Already in the late 1970´s it became clear that the traditional catalogs in libraries were not suited for children, neither their interests nor their way expressing themselves were accounted for. The goal of this thesis is to investigate if and how children’s OPACs (Open public access catalogs) interface design is at present adapted to the presumed audience of children. My method consists of literature studies and an investigation on the graphical interfaces in OPACs for children, according to the five criteria formulated by childrens library consultant Lena Lundgren and IT-consultant Kia Gumbel. The aims are to find out: a) what requirements for children’s OPAC interfaces and their usability are defined in literature and b) what the actual (real) features of the children’s OPAC interfaces are. What interests me, regarding the graphical interfaces, is the actual appearance seen by the children, and partly the interactivity supplied by the OPACs. Using the criteria of Lundgren and Gumbel, I analyse figures, the front page, key-words, the text and the quality appearing in the different OPACs. In conclusion, the graphical interfaces of the three OPACs for children are somewhat adapted for children according to the Lundgren/Gumbel criteria. By using for example more user-polls, individualized graphical interfaces and reference groups consisting of children, the graphical interface for OPACs can be modified, and hopefully optimised, to take full account of the varied abilities of children. / Uppsatsnivå: C

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Tidigare forskning inom detta område har fokuserat på barns vård, däremot har barns upplevelser utifrån ett aktivitetsperspektiv under sjukhusvistelse inte uppmärksammats. Författarnas uppfattning var att aktiviteter som erbjuds på barn- och ungdomskliniker oftast passar yngre barn och därför ansågs det relevant att tillfråga äldre barn om deras upplevelser av att kunna vara delaktiga i aktiviteter på sjukhus. Syftet var att beskriva barns upplevelser av möjlighet till delaktighet i meningsfulla aktiviteter under sjukhusvistelse. Kvalitativ metod användes med semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes och respondenterna var 12 barn i åldrarna 8-15 som befann sig på två barn- och ungdomskliniker i södra Sverige. Datamaterialet bearbetades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Tolkningen av datamaterialet resulterade i det övergripande temat “Upplevelse av möjlighet till delaktighet i meningsfulla aktiviteter”. Resultatet delades in i tre kategorier; delaktighet, meningsfull aktivitet och aktiviteter på sjukhus. Slutsatsen var att barnen upplevde både möjligheter och begränsningar i att kunna vara delaktiga i aktiviteter under sin sjukhusvistelse. Majoriteten av barnen upplevde sig ha goda möjligheter till att kunna vara delaktiga i meningsfulla aktiviteter såsom att vistas på lekterapi, spela tv-spel och umgås med familj och vänner. / Previous science has focused on children’s clinical care and the children’s experience from an activity perspective during their hospital stay has not been focused on. The author’s opinion was that the activities in children’s and youth clinics often are suited for younger children. Therefor it seemed relevant to ask older children about their experience of participation in activities at the hospital. The aim was to describe children’s experiences of the possibility to participate in meaningful activities during their hospital stay. A qualitative method were used with semi-structured interviews. A convenience sample were used and the study included 12 children aged 8-15 in two children and youth clinics in southern Sweden. For data analysis a qualitative content analysis was used. The analysis resulted in the overall theme “Experience of possibility to participation in meaningful activities”. The result ended up in the three categories; participation, meaningful activities and activities at the hospital. The conclusion were that the children experienced both possibilities and limitations in order to participate in activities. The majority of the children experienced good possibilities to participate in meaningful activities as the play therapy, play video-games and spend time with family and friends.

