O objetivo deste trabalho é o ensino de ondulatória através de uma metodologia ativa de ensino que permita aos estudantes se engajarem com a própria aprendizagem. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi desenvolvida uma sequência didática que originou um produto educacional aplicável em aulas de Física no ensino médio. A metodologia implementada integrou os métodos ativos Instrução pelos Colegas (Peer Instruction) e Ensino sob Medida (Just-in-time Teaching), buscando o envolvimento cognitivo dos alunos. Além desses métodos, a sequência didática incluiu uma atividade experimental com espectrógrafo de baixo custo, atividades de resolução de problemas e dois debates, sobre o uso de câmara de bronzeamento artificial e a instalação de usina de fissão nuclear. O suporte teórico da metodologia foi a Teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Vergnaud. As aulas foram estruturadas a partir de questões norteadoras com potencial de se tornarem situações-problema para os alunos. O produto educacional contém tarefas de leitura (com textos e questões sobre os textos), uma lista de testes conceituais, listas de problemas quantitativos, um modelo de minirrelatório e um opinário. As 21 aulas dessa proposta foram desenvolvidas com duas turmas de segundo ano do ensino médio, da rede privada de ensino, na cidade de Joaçaba, Santa Catarina. As atividades propostas foram realizadas com êxito. As respostas dos estudantes permitiram concluir que houve aprendizagem durante a aplicação da metodologia. Os resultados do opinário mostraram que houve boa receptividade à proposta de trabalho pela maioria dos estudantes que consideraram metodologia melhor para seu aprendizado do que os métodos tradicionais de ensino. / The main goal of this work is to teach waves through an active learning methodology that engages cognitively the students with their own learning. To achieve this goal, a didactic sequence was developed as an educational product to be used in high school physics classes. The present approach integrated two active learning methods - Peer Instruction and Just-in-Time Teaching - aiming to get more student engagement. In addition to these methods, other kinds of activities were included: an experimental activity with low cost spectrograph, problem solving and debates about tanning beds and nuclear plants. The Vergnaud’s Theory of Conceptual Fields supports this work. The lessons were organized around leading questions, which could turn out to be problem-situations to be solved by the students. The educational product contains a set of reading assignments, including texts and tasks, concept tests, problems list, a small report template and a questionnaire to gather the students’ opinions about the methodology. Twenty one lessons were applied to two classes for high school students at a private school in a Brazilian city (Joaçaba, in Santa Catarina). The results revealed the applicability of this teaching proposal. Answers given by the students showed that the learning was successfully achieved during the use of this methodology. The students´ evaluation was very positive. They considered this methodology more efficient for their learning than traditional teaching methods.

The operational advantages of a pull system are very well documented. These advantages include not only operational efficiency and quality, but also the enhancement of the customer oriented of the organization. The objective of this field study is to examine the applicability and potential advantages of a pull operational system in a mid-size manufacturing organization. Philosophies, tools, and concepts of Just-in-Time, Theory of Constraints, Business Process Re-engineering, and Root Cause Analysis are used to analyze the existing operational system, to identify its weaknesses, and finally to re-engineer it to be more consistent with a pull operational system. The results of this field study appear to be consistent with reported findings in the literature. The results point to both operational gains and customer related benefits which can be attributed to the pull operational system philosophy. Conclusions and recommendations are presented and discussed in light of their practical and theoretical implications.

