daquele órgão. Por fim, o estudo possibilita maior compreensão da função do Conselho Nacional de Justiça como órgão de controle do Poder Judiciário, com o objetivo de conferir mais transparência aos atos desta instituição e possibilitar, como consequência, maiores níveis de accountability por parte daquela instituição. / The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political process of establishing the National Council of Justice as an organ of control of the judiciary and its inclusion in the government agenda, based on the processing of Constitutional Amendment nº 45 of 2004 on federal legislative houses. According to this, we use as an analysis tool the multiple streams model, designed by John Kingdon, with which we identify the means of recognition of matters relating to the control of the Judiciary as a problem to be solved, the political game set during the processing Constitutional Amendment nº 45 of 2004, organized political forces in the interior, especially those committed to the interests of the judiciary itself, and elected alternatives, as well as opening windows of opportunity in the way. This study allows for greater understanding of the process of creation of the National Council of Justice, especially with regard to the inclusion of this theme in the government's agenda and the clash of interests of various political actors involved, including what weight such interests had at the end of that organ institutional design. Finally, the study provides greater understanding of the role of the National Council of Justice as an organ of control of the Judiciary, with the goal of greater transparency of the actions of this institution and to allow, as a result, higher levels of accountability on the part of that institution.

Ao lado da liberdade de expressão, a Constituição de 1824 garantiu o direito da sociedade se fazer ouvir pelas autoridades: o Artigo 179, parágrafo 30 estabelece que todo o cidadão poderá apresentar por escrito ao Poder Legislativo e ao Executivo reclamações, queixas, ou petições. A presente dissertação tem por objetivo compreender como este direito constitucional foi utilizado pelos cidadãos brasileiros durante o período em que a ordem monárquica constitucional se consolidava no Brasil. Durante os primeiros anos do Segundo Reinado, diversos grupos comerciantes, médicos, advogados, manufatureiros, autoridades locais, padres, proprietários de terra, votantes, eleitores etc. estabeleceram uma relação direta com a elite política que moldava as instituições do Império. A análise das petições que chegaram à Câmara dos Deputados na década de 1840 e do debate parlamentar que nela se desenvolveu indica que importantes mudanças políticas do período como a reforma eleitoral, a aprovação do Código Comercial, a reforma judiciária foram influenciadas por setores da sociedade brasileira que se organizaram para exercer o direito de petição. Por intermédio da atividade peticionária, governantes e governados se integraram em um diálogo que permeou a resolução de alguns dos mais relevantes assuntos concernentes à realidade brasileira. Este diálogo fez do ideal do regime representativo algo tangível para diversos setores que compunham o pacto político nacional. / Together with the freedom of thought and speech, the Constitution of 1824 provided Brazilian society with the right to be heard by authorities: Article 179, Paragraph 30 states that all citizens will be able to present to the Legislative or the Executive Power written grievances, complaints, or petitions. This dissertation attempts to explore how this constitutional right was used by Brazilian citizens during the time that monarchical order was being consolidated. During the reign of D. Pedro 2nd, many groups, including businessmen, manufacturers, doctors, lawyers, local authorities, priests, landowners, voters, electors, and others, established a direct relation with the political elite responsible for molding the new institutions. The analysis of the petitions sent to the Chamber of Deputies by the 1840s and the parliamentary debate ensued provide an indication that important political changes of that period (i.e., electoral reform, approval of the Commercial Code, judicial reform) were influenced by the participation of certain sections of Brazilian society that were able to organize themselves and successfully use their right of petition. Mediated by such petitionary activity, governors and governed took part in a dialogue that led to the resolution of some of the most important issues concerning Brazilian reality. That dialogue made the ideal of representative government tangible to many groups that formed the prevailing national political landscape.