Lilla Aktuellt is the only news show in Sweden that is directed toward children and is supposed to be at their service - producing news for them in a way that they can relate to and understand.  The aim of this study is to investigate how people that participate in interviews in Lilla Aktuellt are represented depending on their sex, age and ethnicity with the help of intersectionality, social representation and framing theories. We have tried to answer if there are any patterns in how people who participate in the news reports of Lilla Aktuellt are portrayed depending on what sex, age or ethnicity they could belong to. We also investigate what differences and similiarities that can be distinguished from the content of the show over time depending on these social categories.   We have done a critical discourse analysis on 52 news reports from the program, with half from 2004 and half from 2014. During this process we found several discourses which suggests that there is a difference in how people are portrayed dependning on the social categories mentioned above, and what subjects they get to represent in the news reports. There is also a change in what kind of news that are brought up in the programs in 2014 compared to 2004, which have lead to a difference in who gets to participate the most in the program. Our study shows that children gets a greater representation in 2014 than in 2004.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study, the effects of energy content of the feedlot diet as well as the length of the production period were investigated for Boer goat slaughter kids. The kids were housed in individual pens on the Elsenburg experimental farm, Western Cape, South Africa. Boer goat castrate kids were weaned at approximately 18 weeks of age (weighing 22.2 ± 3.5 kg) and were randomly allocated to one of three trial diets that varied in energy content; namely a low, medium and high energy diet (11.3, 12.0 and 12.7 MJ ME/ kg feed respectively) which were supplied ad libitum. The goats were further randomly allocated to one of five slaughter groups that were slaughtered at five week intervals at a commercial abattoir. The first group of goats was slaughtered at the start of the trial in order to serve as a baseline reference. During the study the effects of dietary energy content, and time spent in the feedlot were investigated for the feedlot production and slaughter characteristics of Boer goat kids. Additionally the effect of the energy content of the feedlot diets on the sensory and chemical properties of goat meat were evaluated. During the production period individual feed intake and live weight gain were monitored on a weekly basis. It was observed that live weight of the goats increased throughout the production period. Quadratic functions were used to describe the change in average daily gain and dry matter intake of the goats during the feeding period. Goats that were fed the low and medium energy diets exhibited higher daily gains (P= 0.02) and dry matter intakes (P< 0.01) than goats on the high energy diets. Dietary energy content and age of the animal in the feedlot did not influence the feed conversion ratio to produce a unit of live weight. A linear function was used to model the growth of the goats during this production period. The goats were not able to reach the point of inflection on the growth curve. Therefore the sigmoidal growth curve could not be plotted which could have been modelled by a function similar to the Gompertz model. Dressing percentages of the carcasses varied throughout the production period for all the diets, with goats on the low energy diet having the lowest dressing percentage (45.8%; P= 0.04). The energy content of the trial diets had no effect on the yield of the offal components and retail cuts of the carcass. Generally it was observed that the yields of the hindquarter and neck cuts decreased whilst that of the forequarter increased with the age of the goats at slaughter. The degree of carcass fatness increased with time spent in the feedlot, with the majority of fat being deposited in the abdominal cavity, rather than in the subcutaneous fat depot. Dietary energy content was expected to influence the levels of intramuscular fat, which in turn