Le thème de la sécurité invite généralement à aborder les pratiques de travail dans les industries à risques à partir des règles. Cette thèse décale le questionnement vers l’analyse d’une activité non explicitée dans une organisation formelle : l’entretien des installations. Un collectif diffus se forme sur cette base ; il unit plusieurs collectifs situés, définis à partir de l’organisation sans s’y restreindre. L’entretien consiste à rattraper un fonctionnement productif qui échappe continuellement à toute emprise, en raison de la dégradation matérielle des installations et des contraintes de flux tendu. Dans une ambiance d’urgence, les travailleurs essayent d’éviter les accidents et l’arrêt de la production, intriqués et toujours latents. Ils régulent leurs coopérations en essayant d’avoir prise à la fois sur les machines, sur leurs trajectoires professionnelles et, par là, sur la composition des collectifs. Parallèlement, les procédures de sécurité relèvent d’un dispositif bureaucratique plus large, à la fois insaisissable et omniprésent. Au nom de la « sécurité », ce dernier est censé concilier une production en flux tendu avec la prévention des accidents par un contrôle de la main-d’œuvre. Il intervient en pratique comme repère mais surtout en tant que menace : incapables de mesurer les écarts entre la réalité et la prescription, les travailleurs redoutent d’être mis en cause en cas d’accident. Les démarches de participation censées améliorer ce dispositif ne permettent pas de faire valoir le caractère incontrôlable des machines. Les membres du collectif diffus évitent alors de participer pour minimiser l’emprise hiérarchique sur l’ordre social construit en interne. / The theme of security generally invites to consider work practices in hazard industries from the point of view of rules. This thesis shifts the questioning towards the analysis of a non-explicit activity in a formal organization: the maintenance of facilities. A diffuse collective is formed on this basis; it units several sited collectives, defined from the organization without being restricted to it. The maintenance consist in catching up an efficient operation that constantly escapes beyond any control, due to material deterioration of facilities and to just-in-time constraints. In an urgency atmosphere, the workers try to avoid accidents and production arrests, intricately linked and always latent. They regulate their cooperation by trying to gain control on machines and on their own career paths, and thus on the composition of collectives. In parallel, security procedures relate to a larger bureaucratic apparatus, which is both elusive and omnipresent. On behalf of « security », this latest is supposed to conciliate just-in-time production with accident prevention through a control of workforces. It intervenes in practice as a benchmark but mainly as a threat: workers, unable to measure the deviations from reality to requirements, fear to be charged in case of accident. Participative actions supposed to improve this apparatus do not allow emphasizing the uncontrollable nature of machines. The members of the diffuse collective thus avoid participating in order to minimize the hierarchical hold on the in-house-built social order.

Introduction Overtime the execution and control of business activities to meet and even exceed customer satisfac-tion has become an absolute top priority. This is because with an increase in the demand for diverse products and services of quality in unprecedented numbers, there is an automatic injection of complexi-ty into the activities and processes which companies undertake in order to fulfill customer satisfaction. This complexity which could be logistical in nature is usually centered on the provision of quality prod-ucts and services on a timely basis for customer satisfaction. In order to keep this complexity aspect in check while fulfilling customer satisfaction, there is the need to manage the different facets of complex-ity that relate to quality and agility. Purpose The purpose of this study is to understand the managerial actions on the logistical challenges of quality and agility in a Newspaper Distribution Company. Method In order to fulfill the purpose, the authors undertook a qualitative-single case study following an induc-tive approach. Interviews were conducted with two managers and these were basically face-to-face in-terviews though we also conducted some of the interviews by phone. Findings Managing complexity challenges of quality and agility requires the utilization of Total Quality Manage-ment (TQM), Just-in-Time (JIT) and Information flow (IF). Through the utilization of TQM, quality standards are enhanced through continuous improvement and the pursuit of excellence in the activities of the company. JIT as a philosophy helps in the elimination of waste and in the speeding up of processes within a company’s supply chain that result to the timely delivery of goods and services to customers in order to enhance customer satisfaction. Also, Information flow through the aid of diverse technologies such as mobile phones, radio phones, the internet, the World Wide Web, Customer Rela-tionship Management systems, Structured Query Language relational database but also word of mouth transmission have helped in the facilitation of decision making in the company relating to the delivery of quality products and services in an agile or responsive manner for customer satisfaction. Practical and Theoretical Implication The attainment of the requisites of agility while maintaining delivery quality may not be sufficient to enhance customer satisfaction. The information in the model provides management with a pathway to follow in solving logistical challenges towards enhancing customer satisfaction. The study offers theory development opportunities. Originality A model of logistical complexity management was designed for the attainment of customer satisfaction.