Submitted by Cristiane Oliveira (cristiane.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T21:16:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T21:18:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-06-10T21:18:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-06-10T21:36:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 60090200007.pdf: 955148 bytes, checksum: de08a7ba5f3218abb7380440507dcb89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11 / A Reforma do Judiciário de 2004 é parte de um longo processo de tentativas políticas de implementação de mudanças que não surgiriam espontaneamente na cultura jurídica. A súmula vinculante é exemplar desse histórico, pois se trata de instrumento voltado para corrigir problemas persistentes que decorrem da ausência de uma cultura jurídica de precedentes no Brasil. Entretanto, o próprio funcionamento do instituto depende da adequada aplicação da lógica de precedentes, pois a clareza dos enunciados vinculantes aprovados decorre da clareza da ratio decidendi de seus respectivos precedentes. Além do estudo dos debates legislativos que criaram o instituto da súmula vinculante, bem como dos procedimentos de aprovação das súmulas vinculantes penais editadas até o final de 2010, pesquisou-se como o Supremo Tribunal Federal administrou o manejo deste instituto conflitante com a maneira tradicional de fundamentação judicial e de referência não-fática, mas conceitual, entre decisões passadas. / The 2004 Brazilian Judiciary Reform is part of a long process of political attempts to create changes that were not produced spontaneously by the legal culture. The súmula vinculante is a great example of such process, since is a legal institute aimed to solve persistent problems that came from the absence of a legal culture of precedents in Brazil. However, the own effectiveness of the institute depends on the adequate use of a precedents rationale, since the clarity of the binding rulings depends on the clarity of the ratio decidendi of the respective precedents. By the analysis of the legislative debates that created the súmula vinculante, as well of the approval proceedings of the binding rulings related to criminal law issued until the end of 2010, it was researched precisely how the Brazilian Supreme Court managed to handle such institute that conflicts with the traditional way of providing grounds to judicial decisions and of conceptual rather than factual relation between past decisions.

Les droits de la défense émanent d'une époque où les justiciables subissaient le procès et les atteintes pouvant en résulter pour leurs droits et leurs libertés. Protéiforme, héritier des garanties issues de la notion de procès équitable telle que définie par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, ce concept prend une coloration spécifique dans le procès pénal. Il est incarné, en soi, par l'avocat pénaliste qui, en symbiose avec lui, doit s'adapter aux mutations dont il a parfois fait l'objet. Instruite d'expériences menées à l'étranger sur l'introduction des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication dans le domaine de la justice, la France, elle aussi, a décidé de moderniser ses procédures judiciaires en y recourant dans la sphère pénale. Révolution copernicienne, porteuse d'espoirs au plan managérial et de l'administration de la justice, les technologies modernes suscitent de facto craintes et résistances en raison de leur relative complexité et de leur caractère novateur. Ainsi, à des difficultés techniques qui limitent les retombées positives des réformes, s'ajoutent des aspects symboliques concernant le déroulement du rituel judiciaire, instaurant une dialectique nouvelle entre intervenants de la "chaîne pénale" et modifiant les rapports entre professionnels du droit ainsi qu'entre ceux qui unissent justice et justiciables. Il s'ensuit une mutation des cadres du procès et, corrélativement, une reformulation des schémas de pensée au regard des droits de la défense et de l'exercice de la défense pénale. / The rights of the defense come from a time when individuals undergoing trial and damage that may result to their rights and freedoms. Protean, they are born guaranteed from the notion of a fair trial as defined by the European Court of Human Rights. Taking a specific color in the criminal trial, this notion appears embodied in itself, the criminal lawyer who, in harmony with his specialty, must adapt to the changes which it has sometimes been. Technologies of Information and Communication have gradually invested the field of Justice and in particular the criminal sphere. Educated the results of experiments conducted abroad, France has also decided to modernize its judicial procedures using these new techniques. Copernican revolution, full of hope at the managerial level and the administration of justice, modern technologies raise fears facto resistance due to their relative complexity and novelty. Thus, a technical difficulty that limits the positive impact of the reforms, in addition symbolic aspects concerning the conduct of judicial ritual, introducing a new dialectic between stakeholders "criminal justice system" and changing the relationship of legal professionals as well as those that unites justice and litigants. It follows a change of management of the trial and, correspondingly, a restructuring of the thought patterns of the rights of defense and the practice of criminal defense.