would affect the eating quality of the meat. However, the levels of energy in the diets fed to goats did not influence the tenderness, juiciness or the aroma and flavour profiles of the goat meat as observed during descriptive sensory analysis of the meat by a trained panel. Chemical analysis of the cooked meat samples also showed that the levels of intramuscular fat did not vary between the samples, resulting in the lack of differences detected between treatments in the sensory evaluation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die effek van die energie-inhoud van die voerkraal dieet, tesame met die lengte van die produksie tydperk, vir Boerbok lammers ondersoek. Die lammers is in individuele kampies gehuisves op die Elsenburg proefplaas, Wes- Kaap, Suid-Afrika. Die gekastreerde Boerbok lammers is gespeen op ’n ouderdom van ongeveer 18 weke (gewig van 22.2 ± 3.5 kg) en is ewekansig toegewys aan een van die drie proefdiëte waarvan die energie-inhoud gewissel het; naamlik 'n lae, medium en hoë-energie dieet (11.3, 12.0 en 12.7 MJ ME / kg voer onderskeidelik) wat ad libitum verskaf is. Die bokke is verder lukraak toegewys aan een van vyf slag groepe, wat met vyf weke tussenposes by ’n kommersiële abattoir geslag is. Die eerste groep bokke is aan die begin van die proef geslag om sodoende as basislyn verwysing te dien. Tydens die studie is die effek van die verskil in energie-inhoud van die dieet en die tyd wat in die voerkraal gespandeer is, op die voerkraal produksie en slag eienskappe van die Boerbok lammers ondersoek. Daarbenewens is die effek van die verskil in energie-inhoud van die voerkraal dieet op die sensoriese en chemiese eienskappe van bokvleis geëvalueer. Tydens die produksie periode is individuele voerinname en liggaamsgewig toename op ’n weeklikse basis gemonitor. Dit is waargeneem dat die liggaamsgewig van die bokke tydens die hele produksie tydperk toegeneem het. Kwadratiese funksies is gebruik om die verandering in die gemiddelde daaglikse toename tydens die voerperiode, sowel as die droëmateriaal inname van die bokke te beskryf. Bokke wat die lae en medium-energie diëte gevoer is, het hoër daaglikse toenames (P = 0.02) en droë materiaal inname (P< 0.01) as bokke op die hoë-energie dieet getoon. Die voeromset verhouding benodig om ’n eenheid lewendige gewig te produseer is nie beïnvloed deur die energie-inhoud van die dieet, of die ouderdom van die bokke in die voerkraal nie. ’n Lineêre funksie is toegepas om die groei van die bokke gedurende die produksie tydperk te modelleer. Die groei van die bokke kon nie die infleksiepunt van die groeikurwe bereik nie. Dus kon die sigmoïdale groeikurwe nie getrek word nie, wat deur ’n funksie soortgelyk aan die Gompertz model gemodelleer kon word. Uitslag persentasies van die karkasse het l regdeur die produksie tydperk varieër vir al die diëte; bokke op die lae-energie dieet het die laagste uitslagpersentasie gehad (45.8%; P = 0.04). Die energie-inhoud van die proefdiëte het geen effek op die opbrengs van die afval komponente en handelsnitte van die karkasse gehad nie. Oorhoofs is dit waargeneem dat die opbrengs van die agterkwart en neksnitte afgeneem het, terwyl dié van die voorkwart toegeneem het met slag ouderdom. Die vetheidsgraad van die karkas het toegeneem met tyd spandeer in die voerkraal, met die meerderheid van die vet gedeponeer in die buikholte, eerder as in die onderhuidse vetlaag. Daar is verwag dat die energie-inhoud van die dieet die vlakke van binnespierse vet sal beïnvloed, wat op sy beurt ‘n effek op die eetkwaliteit van die vleis sal hê.. Teenstrydig met verwagtinge het die vlakke van energie in die dieet van die bokke geen invloed gehad op die sagtheid, sappigheid of die aroma en geur profiele van bokvleis nie, soos waargeneem deur middel van beskrywende sintuiglike analise van die vleis deur 'n opgeleide paneele. Chemiese ontleding van die gaar vleismonsters het ook geen verskillein die vlakke van binnespierse vet tussen die verskillende monsters getoon nie, wat gelei het tot daar geen verskille tussen die behandelings in die sensoriese evaluasie waargeneem is nie.

2 pp. / This publication gives active children and their parents ideas on how to choose everyday healthy snack choices to fuel them during sports.