For many retailers, manufacturers, and wholesalers, inventory is their single largest investments of corporate assets. Problems such as stock-outs and bullwhip effect due to sales fluctuation and poor visibility are normal for manufactures. Unnecessary activities, in the purchasing process internally and externally, such as double order handling, cost both money and time. It is widely known that firms no longer can compete effectively in isolation of their suppliers and other entities. The future success of many businesses depends on co-operation and the co-ordination of efforts; making Supply Chain Management important. JIT and VMI are two of the philosophies that have been used to update supply chain relationships and management. By recognising your own supply weaknesses, the need for a supply strategy and a purchasing portfolio which classify suppliers emerges. There is an interest in examining what possible benefits and drawbacks, JIT and VMI collaboration can bring and how they differ from each other. In order to have a successful collaboration and implementation, it is important to know what basis to choose suppliers on and understand what needs to be in place, internally and externally, before starting either a JIT or VMI relationship with different suppliers. An inductive method was used in order to transform the literature review into a case study research. Explanatory and exploratory strategy was combined as well as qualitative and quantitative data collection such as oral interviews and written questionnaires. The case study was carried out at an accessory purchasing department at a large production company referred to as the “Focal company” in this thesis. Also, participating in the study were selected suppliers of the Focal company. The literature review and the case study data was analysed which led to the results that: • JIT and VMI can shorten lead time, improve quality and relationships if used properly, otherwise it can lead to increased inventory levels. • Key factors for enabeling JIT and VMI are common goals, management commitment, accurate information and suitable software systems. • Suitable suppliers for JIT and VMI are companies that have equal dependency and/or have interdependency and are willing and able to contribute to the competitive advantage of the buying firm. • Supplier selection criteria are price, quality, delivery, flexibility, reliability organizational culture, structure and strategy. • Implementation of JIT is not an option today at the Focal company. • With a few IT-system updates, a little bit of education and training the Focal company and most of the suppliers in this study are ready for VMI. • Because of the good balance of power and dependence in the relationships between the Focal company and their suppliers there is a good chance of a successful outcome. • The Focal company’s rating criteria are well correlating with the literatures findings, which further support that they are ready to select suppliers for integrated relationships.

<p>For many retailers, manufacturers, and wholesalers, inventory is their single largest investments of corporate assets. Problems such as stock-outs and bullwhip effect due to sales fluctuation and poor visibility are normal for manufactures. Unnecessary activities, in the purchasing process internally and externally, such as double order handling, cost both money and time.</p><p>It is widely known that firms no longer can compete effectively in isolation of their suppliers and other entities. The future success of many businesses depends on co-operation and the co-ordination of efforts; making Supply Chain Management important. JIT and VMI are two of the philosophies that have been used to update supply chain relationships and management. By recognising your own supply weaknesses, the need for a supply strategy and a purchasing portfolio which classify suppliers emerges.</p><p>There is an interest in examining what possible benefits and drawbacks, JIT and VMI collaboration can bring and how they differ from each other. In order to have a successful collaboration and implementation, it is important to know what basis to choose suppliers on and understand what needs to be in place, internally and externally, before starting either a JIT or VMI relationship with different suppliers.</p><p>An inductive method was used in order to transform the literature review into a case study research. Explanatory and exploratory strategy was combined as well as qualitative and quantitative data collection such as oral interviews and written questionnaires. The case study was carried out at an accessory purchasing department at a large production company referred to as the “Focal company” in this thesis. Also, participating in the study were selected suppliers of the Focal company.</p><p>The literature review and the case study data was analysed which led to the results that:</p><p>• JIT and VMI can shorten lead time, improve quality and relationships if used properly, otherwise it can lead to increased inventory levels.</p><p>• Key factors for enabeling JIT and VMI are common goals, management commitment, accurate information and suitable software systems.</p><p>• Suitable suppliers for JIT and VMI are companies that have equal dependency and/or have interdependency and are willing and able to contribute to the competitive advantage of the buying firm.</p><p>• Supplier selection criteria are price, quality, delivery, flexibility, reliability organizational culture, structure and strategy.</p><p>• Implementation of JIT is not an option today at the Focal company.</p><p>• With a few IT-system updates, a little bit of education and training the Focal company and most of the suppliers in this study are ready for VMI.</p><p>• Because of the good balance of power and dependence in the relationships between the Focal company and their suppliers there is a good chance of a successful outcome.</p><p>• The Focal company’s rating criteria are well correlating with the literatures findings, which further support that they are ready to select suppliers for integrated relationships.</p>