L’idée d’un tribunal unifié de la famille (TUF) plane depuis longtemps. Toutefois, les contraintes constitutionnelles de la fédération canadienne en matière d’administration de la justice familiale en rendent la réalisation très difficile. En effet, l’établissement de TUF pose problème au Canada en ce que la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 prévoit que le mariage et le divorce sont de compétence fédérale, alors que la célébration du mariage, l’administration de la justice et la procédure en matière civile, de même que toutes les matières de nature purement locale ou privée, sont de compétence provinciale. Au Québec, à l’heure actuelle, la Cour supérieure a compétence en matière de divorce, de même que sur les demandes qui y sont accessoires, comme la garde de l’enfant et les droits d’accès et les pensions alimentaires. La Cour du Québec, quant à elle, a compétence en matière d’adoption, de délinquance juvénile et de protection de la jeunesse. Cela dit, depuis le 1er janvier 2016, la loi reconnaît à la Cour du Québec une compétence élargie lorsque saisie d’un dossier d’adoption ou de protection de la jeunesse pour se prononcer sur les demandes accessoires qui y sont liées. L’existence de ces deux instances compétentes en matière de droit familial, issues du morcellement des compétences constitutionnelles, crée des difficultés réelles pour l’accès à la justice familiale au Québec. Il en résulte de la confusion pour les justiciables, un manque d’harmonisation dans la gestion des dossiers et une division des ressources judiciaires. Malgré les limites constitutionnelles ci-dessus exposées, plusieurs provinces canadiennes sont parvenues à créer des TUF dès 1977. Qui plus est, le gouvernement fédéral procède actuellement à une expansion des TUF dans plusieurs provinces. En revanche, en dépit des intentions maintes fois formulées par les gouvernements fédéral et provincial, un tel projet est resté lettre morte au Québec. Il n’existe pas de recensement des travaux effectués sur le sujet ni d’analyse historique en reflétant l’évolution. Ce mémoire vise à pallier cette dernière carence en fournissant une étude approfondie de la problématique. La première partie dresse l’historique du système judiciaire québécois au regard du droit de la famille et des revendications constitutionnelles afférentes. La seconde partie expose la place qu’a occupée l’idée du TUF lors la dernière réforme du droit de la famille au Québec, au tournant des années 1980. La troisième partie brosse un portrait du projet, dont l’avènement paraît toujours plus lointain. Enfin, la quatrième et dernière partie expose les voies de solutions qui ont été envisagées pour en permettre la création dans le contexte constitutionnel actuel. / The Project of a Unified Family Court in Quebec or the Roadblock to an Improved Access to Justice. The idea of a unified family court (UFC) has been embedded in the federal provincial joint policy for decades. However, the establishment of UFCs is challenging in Canada, the reason being that the Constitution Act, 1867, provides that marriage and divorce fall under federal jurisdiction, whereas the celebration of marriage, the administration of justice and the procedure for and all matters of a purely local or private nature fall within provincial jurisdiction. Currently in the province of Quebec, the Superior Court has jurisdiction over divorce, as well as ancillary claims such as custody, access rights and alimony. The Quebec Court has jurisdiction over adoption, youth delinquency and youth protection issues. Since January 1, 2016, the law has given the Court of Quebec extended jurisdiction when it hears an adoption or youth protection file in order to rule on ancillary claims. The existence of these two competent institutions on family matters, resulting from the fragmentation of constitutional powers, creates concrete difficulties for access to family justice in Quebec. The issues identified include confusion for litigants, a lack of harmonization in case management and a division of judicial resources. Despite these divided areas of jurisdiction, several Canadian provinces established UFCs as early as 1977. In addition, the federal government is currently expanding UFCs in several provinces. In Quebec, however, the creation of a UFC has remained an empty rhetoric. To date, there is no thorough review of the work and discussions held to create an UFC in Quebec, nor an analysis of the evolution of the idea. This thesis aims to overcome this void by providing a thorough and comprehensive study on the development of the idea of implementing a UFC in Quebec. The first part provides a historical overview of Quebec’s justice system with respect to family law, as well as related constitutional claims. The second part describes the place of the idea of a unified family court in the last reform of family law in Quebec, at the turn of the 1980s. The third part gives a portrait of the idea, ever distant, of such a court in Quebec since then. The fourth and last part presents the solutions that have been considered to allow the creation of such an institution in Quebec.