Lately both scientists and news reports have indicated increased concerns that parent-spectator behavior at youth sport events may be problematic. The overall purpose of this study was therefore to examine what behaviors adult spectators show during 10-12 years old girls participation within the sports football and equestrian. Data for the study was assembled by the writers in form of on site, non-participating observations. A total of four observations took place, two within each sport, during which the adult spectators behaviors was noted and studied in relations to norms and environmental effects. Results indicate that regardless of the different characters of the sports there are no significant differences in shown behavior. Most adult spectators exhibit behaviors which in relation to the study's theory is to be considered appropriate for the girl’s sport participation. Some exceptions were observed, adult spectators that exhibited behaviors less appropriate for the girl’s sport environment, but the amount in which these behaviors were shown is not on its own enough to be considered alarming.Lately both scientists and news reports have indicated increased concerns that parent-spectator behavior at youth sport events may be problematic. The overall purpose of this study was therefore to examine what behaviors adult spectators show during 10-12 years old girls participation within the sports football and equestrian. Data for the study was assembled by the writers in form of on site, non-participating observations. A total of four observations took place, two within each sport, during which the adult spectators behaviors was noted and studied in relations to norms and environmental effects. Results indicate that regardless of the different characters of the sports there are no significant differences in shown behavior. Most adult spectators exhibit behaviors which in relation to the study's theory is to be considered appropriate for the girl’s sport participation. Some exceptions were observed, adult spectators that exhibited behaviors less appropriate for the girl’s sport environment, but the amount in which these behaviors were shown is not on its own enough to be considered alarming.

Na década de 1990 as organizações não-governamentais (ONGs) começaram a atuar de forma diferente em relação à sua gênese: passaram a trabalhar em parceria com o Estado na execução de políticas públicas. Investigo neste trabalho as bases das transformações da atuação das ONGs e as relações que hoje as organizações não-governamentais que trabalham com meninos(as) de rua no centro de São Paulo estabelecem na parceria com o governo, focalizando a participação nas políticas públicas e a autonomia das organizações diante da administração municipal. Com o objetivo de entender de forma mais clara o trabalho das instituições e a formulação de políticas públicas, apresento um histórico do atendimento às crianças e aos adolescentes em situação de risco no Brasil e descrevo, ainda que de forma sumária, as principais questões relacionadas com os meninos(as) que vivem nas ruas. Para a obtenção dos dados empíricos, utilizei as técnicas do questionário, da entrevista e da observação direta. / During the 1990 decade, the non governmental organizations (NGOs) started working differently from their original proposals: they started working in partnerships with the Government in the execution of public policies. In this essay, I investigate the basis of the transformation in the work of the NGOs, the relation between the NGOs that work with street kids in the centre of Sao Paulo and the Government, focusing the participation in the public policies and the autonomy of these organizations. For a better understanding of the work of these institutions and the establishment of public policies destined to street kids, I present a report of the attendance given to the children and adolescents who live in risk situation in Brazil and describe, in a summary way, the main aspects related to the children who live on the streets. To obtain the empiric data, I made use of questionnaire technics, interviews and direct observation.

O efeito macho, principal fator social associado a reprodução, é muito usado na estimulação da atividade cíclica durante o anestro em espécies sazonais. Há também referência da sua influência sobre a puberdade podendo acelerar idade em que esta ocorre, particularmente em suínos e ratos. O presente projeto tinha como objetivo estudar o efeito da exposição de cabritas Saanen peri-púbere ao efeito macho sobre o desenvolvimento reprodutivo em particular no padrão de comportamentos associados ao cio, perfil de estrógeno e progesterona e na expressão do gene kiss1, receptores de kisspeptinas, estrógeno e progesterona no hipotálamo, hipófise e ovário. No experimento 1, 29 cabritas Saanen entre 142,72 &plusmn; 10,61 dias idade e 24,9 &plusmn; 4,26 kg de peso, foram distribuídas aleatoriamente entre três tratamentos: 1) exposição ao macho sexualmente ativo (grupo macho); 2) exposição a fêmea androgenizada (grupo fêmea) e; 3) controle (grupo