Certains environnements ont besoin de plusieurs compilateurs, par exemple un pour le système d'exploitation, supportant la norme C/C++ complète, et l'autre pour les applications, qui supporte éventuellement un sous-ensemble de la norme, mais capable de fournir plus de performance. Le maintien de plusieurs compilateurs pour une plateforme cible représente un effort considérable. Il est donc plus facile d'implémenter et de maintenir un seul outil responsable des optimisations particulières au processeur ciblé. Il nous faut alors un moyen de relier ces compilateurs à l'optimiseur, de préférence, en gardant au passage certaines structures de données internes aux compilateurs qui, soit prendraient du temps, soit seraient impossible à reconstruire à partir du code assembleur par exemple. Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons Tirex, une représentation textuelle intermédiaire pour échanger des informations de bas niveau, déjà dépendantes de la cible, entre les compilateurs, les optimiseurs et les autres outils de la chaîne de compilation. Notre représentation contient un flot d'instructions du processeur cible, mais garde également la structure explicite du programme et supporte la forme SSA (Static Single Assignment). Elle est facilement extensible et très flexible, ce qui permet de transmettre toute donnée jugée importante à l'optimiseur. Nous construisons Tirex par extension de MinIR, une représentation intermédiaire elle-même basée sur un encodage YAML des structures du compilateur. Nos extensions de Tirex comprennent: l'abaissement de la représentation au niveau du processeur cible, la conservation du flot de données du programme, ainsi que l'ajout d'informations sur les structures de boucles et les dépendances de données. Nous montrons que Tirex est polyvalent et peut être utilisé dans une variété d'applications différentes, comme par exemple un environnement d'exécution virtuel (VEE),et fournit une base forte pour un environnement d'analyse du programme. Dans le cadre d'un VEE, nous présentons un interprèteur de la forme SSA et un compilateur just-in-time (JIT). Nous montrons comment l'interprétation d'une représentation au niveau du processeur cible élimine la plupart des problèmes liés à l'exécution en mode mixte. Nous explorons également les questions liées à l'interprétation efficace d'une représentation de programme sous la forme SSA.

Just-In-Time är ett måltillstånd som dagens tillverkningsindustrier strävar efter, vilket innebär att öka produktivtetet genom att minska ledtiden, öka kvaliteten och bli mer resurseffektiva. Tillverkningsindustrier är ineffektiva vad gäller att producera efter tillståndet Just-In-Time. Detta på grund av de högra kraven som kräver resurser, men även den ekonomsika aspekten i from av tid och kostand. Syftet med arbetet är att få ökad förståelse kring vilka förutsättningar krävs för Just-In-Time i en kundorderstyrd produktion. De verktyg och metoder som användes i arbetet var, värdeflödesanalys, spaghettidiagram, SMED och frekvensstudie. Metoderna som använts har även bidragit till att besvara problemformuleringen, Vilka förutsättningar krävs för att Just-In-Time ska kunna fungera i en kundorderstyrd produktion? De förutsättningarna är, stabilitet, standardisering, produktion i from av ett dragande system, minimering av lager, cykeltid och ställtid, FIFO samt takttid. Nyckelord: Just-In-Time (JIT), Lean production, ställtid, kvalitet, effektivitet, lager och kostnad

Syfte – Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur BIM kan användas för att förbättra leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen gällande nybyggnationer. För att besvara studiens syfte har två frågeställningar formulerats. Första frågeställningen utgör en grund för att sedan kunna besvara andra frågeställningen. - Vilka faktorer påverkar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen? - Hur kan leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen förbättras med hjälp av BIM? Metod – För att uppnå studiens syfte och frågeställningar genomfördes en fallstudie i form av intervju och dokumentstudie på två olika företag inom byggindustrin. En litteraturstudie genomfördes med syfte att forma det teoretiska ramverket som sedan varit en grund för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Resultat – Studien har identifierat faktorer som påverkar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen och kategoriserat in dem i två huvudfaktorer, samordning och planering. För ett effektivare arbete i byggprocessen är BIM ett verktyg som bland annat underlättar samordning och planering. Detta kan resultera i att leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till byggarbetsplatsen kan förbättras