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ABILIO WOLNEY AIRES NETO.pdf: 1818311 bytes, checksum: 2c88d17cd63dd5cf393a12535ad19234 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / The present study aims at the analysis of Constitutional Amendment No. 45/2004, which entered the principle of reasonable duration of the process within the fundamental guarantees assured to each individual and is insculpido in item LXXVIII of art. 5, of the Constitution of 1988, in view of the judicial protection must be effective, timely and appropriate. It is seen that this issue is of paramount importance, since the introduction of the term reasonable in adjudication as a constitutional principle brings a commitment of the state to the citizen in order to give greater effectiveness to the process and ensure the fundamental right of access to justice . To reach this conclusion, we used literature search, legislative, administrative and judicial, with theoretical frameworks in several authors, starting with Barroso and converging into arguments which support the applicability of this Amendment, from a historical analysis (ontological) and evaluative (axiological). Then, there was the jurisprudential research on the subject in the main Brazilian courts, celing in the Superior Courts, to then undertake a comparative analysis with the bibliographic material. The importance of the principle stands out as a precondition for full citizenship in Democratic States of law, guaranteeing citizens the realization of their rights are constitutionally guaranteed. The principles of speed and duration of the process should be applied with observation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, ensuring that the process does not extend beyond the reasonable deadline, nor will compromise other principles such as defense and full of contradiction. It is certain, however - and for the benefit of people who need an effective justice - that Constitutional Amendment 45/04 (which among other novelties inserted explicitly the principle of reasonable duration of the process) seeks to reform the judiciary means for ensuring that become more agile and stronger, which is essential in a society like ours so devoid of enforcing rights to citizens. The current concern guiding procedures and the right to a speedy and effective duration of the process, summons us to an analysis of the role of the National Council of Justice - CNJ and programs, like the "Update" in the Goiás FONAJE and Process Judicial E-EO, as these tools, among others, that result in responses necessary for today's social and economic problems. On the other hand, alternative means of conflict resolution, complementary to the formal judicial process, even because of its informality and adaptability, suggest the solution many cases, in the antechambers of mediation and conciliation (consensus building). It would be a paradigm shift, erecting alternative model judicialization as a counter-archetype adjunct to mitigate the culture of demanda.Daí the idea of the Courts or adoptive Forums Multiport as promoting integrative means for the settlement of disputes. The traditional process would be for more complex cases, adapting to the American experience to our reality, given the similarity. / O presente estudo tem por objeto a analise da Emenda Constitucional nº 45/2004, que inseriu o princípio da razoável duração do processo dentro das garantias fundamentais asseguradas a cada indivíduo e está insculpido no inciso LXXVIII, do art. 5º, da Constituição Federal de 1988, na perspectiva de que a tutela jurisdicional deve ser efetiva, tempestiva e adequada. Vê-se que tal questão é de suma importância, vez que a introdução do prazo razoável na prestação jurisdicional como princípio constitucional traz um compromisso do Estado para com o cidadão a fim de dar maior efetividade