controle). Observação diária de comportamentos associados ao cio e coletas de sangue para determinação dos níveis de estradiol e progesterona foram realizadas de maio a outubro. Os grupos macho e fêmea registraram mais comportamentos associados ao cio que os animais do grupo controle. A interação social teve efeito sobre a posição da cauda, aspecto da vulva, vocalizar e deixar montar. Houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas médias de estradiol. O grupo macho registrou médias de estradiol superiores ao grupo controle. Houve interação grupo*coleta no perfil de progesterona. Os grupos macho e fêmea registraram médias significativamente mais altas comparado ao grupo controle durante o experimento. No experimento 2, 16 cabritas Saanen com 138,37 &plusmn; 3,59 dias de idade e 22,75 &plusmn; 2,43 kg de peso foram distribuídas aleatoriamente entre dois tratamentos: 1) exposição ao macho sexualmente ativo (grupo macho) e; 2) controle (grupo controle). Foram realizadas observações diárias de comportamentos associados ao cio, coletas de sangue duas vezes por semana para determinação dos níveis de estradiol e progesterona e coleta de tecidos hipotalâmico, hipofisário e ovárico (antes e 60 dias depois da exposição ao macho) para determinar a expressão do gene kiss1, receptores de kisspeptinas, estradiol e progesterona. Não houve diferença entre grupos no comportamento deixar montar. O grupo macho registrou maior frequência de comportamento montar, contudo o grupo fêmea registrou maior frequência na alteração do aspecto da vulva, deslocar e interagir. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre grupos para perfil de progesterona, a expressão de kiss1, kiss1R, ER&alpha;, ER&beta; e PR no hipotálamo, expressão de ER&alpha; na hipófise e ER&alpha;, ER&beta; e PR no ovário. Em conjunto, os resultados encontrados indicam que o nível de expressão de mRNA das moléculas estudas varia entre animais sexualmente imaturos e maduros e é influenciado pela fase de desenvolvimento folicular em animais pós-pubere. / Male effect, major social factor associated to reproduction, is mainly used to stimulate cyclic activity during anestrus period in seasonal breeder species. There are references to the influence of male effect on puberty where it can advance the age at which puberty occurs. The present project aimed to study the effect of exposure of peri-pubertal Saanen goat kids to the male effect on Sexual maturation, in particular, estrus associated behaviors, estrogen and progesterone profiles and expression of kiss1 gene, kisspeptin receptor, estradiol receptor and progesterone receptor in the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary. In the first experiment, 29 Saanen kids with 142,72 &plusmn; 10,61 days of age and 24,9 &plusmn; 4,26 kg weight were randomly assigned to three treatments namely: 1) exposure to active male (male group), 2) exposure to androgenized female (female group) and 3) control (control group). Daily observation to record estrus associated behaviors and weekly blood collections for estradiol and progesterone levels determination were made from May to October. Animals subjected to the male effect (active male or female) registered more estrus associated behavior than the control group. Social interaction had effect on tail position, vulva aspect, vocalization and mounts acceptance. There were significant differences among groups on estradiol levels. The male group registered higher estradiol concentrations than the control group. There was interaction group*collection on progesterone concentrations. Animals from the female group had significantly higher progesterone means in most collections than the other groups. The male group had statistically higher progesterone averages than the control group. In the second experiment, 16 Saanen kids at age of 138,37 &plusmn; 3,59 days and 22,75 &plusmn; 2,43 kg weight were randomly assigned to exposure to 1) active male (male group) and 2) control (control group). Animals were twice daily observed for 1 h: 30 minutes for registration of estrus associated behavior and twice weekly blood samples were collected for estradiol and progesterone assessment. Hypothalamic, pituitary and ovarian tissue samples were obtained before and sixty days after exposure to male effect for assessment of expression levels for kiss1 gene, kisspeptin receptor (kiss1R), estradiol receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR). There were no differences among groups for standing mount. The male group registered higher frequency for mounting, however, the control group registered higher frequency for swelling vulva, restlessness and interacting. Progesterone concentrations and mRNA expression of kiss1, kiss1R, ERs and PR in the hypothalamus, ER&alpha; in the pituitary, ER&alpha;, ER&beta; and PR in the ovaries were significantly different among groups. The results suggest that mRNA expression of studied molecules differs between sexually immature and mature animals and the mRNA expression is influenced by the cyclic stage in post-pubertal animals.