med hjälp av BIM. Implikationer – Studien utgår från befintliga teorier som sedan jämförs med verkligheten. Studien belyser ingen ny teori men illustrerar nya synvinklar till ett redan befintligt problem. Svårigheten har varit i att hitta teorier om hur BIM kan påverka leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser. Teorier har därför tolkats och analyserats för att hitta möjliga förbättringar. Begränsningar – Studien omfattar leveransprecisionen av materialleveranser till nybyggnationer och tar enbart hänsyn till leveransprecisionen från leverantören till byggarbetsplatsen. Inom BIM omfattar studien 3D- och 4D BIM och utesluter 5D- och 6D BIM. / Purpose – The purpose of the study is to investigate how BIM can improve the ontime delivery of material to construction sites for new constructions. To answer the purpose of the study, two research questions have been formulated. - Which factors effect on-time delivery of material to the construction site? - How can on-time delivery of material to the construction site be improved by using BIM? Method – In order to achieve the purpose and research questions of the study, a case study was conducted at two different companies in the construction industry. The empirical data from the case study were collected through interviews and document studies. A literature study was conducted with the purpose of formulating the theoretical framework that subsequently been used to answer the purpose and research questions. Findings – The study has identified factors that effect on-time delivery of material to the construction site and categorized them into two main factors, coordination and planning. BIM is a tool, among other thing, for a more efficient work in the construction process that facilitates coordination and planning. Using BIM can result in that on-time delivery of material to the construction site can be improved. Implications – The study is based on existing theories that compares to reality. The study does not develop new theory, but it illustrates new perspectives on an already existing problem. It has been difficult to find theories about how BIM may effect ontime delivery of materials. Theories have therefore been interpreted and analysed to find possible improvements. Limitations – The study covers the on-time delivery of materials to new constructions. The study also covers the on-time delivery from supplier to the construction site. Within BIM, the study covers 3D- and 4D BIM and excludes 5D- and 6D BIM.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar uma unidade didática em nível de Ensino Médio sobre conceitos fundamentais de Eletromagnetismo, adequada para utilização com os métodos de ensino-aprendizagem Ensino sob Medida e Instrução pelos Colegas e implementá-la em uma turma do quarto semestre do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública de Pelotas-RS. O material desenvolvido e a escolha dos métodos de ensino foram subsidiados pelos aportes teóricos fornecidos pela Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de Ausubel e pela teoria Sociointeracionista de Vygotsky. As aulas foram estruturadas em 12 encontros de uma hora e trinta minutos cada um, sendo que sete desses encontros foram destinados à aprendizagem conceitual via os métodos Ensino sob Medida e Instrução pelos Colegas, três encontros para resolução de problemas numéricos tradicionais e dois encontros para aplicação do teste inicial/final. A análise dos resultados relativos a desempenho demonstra que a turma, composta por 30 alunos, obteve um ganho de aprendizagem estatisticamente significativo. Uma análise qualitativa sobre a receptividade dos alunos aos métodos de ensino apresenta resultados bastante positivos. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta foram elaborados textos de apoio, vídeos, questões conceituais e questões numéricas, um teste conceitual, um minidocumentário e um questionário de avaliação da aplicação dos métodos, que integram o produto educacional resultante deste mestrado. / This work aimed to develop a high school level didactical unit about fundamental concepts of Electromagnetism, suitable for use with two physics education research-based methods: Just-in-Time Teaching and Peer Instruction. Our proposal was implemented in a fourth semester class of a public high school, at a Brazilian city (Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul). The teaching methods were chosen, as well the elaboration of instructional materials, based on the main principles of Ausubel´s meaningful learning theory and on Vygotsky’s social interaction theory. The didactical unit was organized in 12 meetings of one hour and thirty minutes each. Seven of these meetings were intended for conceptual learning via Just-in-Time Teaching and Peer Instruction; three meetings, to solve traditional problems and two meetings for application of a pre/post-test. The performance analysis of the 30 students enrolled in the course shows that they achieved statistically significant learning gains. A qualitative analysis of the student’s receptivity to the teaching methods showed very positive results. The instructional materials are composed of texts, videos, conceptual and numerical questions, a pre/post-test, a short documentary and a questionnaire for evaluating the application of the methods. All of these constitute the educational product resulting from this Master dissertation.