ao processo e garantir o direito fundamental de acesso à Justiça. Para chegar a essa conclusão, utilizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica, legislativa, administrativa e jurisprudencial, com marcos teóricos em diversos autores, iniciando-se com Barroso e confluindo para argumentos que sirvam de suporte à aplicabilidade da referida Emenda, a partir de uma análise histórica (ontológica) e valorativa (axiológica). Em seguida, foi feita a pesquisa jurisprudencial relativa ao tema nos principais tribunais brasileiros, máxime nos Tribunais Superiores, para então proceder a uma análise comparativa com o material bibliográfico. A importância do princípio se destaca como pressuposto para o exercício pleno da cidadania nos Estados Democráticos de Direito, garantindo aos cidadãos a concretização dos direitos que lhes são constitucionalmente assegurados. Os princípios da celeridade e da duração do processo devem ser aplicados com observação aos princípios da razoabilidade e da proporcionalidade, assegurando que o processo não se estenda além do prazo razoável, nem tampouco venha comprometer outros princípios como o da plena defesa e do contraditório. É certo, porém e para benefício da população que necessita de uma justiça efetiva que pela Emenda Constitucional 45/04 (que dentre outras novidades inseriu expressamente o princípio da duração razoável do processo) procura-se reformar o Poder Judiciário garantindo meios para que se torne mais ágil e fortalecido, o que é fundamental em uma sociedade como a nossa tão carente da efetivação de direitos aos cidadãos. A preocupação atual que norteia os procedimentos e o direito a uma rápida e eficaz duração do processo, nos convoca a uma análise do papel do Conselho Nacional de Justiça CNJ e de Programas, a exemplo do Atualizar , em Goiás do FONAJE e do Processo Judicial Eletrônico PJE, estes como ferramentas, dentre outras, que resultam em repostas necessárias aos problemas sociais e econômicos hodiernos. De outro lado, os meios alternativos de solução dos conflitos, complementares ao processo judicial formal, em razão mesmo da sua informalidade e adaptabilidade, sugerem a solução de muitos casos, nas antecâmaras de mediação e conciliação (consensus building). Seria uma mudança de paradigmas, erigindo alternativa ao modelo de judicialização como um contra-arquétipo coadjuvante para mitigar a cultura da demanda.Daí a idéia adotiva dos Tribunais ou Fóruns Multiportas, como promoção de meios integrativos para a solução das controvérsias. O processo tradicional ficaria para os casos de maior complexidade, adaptando-se a experiência norteamericana à nossa realidade, dada a similitude.

中共於2013年11月召開十八屆三中全會，並發佈《中共中央關於全面深化改革若干重大問題的決定》這份16個改革方向和60個改革要點的決議中，有關司法改革部分以「法院去地方化、去行政化」受到高度關注。2014年10月中共的十八屆四中全會以依法治國作為主軸，並具體化「法院去地方化、去行政化」的改革路徑，提出「推動省以下地方法院人財物統一管理；探索建立與行政區劃適當分離的司法管轄制度。」此次司法改革議題是針對中國法院體制提出結構性的變革，改變了以往程序技術性的改革。目前，綜觀臺灣學界，以「現行中國法院體制之沿革與弊端；中國歷次司法改革之改革核心要點」兩大互動關係作為分析，較為罕見。本研究旨在廓清「中國推動依法治國下之法院體制改革核心」，內容以「憲法－法律－司法政策」作為分析架構，研究中國法院的人事與財政制度，透過法條解析與最高人民法院歷屆的《五年改革綱要》，了解中國法院的結構性弊端成因與進入高度成熟市場經濟的司法改革關注重點。以透析中國司法制度在現行法律規範的框架下，法院人財物與法官管理體制所呈現出嚴格屬地化原則的運行模式，進一步檢視中共十八大三中與四中全會所提出的法院去地方化、去行政化之改革路徑與核心。主要研究成果，發現以下訊息：以省級高等法院作為跨行政區劃管轄制度的基礎才是法院去地方化的改革關鍵。然而，中國所選擇的北京市與上海市的跨行政區劃的法院管轄之試點改革，仍然局限在一個省級框架內部，新設置在直轄市的中級法院仍舊是「同級黨政機關決定法院的財政人事」制度模式。若能作到省級高等法院切斷與省級人大人財物的供給，將觸及到中共十八大三中與四中全會所提出結構性司法改革之真正核心。 / The Third and Fourth Plenum of 18th CPC Central Committee passed the Decision on Major Issues of comprehensively Deepening Reform and Decision on Major Issues of comprehensively promoting the Rule of Law. The most important proposals concerning China’s judicial system reform is centered on the Court independence from localized political authority and bureaucratized. The current situations that Court’s independence and judge’s independence seem difficult in China is partly due to administration and localization. Up to now, it’s one very pressing issue in judicial reform is to properly deal with the multiple relations related with judicial system, under the Constitution of PROC. The relations include the external relations with CPC , power authority , administrative authority and citizen. The internal relations contain power allocation , supervision and restriction and personnel administration with the Court. This study aims to clarify the orientation of judicial system reform under China’s deepening the Rule of Law and it will focus on how the China’s Court to be apart from localized political authority and bureaucratized.