Considerando que a quantidade de energia ingerida pelo animal pode antecipar ou retardar o início da puberdade, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar como diferentes níveis de energia influenciam o perfil metabólico, hormonal, consumo de alimento e o peso vivo de cabritas da raça Saanen em início de puberdade (entre 227 dias de idade e peso vivo de 28,38 &plusmn; 0,91kg até 304 dias de vida e peso vivo de 39,12 &plusmn; 1,47). Desse modo, as 21 cabritas experimentais foram submetidas a três dietas, sendo: T1) dieta controle, na qual atendeu 100% do requerimento dos animais (contendo níveis nutricionais preconizados segundo o NRC (2006)); T2) decréscimo de 20% de óleo de soja em relação à dieta controle e T3) acréscimo de 20% de óleo de soja em relação à dieta controle. Durante o período experimental foram realizadas pesagens e colheita de sangue semanalmente avaliação do desempenho dos animais bem como, de suas condições fisiológicas e reprodutivas, sendo essas obtidas através da dosagem de metabólitos (glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeo, proteína, ureia) e hormônios (progesterona (P4) e estradiol (E2). Ao avaliar o desempenho dos animais verificou-se que o tratamento controle apresentou peso vivo final e consumo da matéria seca superior (p&le;0,05) aos demais tratamentos, sendo o tratamento com acréscimo de 20% de óleo de soja em relação à dieta controle apresentou pior desempenho. Porém, ao analisar as médias dos hormônios E2 e P4 ao final do período experimental foi constatado que os animais que receberam dieta com acréscimo de energia tiveram médias superiores (p&le;0,05) aos demais quanto à concentração plasmática de progesterona, percentual de ovulação (considerando níveis de P4 acima de 1 ng/ml) e percentual de manifestação de estro (concentração de E2 acima de 30 pg/ml). Quanto aos metabólitos, os animais que foram submetidos ao decréscimo de energia em sua dieta apresentaram níveis de ureia e colesterol superiores (p&le;0,05) aos da dieta com acréscimo de energia. Contudo, com base nos resultados obtidos conclui-se que o ideal é manter a dieta controle, pois os índices para percentual de estro, ovulação e perfil metabólico são satisfatórios, bem como o consumo e peso vivo final dos animais. / Whereas the amount of energy intake by the animal can advance or delay the start of puberty, this study has for objective evaluate how different energy levels influence the metabolic profile, hormonal, food intake and body weight of female goat kids Saanen in early puberty (between 227 days of age and body weight of 28.38 &plusmn; 0.91 kg to 304 days of age and body weight of 39.12 &plusmn; 1.47). Twenty one Saanen female kids were submitted to three experimental diets: T1) control diet which met the requirement of 100% of the animals (containing nutrient levels recommended according to the NRC (2006)) T2) decrease of 20% oil soybean compared to the control diet and T3) increase of 20% soybean oil compared to the control diet. In the experimental period were performed weights and blood samples weekly for posterior evaluation of the performance of the animals as well as their reproductive and physiological conditions, which were obtained through the measurement of metabolites (glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, protein, urea) and hormones (progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). In evaluating the performance of the animals was found that the control treatment showed higher final body weight and intake of dry matter (p &le; 0.05) than other treatments, the treatment with an increase of 20% soybean oil in relation to diet control showed poorer performance. However, when analyzing the means of hormones E2 and P4 at the end of the experimental period it was found that animals fed the diet with an increase of energy had higher mean (p &le; 0.05) to the other as the plasma progesterone concentration, percentage of ovulation (P4 levels more than 1 ng / ml) and percentage of expression of oestrus (E2 concentrations more than 30 pg / ml). As for metabolites, animals that were subjected to the decrease of energy in their diet had higher levels of urea and cholesterol (p &le; 0.05) to the diet with an increase of energy. However, based on the results obtained gives to conclude that the ideal is to maintain the control diet, because the indices for percentage of oestrus, ovulation and metabolic profiles are satisfactory, and the consumption and final body weight of the animals.